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Potential Stable Low-Permeation Rate Standard Based on Micro-machined Silicon
No full textSilicon wafers with micro-machined holes were evaluated for use as low-permeation-rate standard artifacts. Accuracy, stability, and
reliability were assessed. Two independent experimental techniques for evaluating permeation were used: chilled mirror hygrometer
and mass loss. The wafers exhibited a well-defined linear relationship between hole area and resultant water partial pressure for both techniques, although the mass loss curve exhibited a constant vertical offset from the hygrometer curve, attributed to water loss through the O-ring seal. In contrast to polymer permeation standards, Si wafers provided long-term reproducible permeation rates. However, they were also highly fragile, with most of them cracking during the course of the investigation
Development of an Ultra-Pure, Carrier-Free 209Po Solution Standard
No full textUltra-pure, carrier-free 209Po solution standards have been prepared and standardized for their massic alpha-particle emission rate. The standards, which will be disseminated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as Standard Reference Material SRM 4326a, have a mean mass of (5.169 ±0.003) g of a solution of polonium in nominal 2.0 mol▪L−1 HCl (having a solution density of (1.032 ±0.002) g▪ mL−1 at 20 °C) that are contained in 5 mL, flame-sealed, borosilicate glass ampoules. They are certified to contain a 209Po massic alpha-particle emission rate of (39.01 ±0.18) s−1▪g−1as of a reference time of 1200 EST, 01 December 2013. This new standard series replaces SRM 4326 that was issued by NIST in 1994. The standardization was based on 4πα liquid scintillation (LS) spectrometry with two different LS counting systems and under wide variations in measurement and counting source conditions. The methodology for the standardization, with corrections for detection of the low-energy conversion electrons from the delayed 2 keV isomeric state in 205Pb and for the radiations accompanying the small 0.45 % electron-capture branch to 209Bi, involves a unique spectral analysis procedure that is specific for the case of 209Po decay. The entire measurement protocol is similar, but revised and improved from that used for SRM 4326. Spectroscopic impurity analyses revealed that no photon-emitting or alpha-emitting radionuclidic impurities were detected. The most common impurity associated with 209Po is 208Po and the activity ratio of 208Po/209Po was < 10−7
Oral history interview of John (Jack) J. Rush, September 24, 2015/ [persons present]: Bill Gadzuk, Mike Rowe, Terry Udovic, Charlie Glinka, Hank Prask, Jim Rhyne, Wen-li Wu, Dan Neumann, Kristen Frederick-Frost.
No full textOral history interview of Dr. Jack Rush, neutron-centric physical chemist/condensed matter physicist par excellence and former leader of neutron scattering research at the National Institute of Standards and Technology until 2005 where he was a NIST Senior Fellow. Since then he has remained active at the Center for Neutron Research, effectively as a Scientist Emeritus
The Second National Ballistics Imaging Comparison (NBIC-2)
No full textIn response to the guidelines issued by the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board (ASCLD/LAB-International) to establish traceability and quality assurance in U.S. crime laboratories, NIST and the ATF initiated a joint project, entitled the National Ballistics Imaging Comparison (NBIC). The NBIC project aims to establish a national traceability and quality system for ballistics identifications in crime laboratories utilizing ATF's National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN). The original NBIC was completed in 2010. In the second NBIC, NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2461 Cartridge Cases were used as reference standards, and 14 experts from 11 U.S. crime laboratories each performed 17 image acquisitions and correlations of the SRM cartridge cases over the course of about half a year. Resulting correlation scores were collected by NIST for statistical analyses, from which control charts and control limits were developed for t
Processing and Characterization of Nanoparticle Coatings for Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements
No full textThe quartz-crystal microbalance is a sensitive and versatile tool for measuring adsorption of a variety of compounds (e.g. small molecules, polymers, biomolecules, nanoparticles and cells) to surfaces. While the technique has traditionally been used for measuring adsorption to flat surfaces and thin ridged films, it can also be extended to study adsorption to nanoparticle surfaces when the nanoparticles are fixed to the crystal surface. The sensitivity and accuracy of the measurement depend on the users' ability to reproducibly prepare a thin uniform nanoparticle coating. This study evaluated four coating techniques, including spin coating, spray coating, drop casting, and electrophoretic deposition, for two unique particle chemistries [nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) and titanium dioxide (TiO2)] to produce uniform and reproducible nanoparticle coatings for real-time quartz-crystal microbalance measurements. Uniform TiO2 coatings were produced from a 50 mg/mL methanol suspension vi
Findings and Recommendations from the NIST Workshop on Alternative Fuels and Materials: Biocorrosion
No full textIn 2013, the Applied Chemicals and Materials Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) hosted a workshop to identify and prioritize research needs in the area of biocorrosion. Materials used to store and distribute alternative fuels have experienced an increase in corrosion due to the unique conditions caused by the presence of microbes and the chemistry of biofuels and biofuel precursors. Participants in this workshop, including experts from the microbiological, fuel, and materials communities, delved into the unique materials and chemical challenges that occur with production, transport, and storage of alternative fuels. Discussions focused on specific problems including: a) the changing composition of "drop-in" fuels and the impact of that composition on materials; b) the influence of microbial populations on corrosion and fuel quality; and c) state-of-the-art measurement technologies for monitoring material degradation and biofilm formation
Rapid Prototyping of Nanofluidic Slits in a Silicone Bilayer
No full textThis article reports a process for rapidly prototyping nanofluidic devices,particularly those comprising slits with microscale widths and nanoscale depths,in silicone. This process consists of designing a nanofluidic device, fabricating a photomask, fabricating a device mold in epoxy photoresist, molding a device in silicone, cutting and punching a molded silicone device, bonding a silicone device to a glass substrate,and filling the device with aqueous solution. By using a bilayer of hard and soft silicone, we have formed and filled nanofluidic slits with depths of less than 400 nm and aspect ratios of width to depth exceeding 250 without collapse of the slits. An important attribute of this article is that the description of this rapid prototyping process is very comprehensive,presenting context and details which are highly relevant to the rational implementation and reliable repetition of the process. Moreover, this process makes use of equipment commonly found in nanofabrication facilities and research laboratories, facilitating the broad adaptation and application of the process. Therefore, while this article specifically informs users of the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) at the National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST),we anticipate that this information will be generally useful for the nanofabrication and nanofluidics research communities at large,and particularly useful for neophyte nanofabricators and nanofluidicists
Robert D. Cutkosky
No full textROBERT D. CUTKOSKY
NBS/NIST: 1955-1991
INDUCTED: 2015
B: 1933, Minneapolis, Minnesota
EDUCATION:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, BS (Physics), 1955
CITATION:
For providing standard weights and measures over a career of realizing electrical units of measure, and for creating basic electrical standards, electrical measurement systems, and measurement techniques.
POSITIONS HELD AT NBS/NIST:
Physicist, Electricity Division, Institute for Basic Standards, 1955-1979
Physicist, Electrical Measurements and Standards Division, Center for Absolute Physical Quantities (CAPQ), National Measurement Laboratory (NML), 1980
Physicist, Temperature Measurements and Standards Division, CAPQ, NML, 1981-1984
Physicist, Length and Mass Measurements and Standards Division, CAPQ, NML, 1985-1987
Physicist, Electron and Optical Physics Division, Physics Laboratory, 1988
Physicist, Radiation Physics Division, Center for Radiation Research, 1988-1989
Physicist, Electron and Optical Physics Division, Physics Laboratory, 1990-1991
HONORS:
U. S. Department of Commerce Meritorious Service Award-Silver Medal (1961) and Gold Medal (1981)
Outstanding Young Scientist, Washington Council of Engineering and Architectural Societies (1962)
Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1974)
Morris E. Leeds Award, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1979)
IR-100 Award, Industrial Research and Development, automatic resistance thermometer bridge (1983)
IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society, Centennial Medal Award (1984)
Industrial Research IR 100 award, automatic capacitance bridge (1985)
Andrew R. Chi Prize Paper Award, Instrumentation and Measurement Society (1985)
Fellow, American Physical Society (1989)
MEMBERSHIPS:
American Physical Society
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
PUBLICATIONS:
More than 30 publications including:
Driscoll, R.L., and Cutkosky, R.D., “Measurement of Current with the National Bureau of Standards Current Balance,” Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, vol. 60, pp. 297-305 (1958)
Cutkosky, R.D., “Evaluation of the NBS Unit of Resistance Based on a Computable Capacitor,” Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards-A. Physics and Chemistry, vol. 65A, pp. 147-158 (1961)
Cutkosky, R.D., "Designs for Temperature and Temperature Gradient Compensated Capacitors Smaller than 10 Picofarads", Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards - C. Engineering and Instrumentation, vol. 68C, pp. 305-307 (1964)
Cutkosky, R.D., "Four-terminal-pair Networks as Precision Admittance and Impedance Standards", Communication and Electronics, IEEE Transactions, vol. 83, pp. 19-22 (1964)
Cutkosky, R.D., "Techniques for Comparing Four-terminal-pair Admittance Standards", J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (US) C, vol. 74, pp. 63-78 (1970)
Cutkosky, R.D., "An Automatic High-precision Audio Frequency Capacitance Bridge", IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 34, pp. 383-389 (1985
Oral history interview of J. William (Bill) Gadzuk, January 27, 2015/ [persons present]: Cedric Powell, Jack Russ, Joseph Stroscio, Kristen Frederick-Frost, David Lide, John Yates (by telephone)
No full textOral history interview of J. William (Bill) Gadzuk, conducted on Tuesday, January 27, 2015 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Dr. Gadzuk worked at NIST and its predecessor, National Bureau of Standards, for 45 years, first doing research in surface science, surface physics and chronic molecular physics and chemical physics, mainly to do with surface phenomena
(Audio) Oral history interview of Dan Shechtman, June 17, 2015/ [persons present]: J. William (Bill) Gadzuk, Bob Shull, Mark Stiles, Jim Schooley, Frank Biancaniello, Steve Ridder, Kristen Frederick-Frost
No full textOral history interview of Dr. Dan Shechtman conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland on June 17, 2015. Dr. Shechtman, the Phillip Tobias Professor of Materials Science at the Technion in Haifa, Israel, and 2011 Nobel Laureate in chemistry for the discovery of quasicrystals, was on sabbatical from the Technion at the National Bureau of Standards, now the National Institute of Standards and Technology, in 1982 when he made his discovery