Journals of Forman Christian College
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Measurement of Income Inequality: A Survey: Muhammad Idrees and Eatzaz Ahmad
Full text linkThis paper reviews various inequality measures and finds that only few measures possess desirable properties of an inequality measure. Gini coefficient and the coefficient of variation are decomposable both in additive and non-additive forms and possess all the properties, except the stringent Pigou-Dalton condition given by Diminishing Transfers Axiom. Kakwani index and four popular generalized Gini indices posses all the properties but they are not decomposable additively or non-additively. Since sensitivity of an inequality measure to the location of income transfers also varies across various measures, hardly any measure can serve all the purposes and it is desirable to employ more than one measure in an empirical analysis of income inequality
Interlinkages among Exchange Rate, Interest Rate, Consumer Price Index, and Output Volatilities: Rashid Rauf and Abdul Rashid
Full text linkIn this paper, we investigated the interlinkages between real exchange rate volatility (VRER), consumer price volatility (VCPI), industrial output volatility (VLMI), and interest rate volatility (VINT) using monthly data covering the period January 1988-December 2017. We applied a multivariate model of Granger causality and found bidirectional causality between VRER and VLMI. Similarly, we found bidirectional causality between VRER and VINT. Whereas, unidirectional Granger causality running from VCPI to VRER, VLMI to VCPI, and VINT to VLMI. The results of variance decomposition show that the VRER error forecast is mainly attributed to its own shock. However, after 18 months it reaches to 94.6% while the remaining 5.4% error forecast is explained by VLMI, VCPI, and VINT shocks. In a similar manner, at a time horizon of 1 month, 99.5% of the VINT error forecast is associated with its own shock but after 18 months it declines to 89.6%. As expected, the VLMI error forecast is mainly attributed to its own shock and it declines to 97.2% after 18 months. Contrary to this, at a time horizon of 1 month, 97.6% of the VCPI error forecast is attributed to its own shock, whereas after 18 months, it rises to 98.8%, remaining 1.2% is due to VRER, VLMI, and VINT shocks. The impact of VRER on VRER, VCPI, and VINT is positive but it fades away with a short passage of time. Likewise, the effect of VCPI on VRER and VCPI is positive and convergent. In contrast, the response of VRER and VINT is positive and persistent. The response of all the macroeconomic series, except VLMI to VINT, is convergent
Men Working in Female-Dominated Professions: A stigma or facilitation? Amna Ayub and Shehla A. Yasin
Full text linkGender roles not only keep men and women in different spheres of family and social life but they also promote gender segregation in the education sector and professional life. There is a lot of research being conducted on women working in male dominated professions but there is scarcity of research regarding males working in female dominated professions. This study was conducted to explore the experiences of men working in female dominated professions. the first phase of this study collected quantitative data about the type female-dominated professions in Pakistan. Based on this data in-depth qualitative interviews were done with 5 professionals using snowball sampling: Nurse, Psychologist, Montessori teacher, Makeup artist/ Beautician, and Bus host. Thematic analysis was used to identify sub-themes presented in this study: (i) Reasons or motivation for joining nontraditional profession; (ii) Reaction of near and dear ones; (iii) Positive aspects of female dominated profession; (iv) Challenges of female dominated profession; (v) Professional journey; (vi) Being a minority in female majority; (vii) Struggle to maintain masculinity and (viii) Future aspirations. Study findings can be used to support male entry and retention in female dominated professions
Intoxicant Use in Undergraduate Medical Students of Islamabad, Pakistan.: Muhammad Imran, Hamayun Khan, Syed Babar Ali, Amber Shabbir
No full textIntoxicant use and subsequent substance abuse is the leading health problem in younger age groups in contemporary times, and across the globe. It contributes to morbidity, mortality and economic loss. It also disturbs the social system of a community and creates a serious threat to global health. The aim of this study was to determine the use of intoxicants among medical college students of Islamabad and to identify the associated factors with intoxicant use. A cross-sectional research design was used to gather survey data from two private medical colleges. Data from a final sample of 310 respondents was analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was found that smoking was the most prevalent intoxicant used amongst the participants (21.9%). The other most common prevalent use of intoxicants included alcohol (6.1%), Naswar (powdered tobacco dip) (6.8%) and Heroin (3.9%). The male gender and need for mental relaxation were found to be statistically significant with cigarette smoking. Most of the students indicated that they did not feel guilty about using intoxicants. It is important that medical college administration develops policies to control intoxicant use among students, including and not limited to awareness campaigns, counseling and support for stress relief
Socioeconomic School Segregation in Urban Pakistan: Saman Nazir and Hafsa Hina
Full text linkSocioeconomic segregation in schools is a critical policy issue since it affects social, educational and professional opportunities children have in society. This study measures the degree of school socioeconomic segregation in Pakistan. We calculated the school segregation using the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurements surveys for the years 2001-02 and 2018-19. Segregation was calculated at the national, urban, and city levels. We found elevated degree of segregation in government schools for students from less advantaged backgrounds. School segregation has dramatically increased over time and government schools are more segregated than private schools. In addition, we found that schools in Islamabad (level 1-10) had the highest levels of segregation, followed by Multan, Gujranwala, and Faisalabad. The study concludes with key recommendations for improving integration within government schools of urban Pakistan to reduce inequalities
Childhood Traumatization and Mental Health of Young OffendersIncarcerated in Punjab Prisons: Moderating Role of SelfRegulatory Efficacy: Amna Shafique and Farah Malik
Full text linkVery little research in Pakistan exists about the mental health of young offenders in prisons. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between childhood traumas, self-regulatory efficacy, and mental health in young offenders. It was hypothesized that childhood traumas would positively be correlated with psychological distress and negatively correlated with psychological well-being. Also, self-regulatory efficacy would moderate between childhood traumas and mental health. This was a correlational study with a cross-sectional research design. A purposive sample of 150 offenders (Mage=21, SD=1.88) was drawn from two District Jails in two cities of Punjab province, Pakistan. Results revealed that childhood traumas were positively correlated with psychological distress and negatively with psychological wellbeing; selfregulatory efficacy was positively correlated with psychological wellbeing and negatively with psychological distress; and the relationship between physical abuse and psychological wellbeing was moderated by self-regulatory efficacy. This study concludes with key recommendations for prison authorities and policymakers to manage mental health in prison settings
An Exploratory Study of the Recitations of Qurra Asharah Mutawatirah
No full textAbstract
It is a fact that the most important branch of the knowledge of theQuran is the difference of recitations. The sciences of the Qurancompleted until then unless the differences between the recitationsof the Quran and its various causes and interpretive effects areexplained. Commentary effects The meanings of manycommentators and recitations have been explained by readers basedon their breadth of knowledge. It is to be noted that in this shortTheses a research study was done on the various recitations of TenQiaats. First of all, by introducing seven reciters, light was shed ontheir recitations. And two or two famous narrators of theserecitations have also been mentioned in detail. The varioustraditions of the above-mentioned reciters which are related to thesciences of the Holy Qur’an were mentioned in detail and at thesame time their narrations of hadith were also mentioned. Alongwith them, Qurra-eThalathah was also mentioned with freat detailand explanation. And al the end of the Article the brief discussionhas also been described in a comprehensive way. It is also worthmentioning that in the above mentioned Article an attempt has beenmade to bring the views of Sunni scholars and Shiah scholars asand when necessary.
Key Words: An Exploratory Study, Recitations, Qurra Asharah, Mutawatirah
Growth, FDI and Exports in Pakistan:A Co-integration Analysis: Ghulam Shabbir and Amjad Naveed
Full text linkMost of the empirical work has identified openness with trade toanalyze the impacts of outward-oriented policies in developingcountries. The exports promote both growth and foreign trade,and foreign direct investment is one of the important factors offoreign trade. Therefore, this study analyses the long run cointegratingrelationship among foreign direct investment,exports and GDP. The result shows that long run relationshipexists between growth and exports but not with FDI. Therefore,FDI is not a significant determinant of growth in the long run.This study also analyses the causality among these variables inthe short-run, FDI is also not affecting the growth, but growthaffects both FDI and exports. Moreover, export and FDI arealso not significantly influencing each other in the short-run
Human Attitude toward Risk: Simultaneous Testing of ‘Allais Paradox’ and Risk Aversion: Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal
Full text linkIn real life, human attitudes toward risk are mixed. However, economists have been using risk aversion as rational behavior in economic modeling ever since. The Expected Utility Hypothesis (EUH), which assumesrisk-averse behavior but can also be used for risk-loving attitudes, comes into common use. Allais discovered a systematic violation of the EUH known asthe ‘Allais paradox’, which initially discredited the EUH a great deal but wasaccepted, later on, as an exception to the EUH. A possible reason for ignoringthe ‘Allais paradox’ could be that Allais himself and many studies which followed tested the EUH without reflecting risk aversion in particular. Therefore, this study tests the EUH and risk aversion simultaneously. The results are interesting. The greatest number of respondents verified the EUH based on risk aversion, but a majority of them showed a mixed attitude. This result, therefore, highlights the need for economic theorizing on the assumption of risk-loving and mixed attitudes as well
Role of Advance Agri-Technologies in Reducing the Rural Poverty in Central Punjab, Pakistan: Hazoor Muhammad Sabir and Safdar Hussain Tahir
Full text linkThe study was conducted in the Central Punjab for the year 2009-10. Themain objective was to find out some strategies to pick up small farmers from their poverty status. For this purpose, a sample of 300 respondents was taken from districts Jhang, Faisalabad and T.T Singh for final data collection. Seven strategies; enhanced level of urea application to cash crops (S1), the enhanced level of DAP to cash crops (S2), enhanced urea to cash crops plus livestock units (S3), addition of hybrid tomato plus livestock units (S4), enhanced DAP plus livestock units (S5) and addition of cut flowers plus livestock units (S6) were practiced through the LP Model. The objective values obtained through LP model with S1 to S3 strategies indicate that these have reduced the poverty gap up to 48%, 34% and 20%, respectively. While S4 and S5 both were successful but S5’s impact was greater than S4. Through S6 the gap remained only 3.95 percent. Thus, the strategy of addition of short duration crops like hybrid tomato and productive live stock units were the agri-enterprises and their combination can reduce the small farmer’s poverty successfully