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The NCTM/CEC Position Statement on Teaching Mathematics to Students with Disabilities: What’s in It and What’s Not
Get PDFA joint position statement issued in December 2024 by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) and the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) on teaching mathematics to students with disabilities lacked substantive, actionable, research-validated recommendations to support the work of practitioners in the field. Herein, we provide a rationale for ways in which the eight recommendations for teachers included in the position statement fell short, provided misleading information, and ignored the large body of research on providing mathematics instruction for students with mathematics disability or difficulties. In response, we offer seven actionable, research-validated recommendations, including: (a) use systematic, explicit instruction; (b) use clear and concise mathematical language; (c) use multiple representations, including number lines; (d) develop fluency; (e) develop word-problem solving; (f ) provide response opportunities, feedback, and practice; and (g) collect data to adapt instruction
Ocular Surface Glycocalyx in Health and Disease
Get PDFThe glycocalyx is a dynamic carbohydrate-enriched structure that forms a dense coating on the surface of animal cells, including those at the ocular surface. It plays a critical role in maintaining cellular functions and it has a significant influence in disease processes. At the ocular surface, glycoproteins such as mucins are essential for hydration, lubrication, and barrier protection. Proteoglycans and glycolipids contribute to cell signaling, and mediate interactions with pathogens. Alterations in the glycocalyx are implicated in a spectrum of ocular conditions, including dry eye disease, ocular allergies, infections, and systemic diseases such as Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and diabetes mellitus. Research has revealed alterations in mucin expression and aberrant glycosylation but many aspects of how these alterations contribute to disease processes remain poorly understood. Advancing our knowledge of glycocalyx composition and function offers valuable insights into the pathophysiology of ocular surface diseases and presents opportunities for novel glycocalyx-targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate disease progression and enhance patient care. This review explores the current knowledge on the composition and functions of the ocular surface glycocalyx, emphasizing its implications in ocular surface disease
A Mixed-Method Examination of Social Media Influencers’ Source Characteristics in Sponsored Health Campaign Messaging: An Application of Psychological Reactance Theory
Get PDFSocial media influencers (SMIs/influencers) are frequently used for marketing and public relations purposes (i.e., influencer marketing), but can be leveraged to avoid resistance to health campaign messages. Guided by psychological reactance theory (PRT), the purpose of this dissertation was to (a) uncover micro-influencer characteristics that mitigate reactance toward sponsored social media posts, (b) investigate whether influencers induce less reactance than non- influencers when disseminating sponsored health content, and (c) experimentally test whether influencer source characteristics mitigate reactance to sponsored health messaging. In Study One, focus groups with Gen Z Instagram users (N = 12) identified SMI use of controlling, “one size fits all,” and derogatory language in sponsored posts as freedom threatening. Alternatively, participants mentioned sponsorship congruence, sustained authenticity, seamlessness, and personability/relatability mitigated freedom threat perceptions of sponsored content. Participant preferences for the message source varied depending on the severity of the health behavior being promoted, showing that Gen Z are in favor of influencer-health organization collaborations that combine both influencers and non-influencers. In Study Two, participants (N = 336) who were between 18 and 27 years old (i.e., Gen Z) and follow at least one Instagram influencer were randomly assigned to view one of three sponsored Instagram posts encouraging sunscreen use. The messages manipulated the source of the message and sponsorship congruence. Results of a serial mediation analysis indicated that sponsorship congruence (relative to non-congruence) and an influencer message (relative to a non-influencer message) did not significantly reduce freedom threat perceptions to a sponsored influencer post. However, as predicted, perceived freedom threat was positively associated with reactance, reactance was negatively associated with attitude toward sunscreen use, and attitude was positively related to behavioral intention toward using sunscreen daily. There was no evidence of an indirect effect of sponsorship congruence or source on behavioral intention sequentially through perceived freedom threat, reactance, and attitudes. This inquiry offers theoretical implications by being one of the first to experimentally investigate influencers’ potential in mitigating reactance to sponsored messaging by focusing on the source and sponsorship congruence. Practically, this work provides health campaign designers with clear recommendations for sponsored influencer messaging on social media
The Art of Disability and Identity: Using Arts-Based Methods to Examine the Relationships between Disability, Identity, and Identity Development for Young, Disabled, Women in Higher Education
Get PDFWithin higher education, much of the research surrounding education and students with disabilities revolves around accommodations, and critiques of structural barriers to access. Further, disability within the context of higher education is often thought of through the lens of “service” and support for students with disabilities in higher education often takes a medical model approach of “curing” the student and “treating” their disability with accommodations (e.g., additional testing time), instead of acknowledging the environmental, social, and cultural factors within the classroom, or outside the classroom that may be causing the impairment. There is a noticeable gap in the higher education research of studies which prioritize identity and identity development for students with disabilities, and view disability as a part of a student\u27s holistic identity and culture. This dissertation utilized arts-based research methods to collaborate with participants and in the spirit of Disability Studies, emphasize the voices, thoughts, and ideas of young women (18-21) with disabilities attending post-secondary institutions. The findings of this study examined the relationships between experiences within higher education and disabled young women’s understanding of themselves and their disabilities. Additionally, the findings highlighted the nuanced relationship women disabled women have with their disability, and how this changes over time. Future studies should aim to examine students with disabilities outside of exclusively their experiences with accommodations, and seek to understand the barriers to belonging, inclusivity and access from a socio-cultural lens
Motivating Community Attendance: The Role of Self-Determination Theory and Message Framing, with Moderating Effects of Organizational Credibility and Community Attachment
Get PDFA two-part, mixed methods study explored the impacts of motivational messages on a parents’ intention for their family to attend a hypothetical community Snow Day event hosted by the local County parks and recreation division. Grounded in self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000), message frame theory (Rothman & Salovey, 1997), community attachment theory (Kasarda & Janowitz, 1974), and organizational credibility the study examined these factors and their impacts on behavioral intention. In Study One, two focus groups assessed parents’ perceptions of credibility of a local government agency hosting the event, as well as perceptions of the flyer advertising the event. Findings revealed that perceptions of organizational credibility for a local government agency are similar to a private company, social norms played a crucial role in decision making, and the organizations’ reputation was relied upon for determining if further research is necessary.
Study Two Part One was a pilot test of the messages to ensure that the six message conditions were received by participants (autonomy-gain, competence-gain, relatedness-gain, autonomy-loss, competence-loss, relatedness-loss). Study Two Part Two was a between-subjects experiment where participants saw one of the six message conditions along with the flyer motivating them to attend the event. The results indicated that participants were unable to recognize message conditions, and the results of the hypotheses were unsupported. However, findings show that past behavior, trust in local government, and community attachment all significantly predict a parents’ intention to attend the event. The study’s limitations and future directions are discussed
Transfer Learning in Junction With a Light Use Efficiency Model for Estimating Grassland Gross Primary Production
Get PDFIt is significant to simulate grassland gross primary production (GPP) to understand the terrestrial carbon budget over Inner Mongolia (IMG), China. Nevertheless, there is not sufficient in situ GPP data over this region. In this study, we proposed a novel model-based transfer learning (MTL) approach with generative adversarial networks-long short-term memory (GAN-LSTM) and light use efficiency (LUE) models to derive grassland GPP over IMG, China. We first used 25 grassland eddy covariance sites over the conterminous United States to establish the GAN-LSTM model and then fine-tuned it with six sites over IMG to estimate water constraints that were embedded into the LUE model to predict GPP. We then compared it with instance-based transfer learning and nontransfer learning approaches. Against the six IMG EC sites, the GPP estimates of MTL-LUE outperformed the other approaches with a lower root-mean-square error median (1.35 g C m−2 d−1) and a higher Kling-Gupta efficiency of 0.54. An innovation of this approach is that MTL-LUE mitigates the effect of limited training samples on the machine learning-based LUE hybrid model for GPP estimates over IMG
Compiling Haskell into Lean: A Common Abstract Syntax for Haskell and Interactive Theorem Provers
Get PDFIn this work, we introduce a program conversion tool, HS-TO-LEAN, that uses GHC\u27s ghc-lib-parser API to translate Haskell programs into Lean code, which is then validated by the Lean compiler. The repo can be found at https://github.com/holcombet/hs-to-lean/tree/main. The result is a successful compilation of a fragment of Haskell into correct and executable Lean code that users can prove theorems about. We conducted a case study using a heap sort algorithm to support our claim that HS-TO-LEAN produces verifiable Lean code. Our approach is inspired by recent advances in formal verification of Haskell programs in Coq, and we currently restrict our attention to total Haskell.
The compiler produces an AST that serves as a common level of abstraction between a fragment of Haskell and Lean. The abstract common fragment promotes translation between languages by simplifying and restructuring GHC\u27s original AST, improving the readability and linearization of the AST.
Future work on HS-TO-LEAN will extend the compiler to translate to other interactive theorem provers, including Coq, Agda, and Isabelle, making it portable and accessible to a range of verification efforts and communities. Future work also includes implementing bidirectionality, supporting the translation of Haskell code to a target proof assistant and vice versa. This method will expose an interesting level of abstraction that is applicable to all of the languages involved and produce a more maintainable compiler.
These results contribute to the ongoing work in the formalization and verification of mathematics and programming and present a viable approach to unifying the formal systems of different proof assistants
Implementation of Residual Tandem Neural Networks for Photonic Inverse Design
No full textDeep-learning approaches can greatly benefit the modeling and design of nanophotonic and optical structures. Traditional full-wave simulations are time and resource-intensive, which can act as a bottleneck in photonic design. On the other hand, deep-learning approaches for designing the response of nanophotonic geometries can be computationally inexpensive and produce accurate and efficient results. In this project, we specifically investigate the case of optical forces near meta-structures. We propose using an inverse design approach with residual blocks to account for the deep nature of this architecture and inherently address the non-uniqueness problem. A tandem approach, which consists of two interconnected models, is used, with the predictive model (the model that takes in a metastructure geometry and outputs a spectrum) acting as the ground truth. Region of Interest (ROI) modeling is also used to target particular regions in the optical spectrums that are of interest and produce highly targeted meta-surface geometries. This baseline architecture can be modified to fit many nanophotonic and optical structures. We report successful results in modeling optical forces near nanophotonic and optical structures using an inverse tandem design approach and region of interest modeling, which can be valuable for the future of the nanophotonic and optical field