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Comparison of laser welds in thick section S700 high-strength steel manufactured in flat (1G) and horizontal (2G) positions
No full textLack of penetration, undercut and melt sagging are common welding defects for single-pass laser welds in thick plates, particularly when using a traditional 1G welding position (laser directed towards ground). This investigation shows, for the first time, that welding 13 mm thick high-strength S700 steel plates in the 2G position (laser beam perpendicular to the direction of gravity) can mitigate some of the common welding defects including undercut and sagging. A computational fluid dynamic analysis indicates that the 2G welding position can assist in achieving an appropriate balance between surface tension, hydrostatic pressure (gravity) and recoil-pressure from the metal vapour. (C) 2015 CIRP
Trouble sleeping inside: The prevalence of insomnia and associated factors in English prisons
No full textCosmology with SKA Radio Continuum Surveys
No full textRadio continuum surveys have, in the past, been of restricted use in cosmology. Most studies have concentrated on cross-correlations with the cosmic microwave background to detect the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect, due to the large sky areas that can be surveyed. As we move into the SKA era, radio continuum surveys will have sufficient source density and sky area to play a major role in cosmology on the largest scales. In this chapter we summarise the experiments that can be carried out with the SKA as it is built up through the coming decade. We show that the SKA can play a unique role in constraining the non-Gaussianity parameter to {\textbackslash}sigma(f\_NL) {\textasciitilde} 1, and provide a unique handle on the systematics that inhibit weak lensing surveys. The SKA will also provide the necessary data to test the isotropy of the Universe at redshifts of order unity and thus evaluate the robustness of the cosmological principle.Thus, SKA continuum surveys will turn radio observations into a central probe of cosmological research in the coming decades
Bi-phasic titanium dioxide nanoparticles doped with nitrogen and neodymium for enhanced photocatalysis
No full textStrategic Decision Making Model in Maintenance Management: Is it right time to learn from failures?
No full text23rd of July 1984 Illinois Union oil refinery explosion, 5th of May 1988 Louisiana Shell Refinery explosion, 6th of July 1988 Piper Alpha disaster, 23rd of March 2005 Texas City Refinery explosion, 20th of April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the gulf of Mexico and finally 6th of July 2013 Lac-Megantic Quebec Canada. Where is the problem coming from? Is it multi criteria decision making problem? How do we need to optimised maintenance activities and cost? Is it safe to consider Run to Failure (RTF) strategy for any equipment? Is it cost effective to implement Condition Based Monitoring (CBM) for any equipment? Is it right time to look at the strategic from more strategic level than operational level? This study identified factors that influence policies and practices of maintenance management to improve asset management from more strategic level than operational level. Criteria identification process was carried out through an extensive literature review and roundtable discussion with experts. The correlations of these criteria and the relative importance of one criterion with respect to the others were identified
Improving recruitment to a study of telehealth management for long-term conditions in primary care: two embedded, randomised controlled trials of optimised patient information materials
No full textBackground Patient understanding of study information is fundamental to gaining informed consent to take part in a randomised controlled trial. In order to meet the requirements of research ethics committees, patient information materials can be long and need to communicate complex messages. There is concern that standard approaches to providing patient information may deter potential participants from taking part in trials. The Systematic Techniques for Assisting Recruitment to Trials (MRC-START) research programme aims to test interventions to improve trial recruitment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on recruitment of optimised patient information materials (with improved readability and ease of comprehension) compared with standard materials. The study was embedded within two primary care trials involving patients with long-term conditions. Methods The Healthlines Study involves two linked trials evaluating a telehealth intervention in patients with depression (Healthlines Depression) or raised cardiovascular disease risk (Healthlines CVD). We conducted two trials of a recruitment intervention, embedded within the Healthlines host trials. Patients identified as potentially eligible in each of the Healthlines trials were randomised to receive either the original patient information materials or optimised versions of these materials. Primary outcomes were the proportion of participants randomised (Healthlines Depression) and the proportion expressing interest in taking part (Healthlines CVD). Results In Healthlines Depression (n = 1364), 6.3 % of patients receiving the optimised patient information materials were randomised into the study compared to 4.0 % in those receiving standard materials (OR = 1.63, 95 % CI = 1.00 to 2.67). In Healthlines CVD (n = 671) 24.0 % of those receiving optimised patient information materials responded positively to the invitation to participate, compared to 21.9 % in those receiving standard materials (OR = 1.12, 95 % CI = 0.78 to 1.61). Conclusions Evidence from these two embedded trials suggests limited benefits of optimised patient information materials on recruitment rates, which may only be apparent in some patient populations, with no effects on other outcomes. Further embedded trials are needed to provide a more precise estimate of effect, and to explore further how effects vary by trial context, intervention, and patient population. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials: Healthlines Depression (ISRCTN27508731) on 26 June 2012; and Healthlines CVD (ISRCTN14172341) on 5 July 201
A model model: a commentary on DiFrancesco and Noble (1985) 'A model of cardiac electrical activity incorporating ionic pumps and concentration changes'.
No full textThis paper summarizes the advances made by the DiFrancesco and Noble (DFN) model of cardiac cellular electrophysiology, which was published in Philosophical Transactions B in 1985. This model was developed at a time when the introduction of new techniques and provision of experimental data had resulted in an explosion of knowledge about the cellular and biophysical properties of the heart. It advanced the cardiac modelling field from a period when computer models considered only the voltage-dependent channels in the surface membrane. In particular, it included a consideration of changes of both intra- and extracellular ionic concentrations. In this paper, we summarize the most important contributions of the DiFrancesco and Noble paper. We also describe how computer modelling has developed subsequently with the extension from the single cell to the whole heart as well as its use in understanding disease and predicting the effects of pharmaceutical interventions. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Mapping immigration judicial review litigation: an empirical legal analysis
No full textImmigration has, for many years, been the largest area of mass use of judicial review, regularly accounting for over 80 per cent of all claims lodged. During the 2000s, the number of immigration cases rose dramatically over-burdening the Administrative Court. In 2013, most cases were transferred to the Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) (UTIAC), now a de facto specialist public law court.1 Some 90 per cent of immigration judicial reviews - three-quarters of all claims - are currently lodged with the UTIAC. This is a distinctive area of litigation. Immigration judicial reviews are neither sporadic nor peripheral, but recurrent and central. Such challenges arise in the context of the sometimes chronic administrative difficulties within the Home Office and often intense and politically-driven short-term pressures. Immigration decisions concern both intimate aspects of people’s lives and the state’s ability to regulate immigration. Immigration is also a complex and dynamic area of law, policy, and practice. The wider issue here is how to dispense justice for and manage effectively a high-volume of “bureaucratic� judicial reviews, that is, routine challenges that turn on their own individual facts and circumstances.2 This article seeks a better understanding of immigration judicial review litigation. Three themes organise the discussion. The first is whether immigration judicial reviews as a general category possess merit. In 1999, a minister complained that the “large number of unnecessary, vexatious, and useless� immigration judicial reviews created “delay, expense, and [was] counter-productive�.3 More recently, the Coalition Government has stated that there is a “culture of using meritless judicial review applications to delay immigration decisions�.4 Such a wide-ranging statement invites scrutiny of the data to determine levels of success. A second theme is how litigation is conducted in practice. Judicial review litigation should be conducted by the parties on a co-operative basis to assist the court. Yet, the pressures upon litigants can sometimes induce other behaviours. What do such behaviours tell us about how the parties contribute to the judicial process and executive attitudes toward judicial control? A third (longstanding) theme is how judicial review operates alongside other remedies, in particular, appeals. The Government’s policy of gradually restricting appeal rights has been accelerated under the Immigration Act 2014. What was the rationale for restricting appeal rights and does it withstand scrutiny? What are the likely consequences? This article begins by examining the increased volume of immigration judicial reviews, the subject-matter of such claims, and the causes of the increase. This is followed by an examination of how challenges progress throughout the process and their outcomes through both formal adjudication and settlement. The focus then turns to the conduct of litigation. The final substantive section considers the relationship between appeals and judicial review