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How attention and working memory married and divorced, with Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance as the witness
No full textPublished on 6th June, 2025.How do we find stuff that we are looking for? This question has been central to many a study in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. We describe how seminal studies in the journal eventually led to the hypothesis that top-down attentional guidance and visual working memory activation might be regarded as one and the same process. However, crucial tests revealed a more complex picture, raising important new questions about potential functional divisions within working memory, and how these should be characterized. This contributed to wider debates within the journal on what is the capacity of top-down attention, how we ignore stuff that is irrelevant, and how we switch between sensory and mnemonic representations—debates that still call for resolution. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved
Beyond adjustment: A new paradigm for climate change adaptation in a complex world
Get PDFClimate change adaptation is central to political and scientific agendas that aim to reduce the impacts of a warming world. However, despite three decades of research and practice, adaptation remains conceptually ambiguous, lacking a clear and comprehensive definition that enables effective on-the-ground action. The foundational idea that adaptation is the process of adjusting to climate and its effects remains central to scientific advancements in the field. Yet, emerging paradigms like adaptation as justice, resilience, or development are gaining traction, reflecting a much larger variety of local needs, knowledge systems, and lived experiences. To examine the notion of adaptation through these evolving lenses, we conducted 50 in-depth interviews with key internationally recognised experts in climate adaptation, including scientists and practitioners from around the globe, with 950 years of combined experience. Over 36 h of interview time, we explored their career trajectories and evolving views to identify key narratives, realisations and catalysts that shifted their conceptualisation and practice of adaptation. Our findings support an updated heuristic framework for adaptation as a process of responding to climate change and its impacts by integrating risk reduction into broader development strategies, ensuring that all individuals can maintain dignified lives in the face of climate challenges. The framework acknowledges the inherent complexity and limitations of adaptation, blending systemic governance with psychosocial insights to address power dynamics and uphold the fundamental right to survival. Findings call for a reconceptualisation of adaptation beyond mere adjustment to risks, in response to shifting paradigms in contemporary adaptation thought and practice.This research is funded by the European Union (ERC, IMAGINE adaptation, 101039429). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or ERCEA. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. All authors acknowledge the support from María de Maeztu Excellence Unit 2023-2027 Ref. CEX2021- 001201-M, funded by the Spanish Government MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; and by the Basque Government through the BERC 2022-2025 program. M.O. and A.T.A-M would also like to acknowledge the support of MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ESF+ (grants RYC2022-037585-I and JDC2023-051821-I, respectively).
We are deeply grateful to the interviewees for generously sharing their knowledge, perspectives, and opinions, which form the foundation of this work. We would also like to acknowledge and thank the constructive feedback of two anonymous reviewers
IGARRITZ: euskarazko testu-iragarpenerako web-ingurune egokitua
No full textStudents with limited mobility, for example, those caused by brain paralysis, have adapted tools for writing texts, such as eye-tracking hardware, to select letters and predict words. For instance, they can use eye-tracking hardware to select letters and choose words predicted by the system. These systems offer resources for writing in Basque, and predictions can be customized by inputting Basque word lists. The primary aim of text prediction is to alleviate the effort involved in typing and to facilitate faster or increased text production. However, writing with Iris is slower and more challenging compared to conventional typing with ten fingers. Furthermore, predictive text functionality in Basque is comparatively less effective than in other languages, offering minimal quality output. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop an adapted web environment for Basque text prediction employing artificial intelligence techniques. To achieve this goal, we have developed a web interface named IGARRITZ based on the HiTZ/roberta-eus-euscrawl-base-cased language model, utilizing a Transformer architecture. It was re-trained with an educational Basque corpus sourced from educational texts from Gizapedia, Wikipedia, and Berria. We evaluated the performance of the created text predictor by comparing it with an existing system, using texts produced by a secondary school student. The results indicate that IGARRITZ enhances text prediction in Basque, as reported by the user who employs Iris, expressing that writing becomes notably easier and more efficient. Additionally, we conducted an automatic evaluation, which also yielded superior results compared to the existing system.; Motrizitate mugatua duen ikasleak, garun paralisi batek sortuak adibidez, tresna egokituak izaten dituzte testuak idazteko, esaterako, begiradaren jarraipeneko hardware bat, zeinarekin ordenagailuan letrak aukeratu eta sistemak iragartzen dituen hitzak aukeratu daitezkeen. Sistema hauek euskaraz idazteko baliabideak izaten dituzte, edo euskarazko hitz zerrendak sartuta iragarpenak aukeratu daitezke. Edozein testu iragarpenen xedea da testua idazteko esfortzua murriztea eta testu gehiago idaztea edo azkarrago egitea. Irisarekin idaztea hamar hatzamarrekin idaztea baino geldoagoa eta nekezagoa da; horrez gain, testu iragartzaileak euskaraz beste hizkuntzetan baino okerrago ibiltzen dira, eta nekez laguntzen dute. Lan honen helburua da euskarazko testu predikziorako web ingurune egokitu bat egitea adimen artifizialeko teknikak erabiliz. Horretarako, euskarazko hizkuntza-ereduetan oinarrituriko web interfazea sortu dugu, IGARRITZ izenekoa. Sortutako testu iragarleak Transformer arkitektura erabiltzen du, eta HiTZ/roberta-eus-euscrawl-base-cased hizkuntza-eredua berrentrenatu da hezkuntzarako corpusarekin (Gizapedia eta hezkuntzari buruzko testuak: Wikipediakoak eta Berriakoak). Bukatzeko, tresna ebaluatu eta egun eskura dagoen beste sistema batekin konparatu dugu, Bigarren Hezkuntzako ikasle batek ekoitzitako testuekin. Emaitzen arabera, IGARRITZek euskarazko testu predikzioa hobetu egiten du, eta irisarekin idazten duen pertsonak berak askoz errazago eta gehiago idazten duela adierazi du. Horrez gain, ebaluazio automatikoa egin dugu, eta hor ere emaitzak hobetzea lortu ditugu
Intervención económica tras la crisis financiera de 2008: una comparación entre Estados Unidos y la eurozona
No full text[spa] La crisis financiera de 2008 supuso una de las recesiones económicas más profundas del sistema financiero internacional desde la Gran Depresión. Su origen se sitúa en el estallido de la burbuja inmobiliaria en Estados Unidos y en el desarrollo de productos financieros complejos y poco transparentes, como las hipotecas subprime, que actuaron como causante. El colapso de Lehman Brothers evidenció las debilidades estructurales del sistema y desencadenó una crisis global con efectos especialmente severos en la Eurozona. A su vez, la intervención económica posterior fue llevada a cabo mediante políticas monetarias y fiscales extraordinarias. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar de forma cuantitativa la efectividad en las respuestas económicas adoptadas por Estados Unidos y la Eurozona, atendiendo a sus diferencias estructurales, institucionales y de política económica. Los resultados muestran que, pese a las restricciones jurídicas y la falta de coordinación política en Europa, las medidas implementadas en ambos bloques contribuyeron a frenar la desaceleración económica. El trabajo concluye con una reflexión sobre los límites de la intervención económica y la dificultad de alcanzar consensos en una disciplina como la economía, profundamente condicionada por factores ideológicos e históricos.
Idioma: Español[eng] The 2008 financial crisis represented one of the deepest economic recessions in the international financial system since the Great Depression. Its origin lies in the bursting of the housing bubble in the United States and the development of complex and opaque financial products, such as subprime mortgages, which acted as the main trigger. The collapse of Lehman Brothers exposed the structural weaknesses of the system and unleashed a global crisis with particularly severe effects in the Eurozone. Subsequently, economic intervention was carried out through extraordinary monetary and fiscal policies. The main objective of this study is to quantitatively analyze the effectiveness of the economic responses adopted by the United States and the Eurozone, considering their structural, institutional, and economic policy differences. The results show that, despite legal constraints and the lack of political coordination in Europe, the measures implemented in both blocks helped to curb the economic slowdown. The work concludes with a reflection on the limitations of economic intervention and the difficulty of reaching consensus in a discipline like economics, which is deeply influenced by ideological and historical factors
Assessment of soy protein addition to develop bio-based inks and biocompatible scaffolds by digital light processing 3D printing
No full textThe development of advanced materials for Digital Light Processing (DLP) based 3D printing has gained increasing interest due to the DLP precision and ability to print complex structures. In this context, an innovative approach was presented by incorporating 25, 40 and 50 % (w/v) soy protein isolate (SPI), a biopolymer derived from soybean industry by-products, into the formulation of a DLP-resin, with the aim of developing biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. These formulations showed suitable rheological properties for 3D printing, with viscosity values lower than 10 Pa.s during the whole shear-rate ramp. The samples were successfully printed with well-defined geometries and their physicochemical characterization as well as mechanical testing confirmed the structural integrity of the material. Due to their mechanical performance, the scaffolds with 25 wt% SPI were selected for further analyses; in particular, the effect of glycerol or deep eutectic solvent (DES) addition and their biocompatibility. Biocompatibility assays with human fibroblasts (HS27) revealed high cell viability, increasing the metabolic activity up to 96 % after 3 days. This study underscores the feasibility of biopolymers to develop resins for high-precision additive manufacturing, offering an environmentally friendlier alternative to conventional synthetic materials while addressing the growing demand for biocompatible and customizable scaffolds.The authors would like to thank PID2021-124294OB-C22, funded by MCI/AEI10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”, and the Basque Government (IT1658-22) for the financial support. M.U. also thanks the Basque Government (Ikertalent Program)
Three studies on Spatial Power Indices
No full text100 p.La teoría de juegos cooperativos nos proporciona herramientas para medir el poder de agentes en situaciones de voto. Los índices de poder miden precisamente este poder. Esta tesis está compuesta por tres estudios sobre índices de poder espaciales. Estos índices tienen en cuenta las posiciones ideológicas de los agentes y las distintas preferencias que pueden tener los mismos. En la tesis se estudia el índice espacial de Owen-Shapley y distintas variantes del mismo.En el capítulo I se estudia el índice espacial de Owen-Shapley en tres dimensiones. En el capítulo II se introduce y se estudia una familia probabilística de índices espaciales que tiene en cuenta la no uniformidad de los diferentes temas a los que se enfrentan los agentes. En el capítulo III se considera y se estudia el caso en el que el número de temas es finit
La perspectiva de género como respuesta a la interpretación patriarcal de la violencia contra las mujeres en Perú
No full text361 p.The thesis describes the general panorama of the gender perspective in Peruvianlaw interpretation, after the legislative modification that incorporates it as a judicial duty in the Law that punishes and intends to prevent violence against women; this incorporation, although not explicit, regulates what judges should not do when hearing a case of violence against women, that is, an interpretation stereotyped in gender rolesand that revictimizes the experience of women in a structural context of discrimination based on their sex.For the description of the context of violence against women and the stereotyped judicial interpretation as one of the causes of impunity in the punishment of this problem, from a qualitative approach, we have resorted to official statistical data and previous studies. And for the analysis of the problem we have resorted to the theoretical foundations of the universalist feminist thought of Martha Nussbaum, the non post- structuralist feminist legal theory and the constructivist theory of law, with special emphasis on the thought of Ronald Dworkin to explain why Peruvian judges in an unequal world must not only apply the laws that seek to eradicate violence against women, but also apply them with objectivity and not with a false neutrality, which finds justification in the principles of equality, human dignity, the right to a life free of violence and judicial impartiality understood as objectivity,reproduces institutional violenc
Comportamiento del consumidor ante la IA: factores influyentes en la intención de adopción de productos diseñados por Inteligencia Artificial
No full textEsta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los factores que más influyen en la intención de compra de productos diseñados por inteligencia artificial (IA). A partir de la revisión de la literatura, se han seleccionado cinco variables claves relacionadas con el comportamiento del consumidor: la orientación a la innovación, el valor concedido a la autenticidad, la confianza en la IA, las capacidades de diseño de la IA y el desempeño de la IA.
Para determinar el grado de influencia de cada uno de estos factores, se llevó a cabo un estudio empírico mediante una encuesta online autoadministrada. Durante un mes se recogieron 103 respuestas válidas de personas con edades comprendidas entre los 21 y los 77 años, con una media de edad de 44 años.
Los resultados del análisis muestran que todos los factores considerados tienen un efecto significativo sobre la intención de compra de productos diseñados por IA. Entre ellos, destacan especialmente la confianza en la IA y el desempeño de la IA como los más determinantes, impactando positivamente sobre la intención de compra. Solo uno de los factores posee un efecto negativo sobre este comportamiento del consumidor, el valor concedido a la autenticidad, cuanto mayor es el valor, menor es la atracción por el consumo de productos con IA.
Finalmente, se discuten los hallazgos del estudio y sus posibles implicaciones prácticas para las empresas
BRICS eta Afrika: etorkizun oparo bat lortzeko erronka eta aukerak
No full textGaur egungo mundu globalizatuan, ezinezkoa dirudi herrialde bakar batek bere ekonomia
sostengatu ahal izatea bakardadean “jokatuz”. Hori dela eta, herrialde ugariren arteko elkarlan
proiektuak edota hurbilketa komertzial/industrialak, errealitate ekonomikoren parte bilakatu dira
duela jada denboraldi bat. Momentu historiko honetan, gainera, bilakaera bizkorreko mundu
multipolar baten aurrean aurkitzen gara. Honen erreflexu, badira gutxinaka munduko ahaldun
ekonomiko bilakatzen ari diren garapen bideko herrialdeak, hazkunde era ezberdinak plazaratzen
dituzten estatuak eta sistema berri honen aurrean, beraien hegemonia politiko zein ekonomiko
tradizionala mantentzea kosta egiten ari zaien potentziak ere.
Kontinenteak zeharkatzen dituen aliantza ekonomikoak sortuz, badirudi BRICS
erakundeak (Brasil, Errusia, India, Txina, Hegoafrika eta partaide berriak) mundu mailako
integrazio ekonomikorako burujabetza eskuratu dezakeela, Mendebaldeko herrialdeek izandako
hegemoniarekin amaituz. Txinatarrak, adibidez, gogotsu aurkezten dira eskualde integrazio
prozesuak eta hauek biziberritzeko planak aurrera eramateko momentuan. Asiar
Azpiegituretarako Inbertsio Bankua (AIIB) bezalako garapen erakunde berriak, eskualde
mega-proiektuak edota mundu osotik zabaltzen diren itunak sortuz, beste ekimen batzuen artean
Etxeko lanengatiko konpentsazio ekonomikoa: Kode Zibileko 1438. artikulua aztergai
No full textLan honen helburua KZeko 1438. artikuluak aurreikusten duen etxeko lanengatiko konpentsazio ekonomikoaren azterketa egitea da. Horretarako, jurisprudentziak araua nola interpretatu duen aztertuko da eta, baita ere, interpretazio horren aurrean doktrinak hartutako jarrera. Ikusiko dugun legez, arauaren aplikazioak ikuspuntu eta iritzi kontrajarriak eragiten ditu eta ez da beti erraza jakitea noiz eta zenbateko konpentsazioa sor daitekeen kasu bakoitzean. Izan ere, araua ez da nahikoa argia, ez baititu irizpiderik ematen konpentsazio-eskubidea noiz sortzen den zehaztu ahal izateko