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Cita Furlani
No full textCITA M. FURLANI
NBS/NIST (Gaithersburg): 1981-2012
INDUCTED: 2013
B: 1938, Fort Worth, Texas
EDUCATION:
Texas Christian University, BA (Physics and Mathematics), 1960
George Mason University, MS (Electronics and Computer
Engineering), 1986
CITATION:
For exceptional leadership in the research and development of innovative measurements and standards for information technology and for visionary leadership as Chief Information Officer and as Director of the Information Technology Laboratory.
POSITIONS HELD AT NBS/NIST:
Group Leader, Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, 1981-1992
Senior Program Analyst, NIST Program Office, 1992-1994
Chief, Office of Enterprise Integration, Computer Systems Laboratory, 1994-1996
Director, Information Technology and Applications Office, Advanced Technology Program (ATP), including service
as Acting Director of ATP, 1996-2000
Director of the National Coordination Office for Networking and Information Technology Research and Development
Program, National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), 2000-2002 (on detail from NIST)
Director, Information Technology and Electronics Office, ATP, 2002-2003
NIST Chief Information Officer, 2003-2006
Director, Information Technology Laboratory, 2006-2011
Director Emeritus, Information Technology Laboratory, 2011-2012
HONORS:
NIST Bronze Medals (1985, 1993) and U.S. Department of Commerce Silver Medal (1995)
MEMBERSHIPS:
Co-Chair of the Interagency Working Group on Digital Data, National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)
Co-Chair of the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science, NSTC Co-Chair, Strategic Planning, Subcommittee on Networking and Information Technology Research and Development, NSTC Co-Chair, Technology Infrastructure Subcommittee, Interagency Chief Information Officers’ (CIO) Council.
PUBLICATIONS:
More than 10 publications, including:
Furlani, C.M., Hierarchical Control System Emulation Applications Guide, NISTIR GCR-82-410 (1982)
Furlani, C.M., Kent, E., Bloom, H., and McLean, C.R., The Automated Manufacturing Research Facility of the National Bureau of Standards, Summer Computer Simulation Conference, Vancouver, BC (1983)
Furlani, C.M., Wellington, J., and Kemmerer, S., Status of PDES-Related Activities (Standards & Testing), NISTIR
4432 (1990)
Furlani, C.M., Hierarchical Control System Emulation User, NISTIR 3156 (1990
Hazardous Continuation Backward in Time in Nonlinear Parabolic Equations, and an Experiment in Deblurring Nonlinearly Blurred Imagery
No full textIdentifying sources of ground water pollution, and deblurring nanoscale imagery as well as astronomical galaxy images, are two important applications involving numerical computation of parabolic equations backward in time. Surprisingly, very little is known about backward continuation in nonlinear parabolic equations. In this paper, an iterative procedure originating in spectroscopy in the 1930's, is adapted into a useful tool for solving a wide class of 2D nonlinear backward parabolic equations. In addition, previously unsuspected difficulties are uncovered that may preclude useful backward continuation in parabolic equations deviating too strongly from the linear, autonomous, self adjoint, canonical model. This paper explores backward continuation in selected 2D nonlinear equations, by creating fictitious blurred images obtained by using several sharp images as initial data in these equations, and capturing the corresponding solutions at some positive time T. Successful backward continuation from t = T to t = 0, would recover the original sharp image. Visual recognition provides meaningful evaluation of the degree of success or failure in the reconstructed solutions. Instructive examples are developed, illustrating the unexpected influence of certain types of nonlinearities. Visually and statistically indistinguishable blurred images are presented, with vastly different deblurring results. These examples indicate that how an image is nonlinearly blurred is critical, in addition to the amount of blur. The equations studied represent nonlinear generalizations of Brownian motion, and the blurred images may be interpreted as visually expressing the results of novel stochastic processes
(Audio Part 1 of 2) Oral history interview of John W. Cahn, Thursday, May 30, 2013, / with J. William Gadzuk, William Boettinger, Frank Gayle, Jonathan Guyer, Mike Moldover, and Jack Rush.
No full textOral History interview of John W. Cahn conducted on Thursday, May 30, 2013 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland
Oral history interview of Randall S. Caswell, Wednesday, November 14, 2012, / with J. William Gadzuk, Stephen N. Seltzer, David M. Gilliam, Allan D. Carlson, John J. Rush, David Lide.
No full textDr. Caswell came to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in 1952 and retired from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1994. Dr. Caswell discusses his career and accomplishments as a Physicist at NBS/NIST. He served as NIST host and founding member of the Council on Ionizing Radiation Measurements and Standards
Stephen Michael Seltzer
No full textStephen Michael Seltzer
Inducted: 2012
Citation: For an enduring foundation for safe and effective radiation dosimetry through his seminal contributions to radiation interactions and transport.
Tenure: 1962-2010
Birth: 1940, New York, NY
Education:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute, BS (Physics), 1962
University of Maryland, MS (Physics), 1973
Positions held:
Research Physicist, Ionizing Radiation Division, Physics Laboratory, 1962-2010
Director, Photon and Charged-Particle Data Center, Physics Laboratory, 1988-2010
Leader, Radiation Interactions and Dosimetry Group, Ionizing Radiation Division, Physics Laboratory, 1994-2010
Guest Scientist, Dosimetry Group, Radiation and Biomolecular Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, 2010-Present
Honors:
IR 100 Award - Co-recipient (1979)
NIST Standard Reference Data Program Measurement Services Award (1992)
US Department of Commerce Silver Medal (1999)
Sigma Xi (1999)
Federal Laboratory Consortium Award for Excellence in Technology Transfer (2000)
NIST Safety Award for Superior Accomplishment (2002)
Fellow, American Association of Physicists in Medicine (2009)
Memberships:
American Physical Society (1973)
International Atomic Energy Agency, Secondary Standards Dosimetry Laboratory Scientific Committee (1996)
American Association of Physicists in Medicine (1997)
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (1997)
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (1998)
Publications:
More than 180 publications and books including:
Seltzer, S.M. and Berger, M.J., Monte Carlo Studies of Electron and Photon Transport of Energies up to 1000 MeV, NBSIR 78-1534 (1978)
Seltzer, S.M., ‘Calculated Response of Intrinsic Germanium Detectors to Narrow X-Ray Beams with Energies up to 300 keV,’ Nucl. Instr. Methods 188, 133-151 (1981)
Berger, M.J. and Seltzer, S.M., Stopping Powers and Ranges of Electrons and Positrons, NBSIR 82-2550, August (1982); also as 2nd edn. NBSIR 82-2550-A, December (1982)
Halbleib, J.A., Kensek, R.P., Valdez, G.D., Seltzer, S.M., and Berger, M.J., ‘ITS: The Integrated TIGER Series of Electron/Photon Transport Codes - Version 3.0,’ IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 39, 1025-1030 (1992)
Seltzer, S.M., ‘Calculation of Photon Mass Energy-Transfer and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients,’ Rad. Res. 136, 147-170 (1993)
Seltzer, S.M., Lamperti, P.J., Loevinger, R., Mitch, M.G., Weaver, J.T., and Coursey, B.M., ‘New National Air-Kerma-Strength Standards for 125I and 103Pd Brachytherapy Seeds,’ NIST J. Res. 108, 337-358 (2003
A Comparison of Harwell & FWT Alanine Temperature Coefficients From 25 �C to 80 �C
No full textThe Dosimeters used to monitor industrial irradiation processing commonly experience significant temperature rises that must be considered in the dose analysis stage. The irradiation-temperature coefficient for a dosimetry system is derived from the dosimeter�s radiation response to the absorbed dose and the irradiation temperature. This temperature coefficient is typically expressed in percent change per degree. The temperature rise in dosimeters irradiated with high-intensity ionizing radiation sources can be appreciable. This is especially true for electron-beam processing in which dosimeter temperatures can approach 80 �C. A recent National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) study revealed modest (0.5 % to 1.0 %) deviations from the predicted value at temperatures above 70 �C for absorbed doses of 1 kGy and 20 kGy. However, these data were inconsistent with a concurrent manuscript published by National Physical Laboratory (NPL) researchers that found a significant dose-dependent non-linear alanine response but used dosimeters from a different manufacturer and a different experimental design. The current work was undertaken to reconcile the two studies. Alanine dosimeters from each manufacturer used by NIST and NPL were co-irradiated over a wide range of absorbed dose and irradiation temperature. It was found that though there was a slight variation in the temperature coefficient between the two alanine dosimeter sources both systems were linear with irradiation temperature up to 70 �C and the NPL observations of non-linearity were not reproduced. These data confirmed that there is no fundamental difference in the two commercial alanine dosimeter sources and that temperature corrections could be made on industrial irradiations at the extremes of irradiation temperature and absorbed dose
Standardization of broadband UV measurements for 365 nm LED sources
No full textBroadband UV measurements are evaluated when UV-A irradiance meters measure optical radiation from 365 nm UV sources. The CIE standardized rectangular-shape UV-A function can be realized only with large spectral mismatch errors. The spectral power-distribution of the 365 nm excitation source is not standardized. Accordingly, the readings made with different types of UV meters, even if they measure the same UV source, can be very different. Available UV detectors and UV meters were measured and evaluated for spectral responsivity. The spectral product of the source-distribution and the meter�s spectral-responsivity were calculated for different combinations to estimate broad-band signal-measurement errors. Standardization of both the UV source-distribution and the meter spectral-responsivity is recommended here to perform uniform broad-band measurements with low uncertainty. It is shown what spectral responsivity function(s) is needed for new and existing UV irradiance meters to perform low-uncertainty broadband 365 nm measurement
Double-focusing thermal triple-axis spectrometer at the NCNR
No full textThe new thermal triple-axis spectrometer at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) is located at the BT-7 beam port. The 165 mm diameter reactor beam is equipped with a selection of S�ller collimators, beam-limiters, and pyrolytic graphite (PG) filter to tailor the beam for the dual 20�20 cm2 double-focusing monochromator system that provides monochromatic fluxes exceeding 108 n/cm2/s onto the sample. The two monochromators installed are PG(002) and Cu(220), which provide incident energies for 5 meV to above 500 meV. The computer controlled analyzer system offers six standard modes of operation, including a diffraction detector, a position-sensitive detector (PSD) in diffraction mode, horizontal energy focusing analyzer with detector, a Q-E mode employing a flat analyzer and PSD, a constant-E mode with the analyzer crystal system and PSD, and a conventional mode with a selection of S�ller collimators and detector. Additional configurations for specific measurement needs are also available. The capabilities and performance are described for this new state-of-the-art neutron spectrometer
Oral history interview of James Schooley, Tuesday, March 13, 2012 / with Billy Mangum, Jack Colwell, Jack Rush, Bill Gadzuk, David Lide
No full textOral history interview of James Schooley, who came to NBS in 1960 as a post-doctoral for Ernie Ambler to work on the parity apparatus which had been used to demonstrate the non-conservation of parity in the weak nuclear interactions
(Transcript) Oral history interview of Russell Young, Wednesday, June 13, 2012 / with David Lide, Bill Gadzuk, Joseph Stroscio, John Villarrubia, Fred Scire, Cedric Powell, Ted Vorburger
No full textOral history interview of Dr. Russell Young at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland on Wednesday, June 13, 2012. Dr. Young was part of the Electron Physics Group at the NBS Atomic Physics Division in the mid-'60s where he started work in the field of mission microscope, which led to the invention of the topographiner, an instrument which led to the development of the scanning tunneling microscope. He retired in 1981