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On the Stability of Norms and Norm-following Propensity: A Cross-cultural Panel Study with Adolescents
Get PDFNorm-based accounts of social behavior in economics typically reflect tradeoffs between maximization of own consumption utility and conformity to social norms. Theories of norm-following tend to assume that there exists a single, stable, commonly known injunctive social norm for a given choice setting and that each person has a stable propensity to follow social norms. We collect panel data on 1468 participants aged 11–15 years in Belfast, Northern Ireland and Bogotá, Colombia in which we measure norms for the dictator game and norm-following propensity twice at 10 weeks apart. We test these basic assumptions and find that norm-following propensity is stable, on average, but reported norms show evidence of change. We find that individual-level variation in reported norms between people and within people across time has interpretable structure using a series of latent transition analyses (LTA) which extend latent class models to a panel setting. The best fitting model includes five latent classes corresponding to five sets of normative beliefs that can be interpreted in terms of what respondents view as “appropriate” (e.g. equality vs. generosity) and how they view deviations (e.g. deontological vs. consequentialist). We also show that a major predictor of changing latent classes over time comes from dissimilarity to others in one’s network. Our application of LTA demonstrates how researchers can engage with heterogeneity in normative perceptions by identifying latent classes of beliefs and deepening understanding of the extent to which norms are shared, stable, and can be predicted to change. Finally, we contribute to the nascent experimental literature on the economic behavior of children and adolescents
Artistic Resistance Under Dictatorships in Spain and Argentina Through The Lens of Communication Theory
Get PDFUnder dictatorships in Spain and Argentina, artists used their mediums to criticize the actions of the Catholic church and oppressive conditions enforced by the government, using allegories, metaphors, and symbolism in their art. While many artists tried to create works that fell within authoritarian guidelines, others intentionally created cinema and literature criticizing the Argentine and Spanish governments, values, and practices, knowing the works would be banned. This investigation uses examples of cinema and literature created and published deliberately to be prohibited or censored under the regimen of Francisco Franco from 1939-1975 in Spain or the last civil-military dictatorship from 1976-1983 in Argentina. McCombs and Lewis’ Framing Theory (Agenda-setting Theory), Hall’s Reception Theory, and Bunn’s New Censorship Theory are useful tools for understanding message creation, transmission, and reception. These theories aid in interpreting how decisions regarding the creation and censorship of art are made. The author, Adrian Self, is a Global Communication and Spanish major and Public Relations minor at Chapman University and will offer her insights into why this topic is relevant today
Do You Say Please or Thank You to ChatGPT? The Subtle Influence of Prompt Engineering on Digital Civility
Get PDFIn the dynamic and rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence, tools like ChatGPT have become integral to our daily digital interactions. These advanced AI systems assist us with a myriad of tasks, from generating text and answering complex questions to providing creative solutions. However, as we engage more frequently with these non-human entities, an intriguing question arises: Are we inadvertently becoming ruder in our digital communications, or are we consciously maintaining our ingrained habits of politeness
Affect Variability and Cortisol in Context: The Moderating Roles of Mean Affect and Stress
Get PDFPositive and negative affect have been shown to have implications for hormones like cortisol but how moment to moment changes in affect (i.e., affect variability) influence cortisol secretion is less well understood. Additionally, context characteristics such as mean affect and stress may influence the association between affect variability and cortisol output. In the current study, we examined affect, stress, and cortisol data from 113 participants (age range = 25–63, M = 35.63, SD = 11.34; 29 % male; 42 % White/Caucasian, 37 % Asian or Pacific Islander, 13 % Hispanic/Latino, 4 % Black/African American, 1 % Native American, Eskimo, or Aleut, 4 % selected “other” for their race/ethnicity). Participants completed ecological momentary assessments assessing positive and negative affect and stress four times per day for five days and provided saliva samples at each time point. Saliva was assayed for cortisol, and area under the curve with respect to ground was computed. In a three-way interaction, both positive affect mean level and stress moderated the association between positive affect variability and cortisol (b = −1.55, t(100) = −3.29, SE = 0.47, p \u3c.01, β = −4.05). When breaking down this three-way interaction, in the context of low stress and high mean positive affect, variability was positively related to total cortisol output. In contrast, in the context of high stress and high mean positive affect, variability was negatively related to total cortisol output. While greater positive affect variability is generally worse for health-relevant outcomes (as prior research has shown and as we show here at low levels of stress), at high levels of stress, fluctuation in affect may be adaptive. For someone experiencing a high stress week, having fluctuations in positive affect may mean that they are adaptively changing to meet their environmental needs especially when they typically report high mean positive affect levels. There were no associations between negative affect variability and cortisol secretion nor did mean negative affect or stress play a moderating role for negative affect variability. This study provides evidence that positive affect variability’s association with cortisol secretion throughout the day may vary based on stress and mean positive affect levels
Disability Pride Month: A Digital Library Exhibit
No full textDisability Pride Month in July commemorates the landmark passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act on July 26, 1990, marking a significant advancement in the rights of people with disabilities. This month-long celebration honors the unique experiences, strengths, and achievements of individuals with disabilities while acknowledging the ongoing challenges they may face.
A disability can be any condition that affects the body or mind, resulting in difficulties with specific activities and interactions with the world. Disabilities can impact various areas, including vision, movement, thinking, remembering, learning, communication, hearing, mental health, and social relationships. This diverse group encompasses individuals with a wide range of needs; even those with similar disabilities can experience them differently. It is important to remember that disabilities may not always be visible.[1] This display is part of the Leatherby Libraries\u27 Diversity, Equity and Inclusion initiatives in alignment with the Chapman University Strategic Plan for Diversity & Inclusion, fostering a diverse and inclusive campus climate
Climate and Shared Evolutionary History Drive Trait Variation Among Species of Neotropical Understory Monocots
Get PDFEnvironmental variation commonly drives functional trait diversity within species, among species, and across communities. Climate and shared evolutionary history can both influence trait–environment relationships. We studied variation in plant functional traits among closely related Costus species occurring across environmental gradients, the extent to which this variation occurs within single species, and how that variation may be influenced by shared evolutionary history. We measured leaf, aboveground stem, rhizome, and fine root traits of 17 species of Costus in eight sites in Costa Rica and Panama, which varied in elevation, temperature, and precipitation. We then assessed the relationships among traits and environmental variables and estimated the phylogenetic signal of the traits. We observed significant relationships between functional traits and climate. Stomatal conductance decreased, but stem density and rhizome dry matter content increased with decreasing mean annual temperature and precipitation seasonality in both cross-species and single-species analyses. This suggests that herbaceous species have a similar trade-off between plant hydraulic efficiency and safety as found in woody plants. Mean annual temperature was a stronger driver of trait variation than mean annual precipitation. We also found phylogenetic signal in leaf and stem structural traits (i.e., closely related species are more similar than distantly related species), but not in physiological or belowground traits. Our results demonstrate significant trait variation within and among species of Costus, a widespread understory and herbaceous genus in the tropics, which is driven by both climate and shared evolutionary history
The Economic Function of Inflation Is to Lower the Real Value of Wealth Assets Sufficiently to Pay for the Government’s Excess Spending Monetized by the Federal Reserve
No full textThe lengthy title of Nobel-laureate Vernon Smith aptly captures a reality that too many economists, policy makers, and bewildered voters fail to grasp: The economic function of inflation is to lower the real value of wealth assets sufficiently to pay for the government\u27s excess spending monetized by the Federal Reserve
Histopathology Imaging and Clinical Data Including Remission Status in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Get PDFThe incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing annually. Children with IBD often suffer significant morbidity due to physical and emotional effects of the disease and treatment. Corticosteroids, often a component of therapy, carry undesirable side effects with long term use. Steroid-free remission has become a standard for care-quality improvement. Anticipating therapeutic outcomes is difficult, with treatments often leveraged in a trial-and-error fashion. Artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated success in medical imaging classification tasks. Predicting patients who will attain remission will help inform treatment decisions. The provided dataset comprises 951 tissue section scans (167 whole-slides) obtained from 18 pediatric IBD patients. Patient level structured data include IBD diagnosis, 12- and 52-week steroid use and name, and remission status. Each slide is labelled with biopsy site and normal or abnormal classification per the surgical pathology report. Each tissue section scan from an abnormal slide is further classified by an experienced pathologist. Researchers utilizing this dataset may select from the provided outcomes or add labels and annotations from their own institutions