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Menthol-Based Hydrophobic Eutectic Solvents as Green Plasticizers for Biobased Acrylic Polymers
No full textWhile the polymer industry has gained importance in the last decades, many related environmental issues have appeared, caused by oil-based monomers, unsustainable polymerization processes, and toxic additives, among others. For instance, plasticizers commonly used in acrylic polymers often qualify as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), raising concerns due to their contribution to indoor air pollution, regulatory restrictions, and potential health risks. In this work, we explore a series of menthol-based hydrophobic eutectic solvents (HESs) as green alternatives to conventional organic plasticizers for acrylic films based on biobased isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA), 2-octyl methacrylate (2-OMA), and their copolymers synthesized via miniemulsion polymerization. The biobased films were thoroughly characterized to assess their chemical structure, thermal, adhesive, and mechanical properties and their performance in a potential application as therapeutic patches, leveraging the inherent bioactive properties, of the HESs. We have found that the plasticizer effect on these biobased polymers could be controlled by the polarity of the hydrogen bond donor and the vapor pressure of the individual components in the eutectic mixture. These findings highlight the potential of menthol-based HESs as multifunctional, sustainable plasticizers, paving the way for environmentally friendly alternatives in advanced acrylic materials.Eusko Jaurlaritza (IT-1525-22)
MINECO (PID2021-123146OB-I00)
Spanish Government (María de Maeztu Excellence Unit CEX2023-001303-M)
European Union under the IONBIKE 2.0 project (grant agreementn. https://doi.org/10.3030/101129945
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
No full text193 p.La eliminación de la enzima MAT1A en ratones genera una notable reducción de S-adenosilmetionina (SAMe), afectando la regulación metabólica hepática al alterar vías clave como la glucólisis, gluconeogénesis, lipogénesis y secreción de lipoproteínas, lo que lleva al desarrollo de esteatosis hepática asociada a disfunción metabólica (MASLD). En hepatocitos Mat1a-KO, la deficiencia de SAMe causa una desregulación enzimática que promueve el almacenamiento excesivo de triglicéridos, la acumulación de lípidos y la supresión de mTORC1, agravando los trastornos metabólicos. Además, se observan cambios en la síntesis de lípidos a partir de glicerol-3-fosfato (G3P) y alteraciones en la secreción de lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (VLDL), fenómenos que comparten similitudes con perfiles de pacientes humanos con MASLD. Aunque la metilación de la aldolasa b (ALDOB) y su regulación no parecen desempeñar un papel relevante en la esteatosis del modelo animal, los hallazgos destacan la importancia de las vías dependientes de SAMe y DHAP en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis hepática y abren nuevas perspectivas para terapias de precisión y diagnósticos personalizados en subtipos específicos de MASL
Vegetation type and climate determine temperature thresholds of soil respiration across drylands
No full textSoil respiration (SR) is a key component of terrestrial carbon-climate feedbacks, yet its seasonal dynamics in drylands remain poorly understood. In mesic ecosystems, SR is primarily temperature driven, whereas in drylands it shifts seasonally from temperature to moisture control as autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration become water limited during dry periods. Identifying the soil temperature at which SR transitions from temperature to moisture limitation is therefore essential for predicting SR under climate change. We examined temperature and moisture response functions of SR across forests, shrublands, and grasslands in arid and semi-arid regions to determine the soil temperature threshold of SR (STTSR) and its drivers. Across sites, SR was positively correlated with mean annual precipitation, soil moisture, and soil organic carbon, while negatively correlated with soil temperature. The significant variability in the temperature thresholds of SR (STTSR) that was observed between sites (17.9 °C ± 5.3 °C; mean ± SD) was best explained by the mean annual temperature (MAT) at the site. Sites with higher air temperatures exhibited higher STTSR, suggesting that the compartments and metabolic processes involved in SR are adapted to local temperatures. This observed SR adaptation occurred at two different scales. Besides STTSR were positively correlated with MAT within each vegetation type, STTSR were systematically higher under short-stature vegetation types (grasslands and shrublands) compared to high-stature vegetation types (forests), suggesting that grasses and shrubs have developed the evolutionary capacity to push the STTSR to warmer temperatures and hence withstand better drought stress than trees. Our findings suggest that: (1) process-based models assuming simple linear or exponential SR-temperature relationships overestimate SR in water-limited ecosystems; and (2) projected warming and increasing water scarcity, together with shifts in vegetation dominance, may strongly modify the temperature sensitivity of SR.The BC3 is supported by the Basque Government through the BERC 2018–2021 program and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO through María de Maeztu excellence accreditation MDM-2017-0714. María Almagro acknowledges the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the grants IJCI-2015-23500 and RYC2020-029181-I, the later funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ESF Investing in your future”, UE. Jorge Curiel-Yuste acknowledges the financial support from the project HoliSoils (EU Horizon 2020 Grant 919 Agreement No 101000289). Portuguese data collection was supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P. through project references UIDB/00239/2020 (DOI 10.54499/UIDB/00239/2020), UIDP/00239/2020 (DOI 10.54499/UIDP/00239/2020) and UID/BIA/50027/2020. Javier Martínez-López was funded by the Plan Propio de Investigación (P9) of the University of Granada. Studies in Albaida, Mariola and Bocairent obtained the financial support of the Spanish Government (project CGL-2011-30515-C02-02) and the European Commission (project ENV.20136.2–4), and they were carried out within the CEAM Foundation. Jorge Perez-Quezada acknowledges the support from the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID, Chile) through the grants FONDECYT 11070101, PIA/BASAL FB210006 and PIA/BASAL FB210018
Ectomycorrhizal fungi and root water uptake respond independently to water availability
No full textTemperate forests on their warm and dry distribution limits are expected to be most vulnerable to reductions in water availability. This prediction is mostly based on studies assessing single forest functions, mainly growth. Water and nutrient cycling are functions that rely on tree roots and their symbiotic association with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Trees can compensate for seasonal reductions in water availability by shifting root water-uptake (RWU) towards deeper soil layers, but ECM fungi mostly dwell in the topsoil, thus suffering from desiccation and compromising nutrient uptake. We hypothesised that drier sites should depict larger seasonal shifts in RWU, but at the expense of lower ECM fungal diversity and colonization of fine roots by ECM fungi. We selected three beech Fagus sylvatica forests in their warm distribution limit with contrasting geographic locations and mean annual precipitation: northern Atlantic (2500 mm), intermediate transitional (1150 mm) and southern Mediterranean (780 mm). We collected soil, stem and root samples in spring (wet) and summer (dry) to: 1) quantify fine-root density and colonization by ECM fungi, 2) infer RWU from isotopic composition of plant and soil water and 3) characterize ECM communities through DNA-metabarcoding. Generalized and linear mixed models revealed that high topsoil moisture benefited ECM diversity, but higher diversity and ECM colonization did not imply larger contributions of the topsoil to RWU. The prevailing climate and abiotic conditions determined how ECM communities were structured, more than seasonal climatic variability. Across sites, communities differed in their functional diversity: ECM fungi with long hyphae, more vulnerable to water scarcity, dominated at the southernmost site, where water availability was the highest. Our results suggest that, in a climate change scenario, increasing drought might not compromise RWU, but it would still be detrimental for ECM communities, compromising key ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling and productivity.Special thanks to Nicolas Devert and Sabrina Dubois for the sample processing and analyses of water isotopic composition. Many thanks also to Mario Blanco-Sánchez and Marina Ramos-Muños for their assistance during DNA extraction and to Jesús L. Angulo for his advice with statistical analyses. Thanks to Paula Martín-Gómez for providing the data to correct our tree water isotopic composition. Funding was provided by the regional Government of the Basque Country (projects for basic and applied research: PIBA-2019-105) awarded to TEG and DM-M and by the Spanish Ministry of Science through grant MITICFOR (CNS2024-154609) and a Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC2021-031759-I) and the Fundación BBVA (RESTICFOR - Programa Primas y Problemas de la Fundación BBVA 2023) awarded to TEG. TEG was also supported by the Generalitat de Catalunya (2021 SGR 00849). DM-M and AR-U were partially supported by the Spanish State Research Agency through María de Maeztu Excellence Unit accreditation 2018-2022 (ref. MDM-2017-0714). LW has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 101003125) and the French Govt in the framework of the IdEX Bordeaux University ‘Investments for the Future' program / GPR Bordeaux Plant Sciences
Ser Militante Comunista. Género, emociones y cultura política en el PCE de la transición (1975-1982).
No full text481 p.El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar la experiencia militante del PartidoComunista de España (PCE) durante la transición a la democracia en España (1975-1982). Esta investigación ha partido del interés por incluir a la figura del/la militante enla narrativa de la historia del PCE como agente activo en la construcción de su propiaidentidad y en la evolución de la organización en este contexto concreto. Más allá de losdiscursos ideológicos, me ha interesado determinar hasta qué punto la participación enesta cultura política incluyó compartir una serie de símbolos, discursos, genealogías,preceptos morales, costumbres y rituales ligadas a unas emociones concretas quemarcaron la visión que sus militantes tenían del mundo. Particularmente, la dimensiónemocional, la cuestión de género y la relación entre los ámbitos público y privado se hansituado en el centro del análisis. Por todo ello, he realizado un análisis sistemático deuna gran variedad de fuentes (prensa, documentos internos, cartas, productosculturales generados desde las bases y testimonios orales, etc.) a través de un marcointerpretativo conformado por las premisas teórico-metodológicas de la historia de lasculturas políticas, la historia de género y la historia de las emociones y los afectos
Nortasun : Estudio exploratorio sobre experiencias de transición y destransición de género
No full text397 p.Esta tesis investiga y compara las experiencias psicosociales de 29 personas transgénero(TGD) y 22 personas que han detransicionado (DT). Se llevaron a cabo tres revisiones de laliteratura y cinco estudios empíricos comparativos en los que se recogieron datoscuantitativos usando cuestionarios y cualitativos usando entrevistas semiestructuradas.Las revisiones revelaron una importante escasez de intervenciones psicológicas paraambos grupos. Los estudios empíricos revelaron que los participantes DT iniciaron latransición médica antes y reportaron más efectos hormonales adversos. Aunque ambosgrupos mostraron elevadas tasas de problemas de salud mental, los participantes TGDmostraron más síntomas externalizantes, disforia de género y rechazo interpersonal,mientras que los DT presentaron más síntomas internalizantes y mayor neurodiversidad.Los participantes TGD concibieron su transición como un acto de autorrealización,mientras que los DT la interpretaron como un acto de autorrechazo vinculado a otrosproblemas psicológicos no resueltos. Ambos grupos enfrentaron barreras en la atenciónsanitaria relacionadas con la falta de información, acceso, comunicación y apoyopsicológico. Los resultados subrayan la necesidad de desarrollar modelos de atención másflexibles, personalizados y sensibles a la diversidad de trayectorias de géner
Maternidades y producción cultural: una exploración de la transformación de las parentalidades en el Estado español
No full textEste artículo aborda las transformaciones de la maternidad que se están produciendo en el Estado
español a partir de un corpus de creaciones culturales producidas entre el año 2018 y 2023. El texto
presenta el contexto histórico en el que surgen estos productos culturales y analiza la tipología, la
autoría y el contenido de los mismos, concluyendo que la experiencia como fuente legítima frente al
conocimiento experto, la búsqueda de tejer redes entre iguales y la reivindicación y centralidad de
las vivencias corporales son, casi sin excepción, elementos recurrentes y comunes
Revisiting the challenges to monitoring, evaluation, reporting, and learning for climate adaptation
No full textMonitoring, evaluation, reporting, and learning (MERL) is a key mechanism for advancing climate change adaptation by enabling reflection, preparation and improvement. While challenges to MERL are typically grouped into conceptual, empirical, and methodological categories, emerging issues demand attention as adaptation practice matures. These challenges are pressing for two reasons. First, the maturing field of adaptation introduces complex challenges beyond technical considerations, yet risks perpetuating structural problems seen in other MERL domains. Second, adaptation is inherently transversal, spanning multiple policy arenas—local to global, and across sectors such as environment, development, transport, water management, and education—further multiplying the diversity of challenges. Through a scoping review of scientific and grey literature, we synthesised a framework of emerging challenges to designing, implementing, and using MERL for adaptation. These include ontological challenges (how adaptation and related concepts are defined and contested), epistemological challenges (whose knowledge counts, and how it is valued), axiological challenges (nature and types of value being placed on MERL), social challenges (equity and justice aspects in MERL processes affecting effectiveness), material challenges (use of financial and human resources), political challenges (dynamics affecting transparent evaluation), and spatio-temporal challenges (integration of complex spatial and temporal dimensions). This framework highlights key gaps and needs in current MERL practices. By addressing these challenges, adaptation policy and science can advance in ways that are more grounded, equitable, and effective, enabling improved responses to the complex and evolving demands of climate change adaptation.This research is funded by the European Union (ERC, IMAGINE adaptation, 101039429). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or ERCEA. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. All authors acknowledge the support from María de Maeztu Excellence Unit 2023–2027 Ref. CEX2021- 001201-M, funded by the Spanish Government MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; and by the Basque Government through the BERC 2022–2025 program. MO would also like to acknowledge the support of the grant RYC2022–037585-I funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ESF+
Characterization of Electron Cloud Dynamics and RF Signal Generation in Cavity Magnetrons via Particle-in-Cell Simulations
No full text[EN] This undergraduate thesis conducted an in-depth analysis of cavity magnetrons, exploring their physical model as autonomous oscillators and under injection locking. The research involved disassembling a cooking magnetron to create a detailed 3D model, including the resonant cavity, antenna, and waveguide, which was then utilized for electromagnetic and Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations. Key findings revealed that magnetrons generate radio frequency (RF) signals through the formation of wave-like structures called spokes in the electron cloud. The quality of this signal is often affected by flicker noise originating from cathode emission fluctuations, low-frequency signals caused by electron drift velocity, and spurious high-frequency modes resulting from anode excitation or radial electron oscillations. The antenna was found to contain chokes that effectively filter out unwanted higher harmonics from the output signal. Crucially, the study demonstrated that injection locking, achieved by introducing a weak external signal, significantly reduces background noise, suppresses spurious modes, and notably improves the output amplitude. This improvement stems from the injected signal acting as a "phase anchor" for the electrons, leading to the formation of sharper spokes and a cleaner signal
Efectos de diferentes programas de entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la incidencia lesional, la gravedad de las lesiones y la condición física en jugadores de fútbol
No full text163 p.Los estudios analizaron diferentes enfoques de entrenamiento de fuerza (entrenamiento con cargas máximas, cargas altas y cargas bajas) y sus efectos sobre la prevención de lesiones y el rendimiento en pruebas de condición física. En conjunto, revelan que el entrenamiento de fuerza con cargas máximas (i.e., 85-95% 1RM, 3-4 Rep), cargas altas (i.e., 70-85% 1RM, 6-10 Rep) y cargas bajas (i.e., 40-50% 1RM, 15-20 Rep) han sido efectivos para reducir la incidencia y la gravedad de lesiones (i.e., burden), y mejorar el nivel de condición física en los jugadores de fútbol participantes en el estudio.Los estudios de entrenamiento con cargas máximas y altas muestran mejoras significativas en la fuerza, el rendimiento explosivo y la reducción de la incidencia y gravedad (i,e., burden) de lesiones, además de mejorar los desequilibrios musculares. Por otro lado, el entrenamiento de fuerza con cargas bajas también contribuyó a una mejora en la condición física de los jugadores, al mismo tiempo que redujo la incidencia de lesiones y mejoró los desequilibrios musculares entre Q-H y Abd-Add.En conjunto, estos estudios sugieren que una combinación adecuada de programas de entrenamientode fuerza, ajustada a las características individuales de los jugadores y el momento de la temporada, puede ser una estrategia altamente eficaz para minimizar el riesgo de lesiones y optimizar el rendimiento físico en el fútbol