Veterinaria Italiana (Journal)
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Canine trypanosomosis cases: monitor lizard as an unusual vector
Get PDFTrypanosomosis is a well-known sub-Saharan disease. The human form was discovered in The Gambia over 100 years ago. Canine trypanosomosis in The Gambia has never been mentioned in the scientific literature, let alone the involvement of veranus species in its transmission to dogs. The disease's most important vector is the tsetse fly. This fly is abundant in The Gambia, and its infamy for transmitting the disease has been well established. A lot of research efforts have been put into understanding the critical role of this pest in the transmission of the protozoan and the disease in livestock. This report confirms the presence of the disease in domestic dogs in The Gambia, and three canine cases with varied clinical signs, different hematological pictures accompanying the disease, and different effective treatment approaches are reported. Early detection can prevent severe illness and help patients to recover better. This report enhances our understanding on canine trypanosomosis, transmission of the pathogen, and strategies for managing the disease. This report is significant, as it is the first mention of monitor lizards in the transmission of trypanosome parasites to dogs during the fighting between them
Comparative Analysis of the Methanogen Microbiota Associated to Pasture and Stall Housing in Kazakh Cattle
Get PDFThe microbial community of cattle rumen (archaea) are the key players in methane emissions. Methane pollutes the atmosphere and leads to the loss of feed energy. The aim of this study was to comparatively investigate the cattle microbiota, with a particular focus on archaea, in relation to the type of housing: pasture versus stall. A 16S metabarcoding analysis of the intestinal contents of cattle was carried out. Аlpha - diversity of grazing animals showed to be higher compared to animals in the stall period (p=0.002). Beta - diversity confirmed a difference in methanogens and microbiota between animals kept on pasture and those in a stall. Differential abundance analysis showed that the relative abundance of the Methanobacteriacea family in animals in the pasture period was significantly higher compared to animals in the stall period (FDR p = 0.00122). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the concentration of methanogens in the fecal contents of animals during pasture period was higher than that in animals during the stall period. We recommend feeding grazing animals with concentrates in the evening in order to mitigate methane emissions
Analyzing trend and heatwaves of 15 Years of Sea Surface Temperature Variations along the Italian Adriatic Coast
Get PDFWater temperature is a vital parameter impacting the growth and survival of aquatic life. Using satellite-derived infrared data, this study analysed the trend of sea surface temperature (SST) from 2008 to 2022 of the Adriatic coastal waters of Italian regions. The “Mediterranean Sea High Resolution and Ultra High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Analysis" product collected from the Copernicus Marine Service of European Copernicus programme was used, as a good compromise among spatial accuracy, temporal frequency and coverage. SST were derived in 176 locations, placed in the Adriatic Sea from the southern limit of the lagoon of Venice (Veneto) to Santa Maria di Leuca (LE), at a distance from the coast between 500 m and 5000 m (0.3 - 2.7 nautical miles).
Time series analysis was applied to average value of daily SST calculated from the selected spatial locations to identify the additive model components: trend, seasonality and random effects. The trend component was isolated and assessed using a linear regression model to determine its significance and magnitude. A 0.010 °C/year increase in SST was observed. Additionally, marine heatwaves and cold spells were consistently registered throughout the entire observation period, with a north-south gradient in intensity.
Human Brucellosis among the farmworkers in Cilawu and Boyolali, Indonesia
Get PDFBrucellosis is a neglected infectious disease caused by animals and is becoming a public health problem in developing countries. There are limited case reports of human brucellosis in Indonesia because the symptoms are not specific. This study investigated the association between serological tests for brucellosis among workers and their knowledge, attitude, and behavior. The study was conducted on farmworkers in a dairy cattle milking center in Boyolali and Cilawu. A total of 149 respondents, according to the inclusion criteria, were included. Around 3 ml of blood was collected from the respondents, followed by structured interviews to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards brucellosis in humans. The sera were tested with the rose bengal test (RBT) and complement fixation test (CFT). Results showed that 3.3% of respondents were positive for RBT in Boyolali and 7.01% in Cilawu. However, CFT showed that 5.3% of respondents were positive in Cilawu, but 0% in Boyolali. The level of knowledge and attitudes of respondents regarding brucellosis in humans was still lacking, and the behavior of respondents on the farm was mostly good, in the sense of understanding the procedures for maintaining healthy dairy cattle correctly, but maintaining personal health was still lacking. This study underscores the need for immediate action to improve the situation. Public health professionals, researchers, and policymakers have a crucial role in implementing regular health education programs for farmworkers and improving the availability of personal protective equipment
The “Working Group Land of Fires" Platform for emergency management, data sharing and dissemination
Get PDFOver the last decades, the Campania Region in Italy has faced an environmental crisis due to the widespread illegal dumping and burning of waste. This has led to the area being notoriously known as the Land of Fires (Terra dei Fuochi - TdF), sparking serious concerns about public health and threatening the region’s agricultural sector, one of its economic mainstays. In such a context, a timely, accurate, and reliable flow of information, aimed both at the population and at stakeholders, is crucial for establishing a proper dialogue between institutions and people, driving the empowerment of citizens.To address this crisis, the Italian Government introduced Law 6 of 2014, establishing a multidisciplinary Working Group tasked with identifying and mapping the sites affected by spills and illegal disposal in the territory. The TdF-WG defined a scientific methodology for classifying these sites in terms of prohibition on the cultivation of specific crops, consequently allowing the adoption of appropriate clean up and restoration measures for the impacted sites. This paper describes the data collection process and the IT platform commissioned by the Government to the IZS-TE and used by the TdF-WG to exchange data, knowledge, and technology, thereby fostering efficient and effective crisis management
Comparison of immune responses to Brucella melitensis Rev.1 conjunctival or subcutaneous vaccinations in sexually immature endangered scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah)
Get PDFA single dose of 1-2 x 109 CFU of the Brucella melitensis Rev.1 vaccine strain was administered subcutaneously or conjunctivally to two groups of ten sexually immature scimitar-horned oryx (SHO). A third group of ten served as unvaccinated controls. These groups were housed together and bred, producing offspring. No clinical signs appeared during the week following administration. The rose Bengal test (RBT), a lateral flow assay (LFA), and the brucellin skin test (BST) were conducted before and during the experiment to assess humoral and cellular immune responses. These responses were rapid and strong. The cellular response was durable and similar in both groups, with 80% of vaccinated SHO still positive 184 weeks post-vaccination (PV). The conjunctival route resulted in a shorter serological response, with all animals RBT seronegative at 12 weeks PV, compared to 57% still positive at 74 weeks PV with the subcutaneous route. LFA positivity remained high in both groups until 30 weeks PV, then decreased faster in the conjunctival group. All SHO returned to LFA negativity by 74 weeks PV. No reactions to RBT and BST were observed in the control group or offspring. These findings offer a strategic approach for managing brucellosis outbreaks in captive SHO
Does a therapeutical dose of ivermectin impairs testicular homeostasis of rats via excessive apoptosis?
Get PDFIvermectin is a medication used to treat parasite infestations in humans and in veterinary medicine. Previously we showed that therapeutical doses of ivermectin impaired spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in adult rats. The present study was proposed to understand the pathophysiological mechanism that triggered these impairments induced by ivermectin. It was a particular objective to study if ivermectin induced excessive apoptosis. Adult rats were treated with a therapeutical dose of ivermectin (subcutaneously). Their testis was evaluated for the expression of caspase-3 (a marker of apoptosis), using immunohistochemistry techniques. Results revealed that ivermectin treatment increased the expression of caspase-3 (labeled seminiferous tubules and strongly labeled tubules), as well as increased the number of tubules that presented labeled cells in the tubular lumen, compared to the data of the control group. In conclusion, a therapeutical dose of ivermectin induced expressive apoptosis in cells of the seminiferous tubules of rats, affecting the testicular natural homeostasis process, which resulted in the spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis impairments previously reported
Investigation of Peste des petits ruminants virus circulation in Uttarakhand, India: a step towards global eradication of PPR by 2030
Get PDFThis study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and to determine the virus distribution in unvaccinated goats in the Pantnagar region of Uttarakhand state, India. A total of 212 serum samples from goats were collected randomly from various villages in three districts (Udhamsingh Nagar, Nainital, and Almora) of Uttarakhand. Serum samples were tested for anti-PPRV antibodies by a commercially available kit. RNA was extracted from the clinical samples and it was subjected to one-step RT-PCR, followed by virus isolation from positive samples. A total of 41 animals from various villages were found to be seropositive with a prevalence rate of 19.33%. PPR outbreaks were also reported from the Tarai region of Uttarakhand, and detection byPCR confirmed PPRV in 8 goats. Two representative swab samples were subjected to virus isolation in Vero cells and both samples showed typical cytopathic effects. The present study shows that PPRV is circulating in the Tarai region of Uttarakhand and mass vaccination for PPR must be followed in this region to increase herd immunity to a protective level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of PPRV seroprevalence in unvaccinated goats of Uttarakhand, India
Meat juice as a feasible alternative sample for tuberculosis surveillance in large game
Get PDFIn hunted animals, quality of blood samples may often be compromised. Alternative samples, such as meat juice, may offer an advantage to perform serological tests. This study evaluates if meat juice is a feasible alternative sample to perform the Tuberculosis ELISA test in hunted large game. Between 2017 and 2022, 175 samples were collected from 97 animals (14 red deer + 83 wild boar) in Portugal and Spain. Cohen's kappa coefficient was calculated at 0.71, pointing out a good agreement using 156 paired samples. The sensitivity of the ELISA test with serum was 37.6%, considering Tuberculosis-like lesions (TBL) detected during the initial examination (26 TBL+/ELISA+ in a total of 78 serum samples). Using meat juice as matrix, the sensitivity increased to 37.5% (33 TBL+/ELISA+ in 97 meat juice samples). According to the agreement score and sensitivity being so close between the two matrices tested, meat juice could be a feasible alternative matrix
Drivers and evolution of acaricide resistance and multi-resistance in two Ecuador's subtropical livestock farming areas
Get PDFThe management of cattle ticks, particularly Rhipicephalus microplus, poses a global challenge in subtropical regions like Ecuador due to its impact on meat and milk productivity, leading to economic losses. Misuse of acaricides has resulted in resistance and multi-resistance, diminishing their effectiveness. This study evaluated resistance to amitraz, alpha-cypermethrin, and ivermectin using the Larval Packet test, laboratory-reared tick larvae collected from cattle were tested. Data on farm management and tick control practices were gathered via a questionnaire in Northwest Pichincha and Quijos River Valley over two years. Resistance rates in the first year (2020-2021) were 67.21% for amitraz, 57.38% for ivermectin, and 67.21% for alpha-cypermethrin. One year later (2021-2022), resistance levels were 59.57% for amitraz, 57.45% for ivermectin, and 68.09% for alpha-cypermethrin, with multi-resistance rates at 67.21% and 65.96% respectively. No significant differences were found between years or locations. Analysis of larval survival data determined lethal doses for tested acaricides. The study emphasizes the association between the lack of acaricide rotation, the incorrect dosage, and the absence of non-chemical measures in tick management could be associated with the development of resistances in ticks. Likewise, this study promotes the need for collaborative efforts to improve control practices and maintain acaricide efficacy