Naresuan University Journal
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Scientific and Technical Translation
No full textThis book first introduces readers to the typical contexts in which scientific and technical translators work and shows how corpus resources can be used for terminological and phraseological research. It then analyses a range of technical and scientific genres and examines typical translation practices, with chapters dedicated to technical instructions, data sheets and brochures, patents, scientific research articles and abstracts, popular science press releases and news reports
Three domestications of Asian rice
No full textDomesticated rice (Oryza sativa L.) accompanied the dawn of Asian civilization and has become one of world's staple crops. Despite its global importance and availability of genomic data, questions regarding the phylogenetic, geographic and temporal origin of rice remain unresolved. Although archaeological evidence suggests independent origins of rice cultivation in India and China, paleobotanical findings are relatively scarce and intra-specific classification of rice remains is problematic. On the other hand, genetic studies brought about a variety of contradictory conclusions about the origins of different rice groups, with the most recent studies favouring a single domestication scenario. The difficulties in establishing the true genealogy of the crop stem from the inherent complexity of the domestication process where combined forces of artificial selection, incomplete lineage-sorting and potential migration and inter-group hybridizations obscure the phylogeographic patterns. Here we reanalyzed the largest genetic dataset available for extant wild and cultivated rice, and by comparing the footprints of selection in the genomes of different cultivated rice types, we show that there were three independent domestications in different parts of Asia. We identify wild populations in southern China and the Yangtze valley as the source of japonica gene-pool, and populations in Indochina and the Brahmaputra valley as the source of indica gene-pool. We reveal a hitherto unrecognized origin for the aus variety in central India or Bangladesh. We also conclude that aromatic rice is a result of a hybridization between japonica and aus, and that the tropical and temperate versions of japonica are later adaptations of a single crop. We anticipate that our results will stimulate a more productive collaboration between genetic and archaeological studies of rice domestication, and guide utilization of genetic resources in breeding programmesaimed at crop improvement
Bone-Marrow-Resident NK Cells Prime Monocytes for Regulatory Function during Infection.
No full textTissue-infiltrating Ly6C(hi) monocytes play diverse roles in immunity, ranging from pathogen killing to immune regulation. How and where this diversity of function is imposed remains poorly understood. Here we show that during acute gastrointestinal infection, priming of monocytes for regulatory function preceded systemic inflammation and was initiated prior to bone marrow egress. Notably, natural killer (NK) cell-derived IFN-γ promoted a regulatory program in monocyte progenitors during development. Early bone marrow NK cell activation was controlled by systemic interleukin-12 (IL-12) produced by Batf3-dependent dendritic cells (DCs) in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). This work challenges the paradigm that monocyte function is dominantly imposed by local signals after tissue recruitment, and instead proposes a sequential model of differentiation in which monocytes are pre-emptively educated during development in the bone marrow to promote their tissue-specific function
Oncogenic properties of apoptotic tumor cells in aggressive B cell lymphoma.
No full textBACKGROUND: Cells undergoing apoptosis are known to modulate their tissue microenvironments. By acting on phagocytes, notably macrophages, apoptotic cells inhibit immunological and inflammatory responses and promote trophic signaling pathways. Paradoxically, because of their potential to cause death of tumor cells and thereby militate against malignant disease progression, both apoptosis and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are often associated with poor prognosis in cancer. We hypothesized that, in progression of malignant disease, constitutive loss of a fraction of the tumor cell population through apoptosis could yield tumor-promoting effects. RESULTS: Here, we demonstrate that apoptotic tumor cells promote coordinated tumor growth, angiogenesis, and accumulation of TAMs in aggressive B cell lymphomas. Through unbiased "in situ transcriptomics" analysis-gene expression profiling of laser-captured TAMs to establish their activation signature in situ-we show that these cells are activated to signal via multiple tumor-promoting reparatory, trophic, angiogenic, tissue remodeling, and anti-inflammatory pathways. Our results also suggest that apoptotic lymphoma cells help drive this signature. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, upon induction of apoptosis, lymphoma cells not only activate expression of the tumor-promoting matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP12 in macrophages but also express and process these MMPs directly. Finally, using a model of malignant melanoma, we show that the oncogenic potential of apoptotic tumor cells extends beyond lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to its profound tumor-suppressive role, apoptosis can potentiate cancer progression. These results have important implications for understanding the fundamental biology of cell death, its roles in malignant disease, and the broader consequences of apoptosis-inducing anti-cancer therapy
Parents' perspectives on care of children with autistic spectrum disorder in South Asia - Views from Pakistan and India.
No full textAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects about 1.4% of the population in South Asia but very few have access to any form of health care service. The objective of this study was to explore the beliefs and practices related to the care of children with ASD to inform strategies for intervention. In Pakistan, primary data were collected through in-depth interviews of parents (N = 15), while in India a narrative review of existing studies was conducted. The results show that the burden of care is almost entirely on the mother, leading to high levels of stress. Poor awareness of the condition in both family members and front-line health-providers leads to delay in recognition and appropriate management. There is considerable stigma and discrimination affecting children with autism and their families. Specialist services are rare, concentrated in urban areas, and inaccessible to the majority. Strategies for intervention should include building community and family support networks to provide respite to the main carer. In the absence of specialists, community members such as community health workers, traditional practitioners and even motivated family members could be trained in recognizing and providing evidence-based interventions. Such task-shifting strategies should be accompanied by campaigns to raise awareness so greater inclusivity can be achieved
Healthcare Self-Management Tools: Promotion or Prevention Regulatory Focus? A Scale (PR-PV) Development and Validation
No full textHealth self- management tools, believed to provide effective and cost-efficient healthcare, are often rejected by consumers. Regulatory focus theory (Higgins 2014) could facilitate adoption patterns of such tools by positioning adoption as matching/mismatching individual motivational concern: promotion/prevention focus. This research proposes that people perceive products as inherently promotion or prevention orientated, and matching person orientation to product orientation enhances tool uptake. The paper outlines the development of a scale measuring promotion/ prevention characteristics of objects, providing evidence for dimensionality, convergent, discriminant and predictive validity. The resulting PM-PV scale allows promotion/prevention categorization for personal healthcare tools with potential for wider generalization
Pitch ranking using sung vowels in cochlear implants: a comparison of monopolar and tripolar stimulation
No full textCochlear implant listeners typically perform poorly in tasks of complex pitch perception. One explanation is that wide current spread during implant activation creates channel interactions that may interfere with delivery of across-channel temporal information. Current focusing using a tripolar mode of stimulation has been proposed as a way of reducing channel interactions, minimising spread of excitation and potentially improving place and temporal pitch cues. The present study evaluated the effect of mode on performance of CI listeners on a pitch ranking task using male and female sung vowels separated by either a half or a quarter octave. Results were variable across participants, but on average pitch ranking was at chance level when the pitches were a quarter octave apart, and improved when the difference was a half octave. No advantage was observed for tripolar over monopolar mode in pitch ranking of sung vowels at either interval, suggesting that previously published psychophysical advantages for focused modes may not translate into improvements in pitch perception. Evaluation of the centre of gravity of the stimulation pattern, plus a lack of significant difference between male and female voices, suggested that participants may not have been able to access temporal pitch cues in either mode
A novel approach to fabricate zeolite membranes for pervaporation processes
No full textThe conventional methods used in preparing zeolite membranes, such as the secondary growth and in situ crystallization methods, involve long and complex procedures that require the preparation of the zeolite aluminosilicate gel prior to the fabrication process and often result in membranes which contain pin holes. Here we report a simple, cheap, and less time-consuming technique to fabricate zeolite A and mordenite membranes on a porous stainless steel support. In addition, the technique makes it possible to fabricate types of zeolite membranes that have been previously difficult to synthesise. A clinoptilolite membrane was fabricated to demonstrate the ability to manufacture a zeolite membrane from an existing crystalline zeolite (natural or synthetic). All three membranes were subjected to separation tests, (ethanol dehydration, ethanol–cyclohexane and phenol removal from water) to demonstrate the efficacy of membrane synthesis. The fluxes obtained and separation factors which were achieved are comparable with literature values but as with most zeolite membranes there is a trade-off between high flux and separation
On the approximate zeroth and first-order consistency in the presence of 2-D irregular boundaries in SPH obtained by the virtual boundary particle methods
No full textIn this paper, a new method to impose 2-D solid wall boundary conditions in smoothed particle hydrodynamics is presented. The wall is discretised by means of a set of virtual particles and is simulated by a local point symmetry approach. The extension of a previously published modified virtual boundary particle (MVBP) method guarantees that arbitrarily complex domains can be readily discretised guaranteeing approximate zeroth and first-order consistency. To achieve this, three important new modifications are introduced: (i) the complete support is ensured not only for particles within one smoothing length distance, h, from the boundary but also for particles located at a distance greater than h but still within the support of the kernel; (ii) for a non-uniform fluid particle distribution, the fictitious particles are generated with a uniform stencil (unlike the previous algorithms) that can maintain a uniform shear stress on a particle-moving parallel to the wall in a steady flow; and (iii) the particle properties (density, mass and velocity) are defined using a local point of symmetry to satisfy the hydrostatic conditions and the Cauchy boundary condition for pressure. The extended MVBP model is demonstrated for cases including hydrostatic conditions for still water in a tank with a wedge and for curved boundaries, where significant improved behaviour is obtained in comparison with the conventional boundary techniques. Finally, the capability of the numerical scheme to simulate a dam break simulation is also shown. ? 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd