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An immunoinformatics approach for the design of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting super antigen TSST-1 of Staphylococcus aureus
Get PDFBackground: TSST-1 is a secretory and pyrogenic superantigen that is being responsible for staphylococcal mediated food poisoning and associated clinical manifestations. It is one of the main targets for the construction of vaccine candidates against Staphylococcus aureus. Most of the vaccines have met failure due to adverse reactions and toxicity reported during late clinical studies. To overcome this, an immunoinformatics approach is being used in the present study for the design of a multi-epitope vaccine to circumvent the problems related to toxicity and allergenicity.
Results: In this study, a multi-epitope vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus targeting TSST-1 was designed through
an immunoinformatics approach. B cell and T cell epitopes were predicted in silico and mapped with linkers to avoid junctional immunogenicity and to ensure the efficient presentation of exposed epitopes through HLA. βdefensin and PADRE were adjusted at the N-terminal end of the final vaccine as adjuvants. Physiochemical parameters, antigenicity, and allergenicity of the vaccine construct were determined with the help of online servers. The three-dimensional structure of the vaccine protein was predicted and validated with various tools. The affinity
of the vaccine with TLR-3 was studied through molecular docking studies and the interactions of two proteins were
visualized using LigPlot+ . The vaccine was successfully cloned in silico into pET-28a (+) for efficient expression in E.
coli K12 system. Population coverage analysis had shown that the vaccine construct can cover 83.15% of the global
population. Immune simulation studies showed an increase in the antibody levels, IL-2, IFN-γ, TGF-β, B cell, and T
cell populations and induced primary, secondary, and tertiary immune responses.
Conclusion: Multi-epitope vaccine designed through a computational approach is a non-allergic and non-toxic
antigen. Preliminar
Extractability and physicochemical properties of cobia ( Rachycentron canadum ) skin collagen as influenced by lactic acid concentration
No full textHerein, we demonstrate why deeming diffusible reactive oxygen species (DROS) as toxic wastes does not afford a comprehensive understanding of cytochrome P450 mediated microsomal xenobiotic metabolism (mXM). Using the recent insights unveiled in mechanistic redox enzymology, we reason out the remaining pieces of the mXM mechanistic chemistry and
support our proposals with visual evidence and thermodynamic calculations. Particularly, we elucidate how murburn model better explains- (i) promiscuity of the unique P450-reductase; (ii)
prolific activity and inhibitions of CYP3A4; (iii) structure-function correlations of important key CYP2 family isozymes- 2C9, 2D6 and 2E1; and (iv) mutation studies and mechanism-based
inactivation of CYPs. In the light of our findings, it is opportune to revamp the methodologies employed for screening potential drug candidate from lead molecules
The Role of Advanced Technologies Supplemented with Traditional Methods in Pharmacovigilance Sciences
No full textBackground:
The immediate automatic systemic monitoring and reporting of adverse drug reactions, improving the efficacy is the utmost need of the medical informatics community. The venturing of advanced digital technologies into the health sector has opened new avenues for rapid monitoring. In recent years, data shared through social media, mobile apps, and other social websites has increased manifolds requiring data mining techniques.
Objective:
The objective of this report is to highlight the role of advanced technologies together with the traditional methods to proactively aid in the early detection of adverse drug reactions concerned with drug safety and pharmacovigilance.
Methods:
A thorough search was conducted on papers and patents regarding pharmacovigilance. All articles with respect to the relevant subject were explored and mined from public repositories such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, Springer, ScienceDirect (Elsevier), Web of Science, etc.
Results:
The European Union’s Innovative Medicines Initiative WEB-RADR project has emphasized the development of mobile applications and social media data for reporting adverse effects. Only relevant data has to be captured through the data mining algorithms (DMAs) as it plays an important role in timely prediction of risk with high accuracy using two popular approaches; the frequentist and Bayesian approach. Pharmacovigilance at the pre-marketing stage is useful for the prediction of adverse drug reactions in the early developmental stage of a drug. Later, post-marketing safety reports and clinical data reports are important to be monitored through electronic health records, prescription-event monitoring, spontaneous reporting databases, etc.
Conclusion:
The advanced technologies supplemented with traditional technologies are the need of the hour for evaluating a product’s risk profile and reducing risk in population especially with comorbid conditions and on concomitant medications
A review on importance of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants in treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (special emphasis on isoquinoline alkaloids)
Get PDFIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease of unknown cause which disrupts the normal lung architecture and functions by deregulating immune responses and ultimately leads to the death of the individual. A number of factors can lead to its development and currently there is no cure for this disease.
Main text
There are synthetic drugs available to relieve the symptoms and decelerate its development by targeting pathways involved in the development of IPF, but there had also been various side effects detected by their usage. It is known since decades that medicinal plants and their compounds have been used all over the world in natural medicines to cure various diseases. This review article is focused on the effects of various natural bioactive compounds of 26 plant extracts that show prophylactic and therapeutic properties against the disease and so can be used in treating IPF replacing synthetic drugs and reducing the side effects.
Short conclusion
This review includes different mechanisms that cause pulmonary fibrosis along with compounds that can induce fibrosis, drugs used for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, diagnosis, the biochemical tests used for the experimental study to determine the pathogenesis of disease with a special note on Isoquinoline alkaloids and their role in reducing various factors leading to IPF thus providing promising therapeutic approach
Removal of Cd(II) from Synthetic Medium on to Gulmohar Fruit Shell: Characterization, Equilibrium and Kinetic studies
No full textInnovative process for treating waste water containing heavy metals often involve technologies for reduction of toxicity in order to meet the technology based standards. The present research is based on the sorption of Cd(II) from synthetic water using Gulmohar fruit shell (GFS). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used for identification of morphology, functional groups of GFS. Equilibrium, kinetic studies were performed by considering the effects of pH, contact time, initial Cd(II) concentration and GFS loading. Results showed that the % removal of Cd(II) ions rised with the rise of pH, contact time and biomass loading and declined with rise of initial Cd(II) concentration. Langmuir isotherm was better described than Fruendlich isotherm. The maximum GFS coverage was 24.03mg/g. Kinetic studies were performed by different kinetic models. Pseudo-second order was excellent suited by kinetics. Thus, it can be concluded that GFS is an efficient biosorbent for the exclusion of Cd(II) from synthetic waste water
Extraction of bioactive compounds from Psidium guajava leaves and its utilization in preparation of jellies
Get PDFPsidium guajava L. (guava) is predominantly grown throughout the world and known for its medicinal properties in treating various diseases and disorders. The present work focuses on aqueous extraction of bioactive compounds from the guava leaf and its utilization in the formulation of jelly to improve the public health. The guava leaf extract has been used in the preparation of jelly with pectin (1.5 g), sugar (28 g) and lemon juice (2 mL). The prepared guava leaf extract jelly (GJ) and the control jelly (CJ, without extract) were subjected to proximate, nutritional and textural analyses besides determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. GJ was found to contain carbohydrate (45.78 g/100 g), protein (3.0 g/100 g), vitamin C (6.15 mg/100 g), vitamin B3 (2.90 mg/100 g) and energy (120.6 kcal). Further, the texture analysis of CJ and GJ indicated that both the jellies showed similar properties emphasizing that the addition of guava leaf extract does not bring any change in the texture properties of jelly. GJ exhibited antimicrobial activity against various bacteria ranging from 11.4 to 13.6 mm. Similarly, GJ showed antioxidant activity of 42.38% against DPPH radical and 33.45% against hydroxyl radical. Mass spectroscopic analysis of aqueous extract confirmed the presence of esculin, quercetin, gallocatechin, 3-sinapoylquinic acid, gallic acid, citric acid and ellagic acid which are responsible for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties
ZnCl2 catalyzed new coumarinyl-chalcones as cytotoxic agents
Get PDFA new series of coumarin-yl-chalcone derivatives (3a-m) had been designed and synthesized through different reactions such as aromatic addition, cyclization and Claisen-Schmidt reactions in good yields (54–78%). 5-acetyl-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl) -6-methyl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H) -one (1) has been synthesized by multi-component one pot reaction of salicylaldehyde, methyl acetoacetate and urea, which was further reacted with malonic acid employing ZnCl2 catalyst to yield 5-acetyl-4-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo2H-chromen-8-yl) -6-methyl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H) -one (2). The title compounds (3a-m) were synthesised by reacting 5-acetyl-4-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-8-yl) -6-methyl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (2) with different aromatic aldehydes in the presence of potassium hydroxide. In silico studies, a preliminary screening method for predicting the anti-cancer activity was performed for the synthesized compounds (3a-m) against Src, Alb tyrosine kinase and homology model protein (PDB ID: 4csv). The derivatives 3h and 3m showed moderate binding energies. The in vitro cytotoxic activity was evaluated for the compounds 3h and 3m by using human cancer cell-line morphology and MTT assay against three human cell-lines A549 (Lung), Jurkat (Leukemia) and MCF-7 (Breast). The results indicate that the derivatives 3h and 3m display significant anti-cancer activity, however it was found to be less cytotoxic when compared to the standard used i.e. Imatinib
Performance analysis of micro textured cutting insert design parameters on machining of Al-MMC in turning process
No full textTurning operation is one of the primary machining operations and enhanced machining performance is obtained by its process parameters. In turning process, heat is generated and it
must be removed from the machining zone. Now a days, hydrocarbon oil based cutting fluid is used and it generates environmental issues as well as operator health issues. Recently,
textured cutting tool inserts are attempted towards sustainable machining. In this work, turning process is carried out on Aluminium-Metal Matrix Composite (Al-MMC) with micro
hole textured cutting tool inserts. Micro hole texturing involves various parameters such as hole diameter, hole depth and pitch between the holes. The main aim of this work is to analyze the effect of micro hole design parameters on machining performance. The input parameters include diameter of the micro hole, pitch between hole and hole and depth. Process outcomes include surface roughness, tool wear and power consumption. The experiments are performed based on L9 Taguchi orthogonal array. The result revealed that micro hole textured tools with solid lubricant embedded cutting inserts and its design parameters influence machining performance. Texture with solid lubricant could act as alternative to hydrocarbon oil based cutting fluid and also chip breaker
Experimental investigation of different cutting conditions in turning of Inconel 718
Get PDFIt is a known fact that large amount of heat is generated between tool and work piece during machining process. Coolant is used to enhance the cutting conditions and traditional one is
hydrocarbon oil based. This will result in deteriorating the operator’s health and environmental imbalance [1]. Some other alternative methods are also available such as dry machining, Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL), vegetable oil as cutting fluid, cryogenically treated tool and solid lubricants. Few drawbacks with alternative methods namely, dry machining affects metallurgical changes and releases more heat, vegetable oil depends on its properties, Cryogenic treatment and
MQL method need special equipment [2-4].One among the simplest and safest substitute to conventional cutting fluid is solid lubrication. In order to reduce the friction coefficient and
contribute to sustainability in machining, texturing on cutting tool is used. As solid lubricant is applied on the textured tool a noticeable reduction in cutting zone temperature, friction and
machining forces is observed because a continuous solid lubricant film is produced on tool. This is due to the thermal expansion of heat produced during machining [5].Various types of solid lubricants are explored by different researchers [6-9]
Review – Development of inorganic nanostructures by microwave synthesis technique
No full textWe present an overview of microwave-assisted synthesis method to develop inorganic nanostructured materials, which have received great interest due to their potential applications in different fields of science and technology. The current trend for the adoption of eco-friendly synthesis methods for the preparation of nanomaterials has thrown a challenge to develop synthetic methods that offer significant reduction in reaction time, lower energy consumption and less use of toxic chemicals. The microwave (MW) assisted synthesis route can play the role of a potential green synthesis approach to prepare inorganic nanostructured materials and their composites. In addition, the MW assisted route provides uniform heating throughout the reaction mixture and minimizes the non-uniform temperature profile, which results in the formation of uniform small nanoparticles. This review discusses the basic principles of MW synthesis to understand the MW heating mechanism. In addition, we discuss recent progress on the development of inorganic nanostructures in liquid phase by MW synthesis technique. Finally, we present the application of microwave synthesized nanomaterials in the development of battery technology, followed by safety features and future aspects of MW synthesis