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A natural bone cement - A laboratory novelty led to the development of revolutionary new biomaterials
No full textResearch on calcium phosphate chemistry at NIST led to the discovery of the worlds first self-hardening calcium phosphate cements (CPC) in 1987. Laboratory, animal, and clinical studies were conducted to develop CPC into clinically useful biomaterials. The combination of self-hardening capability and high biocompatibility makes CPC a unique material for repairing bone defects. Near perfect adaptation of the cement to the tissue surfaces in a defect, and a gradual resorption followed by new bone formation are some of the other distinctive advantages of this biomaterial. In 1996 a CPC, consisting of tetracalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) for repairing cranial defects in humans, thus becoming the first material of its kind available for clinical use. This paper will review the course of the development, the physical and chemical properties, and clinical applications of CPC
NIST materials properties databases for advanced ceramics
No full textThe NIST Ceramics Division maintains two databases on the physical, mechanical, thermal, and other properties of high temperature superconductors and structural ceramics. Crystallographic data are featured prominently among the physical property data and serve several important functions in the classification and evaluation of the property values. The scope of materials, properties, and data evaluation protocols are discussed for the two databases
The ampere and electrical standards
No full textThis paper describes some of the major contributions to metrology and physics made by the NIST Electricity Division, which has existed since 1901. It was one of the six original divisions of the National Bureau of Standards. The Electricity Division provides dc and low-frequency calibrations for industrial, scientific, and research organizations, and conducts research on topics related to electrical metrology and fundamental constants. The early work of the Electricity Division staff included the development of precision standards, such as Rosa and Thomas standard resistors and the ac-dc thermal converter. Research contributions helped define the early international system of measurement units and bring about the transition to absolute units based on fundamental principles and physical and dimensional measurements. NIST research has helped to develop and refine electrical standards using the quantum Hall effect and the Josephson effect, which are both based on quantum physics. Four projects covering a number of voltage and impedance measurements are described in detail. Several other areas of current research at NIST are described, including the use of the Internet for international compatibility in metrology, determination of the fine-structure and Planck constants, and construction of the electronic kilogram
Mathematics and measurement
No full textIn this paper we describe the role that mathematics plays in measurement science at NIST. We first survey the history behind NIST's current work in this area, starting with the NBS Math Tables project of the 1930s. We then provide examples of more recent efforts in the application of mathematics to measurement science, including the solution of ill-posed inverse problems, characterization of the accuracy of software for micromagnetic modeling, and in the development and dissemination of mathematical reference data. Finally, we comment on emerging issues in measurement science to which mathematicians will devote their energies in coming years
Investigations of zeolitic materials at the NIST Center for Neutron Research
No full textCrystallographic studies of four zeolitic materials using neutron powder diffraction data are presented. In most cases, these projects benefited from the combined use of neutron and x-ray measurements
Judson C. French
No full textJUDSON C. FRENCH
Inducted: 2001
Citation:
For leadership in research, research management and standardization in electronics and electrical engineering; microwave gaseous electronics; semiconductor metrology; and optoelectronics
Tenure: 1948-1999
Birth: 1922, Washington, DC
Education:
American University, BS (physics and mathematics), 1943
Harvard University, MS (physics), 1949
Positions held:
Project Leader; Microwave gas switching tubes; semiconductor metrology
Chief, Electron Devices Section
Chief, electronic Technology Division
Founding Director, Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Director and Director Emeritus, Electronics and electrical Engineering Laboratory
Honors:
U.S. Department of Commerce: Silver Medal, 1964; Gold Medal, 1978
National Bureau of Standards Rosa Award, 1971
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Fellow (1978)
Senior Executive Service (SES) Awards: Presidential Rank of Meritorious Executive, 1980; of Distinguished Executive, 1984 and 1993
National Academy of Engineering, Member 1990
NIST Judson C. French Award established, 1999
Sigma Pi Sigma, 1943
Memberships:
American Physical Society
American Society for Testing and Materials
Board of Directors, Optoelectronic Computing Systems Center, U of Colorado
Board of directors, National Electronics Manufacturing Initiative, Inc.
U.S.-Japan Joint Optoelectronics Project, Co-chair of Joint Management Committee
Publications:
Numerous technical papers in the field of electron devices, including pioneering works on microwave tubes and transistors; as Editor of ASTM Committee F-1 on Electronics, contributed to well over 100 standards issued by the committee
