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Molecular docking and dynamics studies of curcumin with COVID-19 proteins
No full textAbstract: Background: Sorghum, the C4 dry-land cereal, important for food, fodder, feed and fu-el, is a model crop for abiotic stress tolerance with smaller genome size, genetic diversity, and bio-energy traits. The heat shock proteins/chaperonin 60s (HSP60/Cpn60s) assist the plastid proteins, and participate in the folding and aggregation of proteins. However, the functions of HSP60s in abi-
otic stress tolerance in Sorghum remain unclear.
Methods: Genome-wide screening and in silico characterization of SbHSP60s were carried out along with tissue and stress-specific expression analysis.
Results: A total of 36 HSP60 genes were identified in Sorghum bicolor. They were subdivided into 2 groups, the HSP60 and HSP10 co-chaperonins encoded by 30 and 6 genes, respectively. The genes are distributed on all the chromosomes, chromosome 1 being the hot spot with 9 genes. All
the HSP60s were found hydrophilic and highly unstable. The HSP60 genes showed a large number of introns, the majority of them with more than 10. Among the 12 paralogs, only 1 was tandem and the remaining 11 segmental, indicating their role in the expansion of SbHSP60s. Majority of the SbHSP60 genes expressed uniformly in leaf while a moderate expression was observed in the root tissues, with the highest expression displayed by SbHSP60-1. From expression analysis, SbH-
SP60-3 for drought, SbHSP60-9 for salt, SbHSP60-9 and 24 for heat and SbHSP60-3, 9 and SbH- SP10-2 have been found implicated for cold stress tolerance and appeared as the key regulatory genes.
Conclusion: This work paves the way for the utilization of chaperonin family genes for achieving
abiotic stress tolerance in plants
Hevea brasiliensis coniferaldehyde-5-hydroxylase (HbCAld5H) regulates xylogenesis, structure and lignin chemistry of xylem cell wall in Nicotiana tabacum
No full textAbstract Key message
The HbCAld5H1 gene cloned from Hevea brasiliensis regulates the cambial activity, xylem differentiation, syringyl–guaiacyl ratio, secondary wall structure, lignification pattern and xylan distribution in xylem fibres of transgenic tobacco plants.
Abstract
Molecular characterization of lignin biosynthesis gene coniferaldehyde-5-hydroxylase ( CAld5H) from Hevea brasiliensis and its functional validation was performed. Both sense and antisense constructs of HbCAld5H1 gene were introduced into tobacco through Agrobacterium -mediated genetic transformation for over expression and down-regulation of this key enzyme to understand its role affecting structural and cell wall chemistry. The anatomical studies of transgenic tobacco plants revealed the increase of cambial activity leading to xylogenesis in sense lines and considerable reduction in antisense lines. The ultra-structural studies showed that the thickness of secondary wall (S2 layer) of fibre had been decreased with non-homogenous lignin distribution in antisense lines, while sense lines showed an increase in S2 layer thickness. Maule color reaction revealed that syringyl lignin distribution in the xylem elements was increased in sense and decreased in antisense lines. The immunoelectron microscopy revealed a reduction in LM 10 and LM 11 labelling in the secondary wall of antisense tobacco lines. Biochemical studies showed a radical increase in syringyl lignin in sense lines without any significant change in total lignin content, while S/G ratio decreased considerably in antisense lines. Our results suggest that CAld5H gene plays an important role in xylogenesis stages such as cambial cell division, secondary wall thickness, xylan and syringyl lignin distribution in tobacco. Therefore, CAld5H gene could be considered as a promising target for lignin modification essential for timber quality improvement in rubber
Valsartan in combination with metformin and gliclazide in diabetic rat model using developed RP-HPLC method
Get PDFAbstract Background
Oral administration of biguanides (metformin) and sulfonylureas (gliclazide) are the most common approach of management of type 2 diabetes in humans. Among these diabetic patients, approximately 40–60% suffers from hypertension. Hence, the need of the day is application of polytherapy. A major challenge in polytherapy is the drug-drug interactions that may arise. Hence, this study is focused to develop a reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for concurrent estimation of diabetic drug metformin and hypertension drug valsartan using C18 column and find any possible pharmacokinetic interactions between the two drug combinations strategies, i.e., metformin-valsartan and gliclazide-valsartan in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Result
The bioanalysis of drug-drug interaction pharmacokinetic result showed no significant difference in the t max of single treatment of gliclazide and single treatment of metformin or upon co-administration with valsartan.
Conclusion
Our study has shown that polytherapy of valsartan, a drug administered for hypertension along with hypoglycemic drugs metformin and gliclazide, can be advantageous and safe in patients suffering from both diabetes and hypertension
A review on nutritional, bioactive, toxicological properties and preservation of edible flowers
Get PDFFlowers that can be consumed by human being safely are known as edible flower (EF). In the fast and nutritive food thrive scenario; flowers breaking all the odds out to put their picture as the food grade material with their rich nutritive value. However, there is a strong aspiration for scientific evidences to justify positive impact of EF on health through superior nutritional and bioactive attributes. This review summarizes the outcome of various studies performed until now on edible flowers, focusing on nutritional, bioactive, preservation and toxicological properties and health effects. This article also provides valuable information through systematic compilation and interpretation of published data on edible flowers in order to increase their popularization among the food industry and consumers. Analysis of previously published outcomes revealed that the nutritional and bioactive attributes makes the EF as complete form of nutrition available for mankind and need further exploration for value added product development, without neglecting the identification and documentation of potential toxicological elements for safe and desirable application for future expansion of EF in to value added products
Environmental effects on the mechanical properties of E-glass and S-glass fiber epoxy composite ring specimens used in aircraft fuel pipes
Get PDFAn experimental investigation was performed in predicting the consequences of the exposure to seawater and moisture absorption on the mechanical properties of two different GFRE pipe rings made of E-glass and S-glass fiber and utilized in aircraft fuel pipe line system. Filament winded tubular composite pipe rings were immersed in seawater for two, four and six months, respectively and their moisture absorption was noted. The outcomes exhibit a remarkable decrease in fatigue life for saturated GFRE sample rings. In contrast, a water absorption up to 40% of the maximum content exhibited no impact. The tests revealed debonding and cracks in the fiber and matrix interphase in the case of samples immersed in seawater on a long-term basis, although the applied mechanical load was zero
Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Predicting Diagnostic Accuracy of Cystatin C and Creatinine in Detection of Renal Function among Longstanding Type-2 Diabetics
Get PDFIntroduction: Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is dependent on Serum Creatinine (SCr). Though, a sudden decrease in GFR would not result in rapid rise in concentrations of SCr, as they are imprecise but it leads to the over diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).
Aim: To calculate GFR using Cystatin-C (Cys-C) based formulas to contrast its accuracy with SCr based formulas and to predict the diagnostic accuracy of Cys-C in patients with diabetes. Materials and Methods: A total 48 type-2 diabetic patients were diagnosed with CKD and their GFR was assessed using the Cystatin-C and SCr. GFR was measured and estimated using three equations (Cockcroft-Gault (CG), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CDK-EPI), that are based on SCr and three equations (LeBricon, Grubb and Hoek) based on Cys-C among the 48 CKD patients. The filtration rate was measured using labelled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(99mTc-DTPA) renal scan method as the standard for comparison. The Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the filtration rate.
Results: A significant association was observed (p=0.0001) among both the estimates which were equivocal when compared with measured iGFR, SCr and Cys-C based GFR estimate. A greater difference of Area Under the Curve (AUC) was observed between SCr (0.765±0.07) and Cys-C (0.569±0.09) (p=0.04) in the ROC analysis at a creatinine clearance <60 mL/min/m2.
Conclusion: SCr and Cys-C based formulae has equivocal performance in estimating GFR. SCr could be a better marker to estimate GFR among patients with Cr clearance <60 mL/min/m2
The role of body mass index or metabolic syndrome components causing depression in women: An observation from weight reduction clinical trial
Get PDFWhat is known and objective: Depression is most important psychological problem that is much prevalent in women than men. Obesity and depression are the leading causes of both physical and mental disability and the link between these disorders had not explored well. The present study evaluated the link between the depression, Body mass index (BMI) and the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in subjects
with, without insulin resistance.
Methods: A total of 150 subjects, vital and biochemical parameters were measured for eligible screened subjects in the trial of weight loss intervention at first visit. A self-reported Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale was used to assess the depression among the participants. The association of BMI and MetS components with risk of depression was analysed using multiple logistic regression analysis in subjects with and without insulin resistance.
Results: Obesity was associated with highly significant increase in risk of depression (OR = 13.01, 95% CI 4.40–38.49) as compared to overweight subjects. Female subjects with obesity had a greater risk for depression (β: 3.725, OR: 42.62, 95% CI: 5.74–316.3 and p < 0.0001) than male subjects (β: 1.922, OR: 6.83, 95% CI: 1.8–26 and p = 0.005), and it was statistically significant. There was no association between other models (IR and MetS) and depression in both genders (p < 0.05).
What is new and conclusion: The odds of depression was 42.62 times more in obese women and 6.83 time more in obese men compared to overweight subjects. Subjects those who are having ≥3 metabolic syndrome (MetS) components, increased the risk of depression by 0.75 times in women and 1.50 times in men. In view of these results of our study, we conclude that the body mass index is an individual strong predictor of depression whereas metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance had no significant association with depression
Novel candidates in the clinical development pipeline for TB drug development and their Synthetic Approaches
Get PDFTuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world. Mtb has the ability to become dormant within the host and to develop resistance. Hence, new antitubercular agents are required to overcome problems in the treatment of multidrug resistant-Tb (MDR-Tb) and extensively drug resistant-Tb (XDR-Tb) along with shortening the treatment time. Several efforts are being made to develop very effective new drugs for Tb, within the pharmaceutical industry, the academia, and through public private partnerships. This review will address the anti-tubercular activities, biological target, mode of action, synthetic approaches and thoughtful concept for the development of several new drugs currently in the clinical trial pipeline (up to October 2019) for tuberculosis. The aim of this review may be very useful in scheming new chemical entities (NCEs) for Mtb
Chapter 3 - Greener synthesis at different scales
No full textAbstract
The dwindling supply of renewables, coupled with the alarming negative impacts of the available resources raises serious concerns about the sustainability of the chemi�cal and physical processes. Thus, it becomes imperative to find alternative options to such processes to make the processes greener and hence more sustainable. Though the sustainable approaches, especially in the context of synthetic procedures, involve the
greener routes, the special mention seems apt due to the sharp growth of the associated fields in recent past. As the utilization of inexpensive, earth-abundant, and environmen�tally benign precursors is the primary objective of these approaches, it is impossible to generalize this with a single strategy and hence a further categorization is necessary. In this context, the current chapter aims to introduce the topic of greener synthetic routes
with a classification based on the relation between the size/dimensionality (microscale and nanoscale) as well as the prevalence of the materials with the reported greener syn�thetic approaches. In each category, the materials are further classified based on their composition and types, and the development of greener synthetic strategies for the prepa�ration of materials (from each category) is described in details. The extrapolation of such approaches for the potential industrial applications is also evaluated. At the end of each
section, the present status, current challenges, and possible solutions are highlighted.Special care has been taken to avoid overlap with other chapters from the rest of the book
and the primary objective of the chapter is suitably emphasized wherever needed. The authors truly believe that the choice of the topic/subtopics of this chapter makes this a
unique one and the current chapter will surely help both the experts and nonexperts who are really interested in exploring the greener synthetic approaches for the preparation of
materials of various shape, sizes, functionalities, and propertie
An experimental investigation and optimization of energy consumption and surface defects in wire cut electric discharge machining,
No full textOptimizing the energy consumption and minimization of surface defects in wire cut electric discharge machining (WEDM) at the experimental design effectively saves energy and improves quality of machining. The present study is aimed to reduce energy consumption and improve machine performance related to kerf width, metal removal rate and surface quality in WEDM of Al-Si metal matrix composite. Current, pulse on time, pulse off time, voltage and wire tension are considered as controllable parameters and optimized using graph theory and utility concept (GTUC) and teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) algorithm considering criteria for the performance characteristics. It is observed that 26% of the additional energy is consumed in GTUC method while 40% less energy is consumed in TLBO method; the kerf width is found to
be 8.4% more in GTUC and 2.8% less in TLBO respectively; the MRR is found to be 40.2% and 43.2% less in GTUC and TLBO methods respectively; 72.8% of the excess surface roughness is found in GTUC method while 1.2% less surface roughness is found in TLBO method. Effect of process parameters on the performance characteristics is also analyzed and the current is found to be dominant parameter. At TLBO optimized
working condition, surface defects around kerf are found minimum