Veterinaria Italiana (Journal)
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Aspergillosi sistemica in un cane meticcio di Pastore tedesco con una iniziale localizzazione inusuale all'ala dell'ileo: Aspergillosi sistemica in un cane meticcio
No full textA female, 1.5 years old, mixed‑breed dog, was presented for left hind limb lameness. Radiographs revealed an irregular periosteal proliferation on the left iliac wing. The clinical condition worsened with generalised enlargement of the lymph nodes, azotaemia, and pyelonephritis. The magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis and a surgical biopsy diagnosed a mycotic myositis and osteomyelitis of the iliac wing and gluteal muscles. Aspergillus terreus was isolated from culture of urine and lymph nodes aspirates. The antifungal susceptibility test showed moderate sensitivity to Itraconazole. After one month of therapy with itraconazole, the dog presented discospondylitis of L1‑L2 and partial ureteral obstruction due to mycotic bezoar that was resolved with medical treatment and itraconazole dose elevation. After twelve months, itraconazole was suspended; a severe osteomyelitis of the left femur developed, and the dog was euthanised. The necropsy confirmed the presence of mycotic osteomyelitis of the iliac wing and femur, discospondylitis, lymphadenitis and severe granulomatous pyelonephritis. Systemic aspergillosis has rarely been reported in the literature, especially in Italy. The pelvic bone involvement is rare both in dogs and humans. Although itraconazole treatment allowed remission of the clinical signs for one year, it was not able to cure the dog.L’aspergillosi sistemica è una patologia rara nel cane, in particolare in Italia. Le giovani femmine di Pastore tedesco sono i soggetti più frequentemente colpiti insieme a cani con malattie concomitanti che determinano immunodepressione. A causa della scarsa specificità dei sintomi clinici, spesso la diagnosi viene raggiunta tardivamente e i farmaci antimicotici dimostrano solitamente una scarsa efficacia nei confronti della patologia.Un cane femmina meticcio di Pastore tedesco di 1.5 anni è stato condotto a visita per la comparsa di zoppia a carico dell’arto posteriore sinistro, presente da due settimane. Le radiografie del bacino hanno evidenziato la presenza di reazione periostale a carico dell’ala dell’ileo sinistra. È stato sospettato un quadro di entesite dei muscoli glutei che è stata inizialmente trattata con anti-infiammatori non steoridei. La condizione clinica è peggiorata nelle due settimane successive e il cane ha presentato linfoadenomegalia generalizzata, iperazotemia e pielonefrite. L’esame citologico da ago aspirato dei linfonodi e del sedimento urinario ha evidenziato presenza di ife micotiche. La risonanza magnetica del bacino e la successiva biopsia dei muscoli glutei e dell’ala dell’ileo hanno rivelato la presenza di miosite e osteomielite micotiche. All’esame colturale eseguito dagli aghi aspirati linfonodali e dalle urine è stato isolato Aspergillus terreus. È stato inoltre eseguito un antimicogramma che ha evidenziato moderata sensibilità del micete a Itraconazolo. È stata quindi iniziata una terapia con Itraconazolo (10 mg/kg 24q) per via orale che ha determinato un iniziale miglioramento della sintomatologia clinica. Dopo un mese dall’inizio della terapia, tuttavia, il cane ha presentato discospondilite a livello di L1-L2, pielectasia e sospetta ostruzione ureterale da micobezoari, trattate in maniera conservativa. Il dosaggio dell’Itraconazolo è stato incrementato (7 mg/kg 12q).Dodici mesi dopo l’inizio della terapia, Itraconazolo è stato temporaneamente sospeso per la comparsa di vomito. Il cane ha presentato una riacutizzazione dell’infezione sotto forma di grave osteomielite del femore sinistro e i proprietari hanno richiesto l’eutanasia. L’esame necroscopico ha confermato la diagnosi di osteomielite micotica dell’ala dell’ileo e del femore sinistri, linfoadenite micotica e pielonefrite micotica confermate dall’isolamento di A. terreus da ciascuno di questi siti.L’ala dell’ileo sinistro ha rappresentato probabilmente il sito primario dell’infezione e questa localizzazione non è mai stata descritta nel cane. Il coinvolgimento delle ossa pelviche risulta raro sia nell’uomo sia nel cane in caso di aspergillosi sistemica. Dopo la disseminazione sono stati coinvolti il disco intervertebrale, i reni e le ossa lunghe, che rappresentano i siti solitamente più colpiti. La terapia con Itraconazolo ha permesso di controllare i sintomi clinici per un anno, tuttavia, questo farmaco non è riuscito a curare la grave infezione. Questo risultato appare buono se paragonato alla prognosi infausta riportata nella maggior parte dei casi descritti in letteratura. Il caso qui descritto dimostra che una micosi sistemica può presentarsi clinicamente nelle fasi iniziali anche solo sotto forma di zoppia persistente. Nonostante la rarità di questo tipo di infezione in Italia, è necessario considerarla in diagnosi differenziale al fine di giungere precocemente ad una corretta diagnosi e proporre la terapia più adeguata
Identification of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides from slaughtered cattle in two transboundary states of North‑eastern Nigeria
Get PDFThis study aimed to perform molecular typing of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from slaughtered cattle in Adamawa and Taraba States, north‑eastern Nigeria. A total of four hundred and eighty (480) samples of lung tissues, nasal swabs, ear swabs and pleural fluids were collected from cattle at slaughter and processed according to standard laboratory protocols. Identification and confirmation were achieved with specific PCR and PCR‑RFLP. An overall M. mycoides subsp. mycoides isolation rate of 6.87% (33/480) was obtained. In Adamawa State, 12 (10.91%) isolates of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides came from both, lung tissues and pleural fluids. While in Taraba State, 5 (7.14%) and 4 (5.71%) isolates of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides came from lung tissues and pleural fluids, respectively. The samples from nasal and ear swabs from the study states were negative for M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Thirty‑three out of the 37 culture positive isolates were confirmed to be Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides with the production of a band equivalent to 574‑bp. Molecular typing with restriction endonuclease Vsp1 results in the two bands of 180‑bp and 380‑bp. In conclusion, the study has established an isolation rate of 6.87% for M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Measures to strengthen movement control in order to minimise the spread of this dreaded disease of cattle were recommended
Genetic analysis of influenza A viruses of swine from commercial farms in Serbia
No full textSwine influenza presents a very important health and economic issue in pig productions worldwide. Viruses that cause the disease are genetically very diverse but usually belong to the H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtype of influenza A viruses. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the full genome of viruses detected in swine from seven commercial farms. Through the analysis of the complete sequences of internal gene cassette together with previously characterized HA and NA genes we found three different genotypes amongst five completely sequenced viruses. Two viruses possessed a completely H1avN1 genotype (40%) and belonged to the H1avN1 lineage, which is prevalent in European swine populations. The other three viruses have arisen through the reassortment of the genes of H1avN1 and H1N1pdm09 lineages. In one sample we detected coinfection with viruses of H3N2 subtype with genes of H1avN1, H1N1pdm09 and A/swine/Gent/1/1984-like H3N2 lineages that presents a potential environment for the generation of a triple reassortant virus. The presence of the H1N1pdm09 origin M gene in this sample implies the potential risk of the introduction of these viruses into the human population. Phylogenetic analysis of internal gene cassette revealed slower evolution within genes of H1N1pdm09 lineage than those of H1avN1 lineage
Circulation of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains of bovine origin in China and India
Get PDFThe classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a species member of the family Flaviviridae. CSFV is widely distributed in the world causing a severe impact on pig industry. This pathogen is considered restricted to domestic and wild suids. However, some reports from 2014 to 2018 showed the presence of the CFSV antigen in the bovine species. The virus was found in commercialized batches of fetal bovine serum (FBS) of Chinese origin and in bovine herds in in the provinces of Henan and Jiangsu, China, and in Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya, southern and north‑eastern states of India, respectively. Detection was done using antigen capture ELISA and RT‑PCR tests. In certain cases, animals with natural infection showed clinical signs and reproduction was also affected. Genetic characterization was performed considering the 5’‑UTR sequences of the bovine strains. In addition, the entire CSFV E2 genomic region could be amplified from two positive animals. The bovine strains were genetically related to the Chinese CSFV live attenuated hog cholera lapinized vaccine (HCLV) strain used in pigs, sharing sequence characteristics. The vaccine strain HCLV was widely used in China to protect bovines and yaks from bovine viral diarrhea, and, as a possible consequence, inducing an adaptation in cattle and a further natural diffusion. Furthermore, a contaminant strain from China was genetically distant from all other previously described genotypes of the CSFV. This suggests also the occurrence of micro evolutive step in the species related to geographical segregation. These observations deserve attention and further investigations, especially relevant in countries where CSFV control and eradication strategies are applied
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) in Indian pigs: a slaughterhouse survey
Get PDFPorcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is an unequivocally leading cause of economic losses to the pig industry. To investigate the pathogens associated with PRDC, a total of 900 lungs with gross lesions and 125 lungs with no appreciable gross lesions were collected from the abattoirs and subjected to pathological investigation for distribution of lesions/and types of exudates, as well as to molecular confirmation of bacterial and viral pathogens by PCR. The pneumonic lungs showed the higher prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. (31.22%), with evidence of M. hyorhinis, P. multocida (21.33%), S. suis (18.66%), B. bronchiseptica (16.77%), and viral pathogens as porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (28.11%), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (2.7%) and swine influenza virus (SIV) (1.2%). On histopathological examination, high prevalence of bronchopneumonia (37.88%) followed by enzootic pneumonia‑like lung lesions (11.44%), and interstitial pneumonia (7.44%) was recorded in the majority of affected pigs. The winter season was found to be more conducive for highest prevalence of pneumonia as compared to other seasons. The present study reports the high prevalence of PRDC in slaughtered pigs of India. M. hyorhinis showing the EP‑like lesions, PCV2 and their combination were likely to be the prime contributors of PRDC in Indian pigs
Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Rarely Isolated Salmonella Serotypes from Poultry in Turkey
Get PDFThis study investigated five strains of each serotype of Salmonella Agona, Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Hindmarsh, Salmonella Kouka, Salmonella Muenchen, Salmonella Ottmarchen, Salmonella Saintpaul and Salmonella II, isolated during the 2014-2017 period. Disc diffusion was used to identify the phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance to 12 antimicrobials while the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was detected by PCR. The most sensitive serotype was S. Kouka while the most resistant serotypes were S. Agona and S. Heidelberg. MDR was detected most frequently in S. Agona strains, followed by S. Saintpaul, S. Hindmarsch, and S. Ottmarchen. The samples were most susceptible to chloramphenicol and ceftazidime and most resistant to sulfonamide. The resistance genes were detected in phenotypically resistant strains. Among the tetracycline-resistant strains, tet (A) was the most prevalent gene. The results of this study highlight the importance of monitoring antibiotic resistance profiles and related genes, which can spread to form MDR bacteria. Salmonella spp., which significantly contribute to ARG dissemination, should be monitored constantly to protect the closely related health of humans, animals, and the environment. The level of antibiotic resistance observed in this study, even in rarely isolated Salmonella serotypes, also indicates the need for careful and selective use of antibiotics
Bovine papillomavirus in Egypt: clinico-pathological features and molecular evolutionary analysis
Get PDFBovine papillomatosis is an infectious viral disease of cattle characterized by development of benign cutaneous warts. The present study describes bovine papillomavirus infection in cattle on clinco-pathological and molecular bases and compares the identified strains with the previously characterized papillomavirus isolates in Egypt either of bovine or equine origin. Out of sixty examined cattle, skin lesions were collected from eleven clinically diseased cattle exhibiting typical papillomatosis clinical signs and subjected to histopathological and molecular identification. Histological sections showed well-developed papillary projections of squamous epithelium associated with fibrovascular stroma. Type 1 bovine papillomavirus (BPV-1) was identified in the cutaneous lesions based on the results of L1 gene-based PCR using degenerated primer followed by DNA sequencing. Comparative sequence and evolutionary analysis revealed that papilloma sequences (OP777901, OP777902, OP777903) obtained in the current study are clustered along with MW018705.1, MG547343.1isolated from cattle in Egypt in 2017/2018 and MT502095.1.1, and MT502105.1 isolated from equine in Egypt in 2019. Results prove the circulation of BPV-1 in the areas under investigation and shed light on the role of multispecies grazing in Egypt as a risk factor for transmission of BPV-1 from cattle to horses
O5-4 BM Delta-pgm, a superior vaccine for the control of brucellosis in small ruminants
No full textAs part of GalvMed’s ‘Brucellosis Vaccine Prize’ initiative, our lab took on the challenge to develop a new vaccine for the control of small ruminant brucellosis that is superior to the one that has existed for more than 50 years. Based on our previous knowledge and experience in the development of vaccines for bovine and porcine brucellosis, we developed the vaccine strain B. melitensis Delta-pgm (BM Delta-pgm) by “clean” deletion of the phosphoglucomutase (pgm) coding gene. BM Delta-pgm has a general defect in sugar metabolism that prevents it from polymerizing polysaccharides containing glucose and/or galactose; therefore, it is unable to synthesize cyclic-beta-glucans and assemble the O-polysaccharide (O-PS) to the lipid A- core and, as a consequence, has a “rough” phenotype. These characteristics make BM Delta-pgm avirulent as we demonstrated extensively in the murine infection model. Immunological and vaccination/challenge studiesin the murine model indicate that BM Delta-pgm is immunogenic, generates a good IFN-gamma-mediated Th1 response, does not generate antibodies against O-PS and provides protection against challenge, not only by B. melitensis, but also by B. abortus and B. suis. These characteristics prompted us to evaluate the safety and protective efficacy of BM Delta-pgm in sheep. Between 2018 and 2019, we conducted four safety evaluations in ewes at early and late gestation. Abortigenicity, colonization and dissemination of the vaccine strain in milk and vaginal secretions were evaluated. The results indicate that BM Delta-pgm is safe and generates less than 4% abortions when applied to pregnant ewes. During 2020, an evaluation of the protective efficacy of the vaccine was performed in comparison with a non-vaccinated and a Rev.1 vaccinated control groups, all challenged with B. melitensis 16M at mid-gestation. Humoral and cellular immune response, lambing status, milk shedding, postpartum vaginal discharge and colonization of dams and lambs were evaluated. All parameters evaluated indicate that BM Delta-pgm is a safe vaccine strain, prevents abortion and colonization of dams and lambs conferring more than 90% protection against challenge with virulent strains. We propose BM Delta-pgm as a new vaccine with superior characteristics to the existing one for the control of brucellosis in small ruminants
O1-5 Brucellosis on the Guiana Shield: emergence of a new Brucella species?
No full textWe report two cases of brucellosis in patients hospitalized in distinct towns of French Guiana, a french overseas territory localized on the Northeastern shore of South America. Both patients were clandestine Brazilian goldminers who had recently arrived in Guiana after passing through neighbouring Suriname and living in the deep in the Amazonian Forest. Both were men aged 39 and 45, respectively. The clinical pictures were febrile lumbar pain for the first, and deterioration of general condition and febrile low back pain evolving for 10 months, revealing L4-L5 spondylodiscitis with epiduritis and extension of the abscess to the psoas for the second. The diagnosis of brucellosis was made by blood culture or puncture of the psoas abscess, respectively. Both cases evolved favourably under rifampicin + doxycycline during their follow-up. Extensive phenotypical and genetic characterization of the bacterial isolates revealed that they represent a novel species of Brucella for which we propose the name Brucella amazoniensis sp. nov. These cases are very probably due to zoonotic transmission from a still unknown animal reservoir of the deep rainforest. Medical practitioners and professionals working in contact with the wildlife should thus be aware of the existence of such pathogens in this region of the world, which is recovered for more than 95% by the Amazonian Forest
P8-05 STOP Mr. BruBug: An educational tool to aware people about brucellosis
No full textBrucellosis, an important zoonotic disease across the globe especially in thedeveloping nations, leads to economic as well as public health loss. Several measures, for example vaccination, surveillance, test and cull, biosecurity measures etc. can be used as control strategies to combat this problem. In addition, health education about brucellosis could also encourage the occupational risk populations to adopt and implement control measures. Health education has been considered as a significant part of disease control, and several educational tools have been developed for educating people about the transmission and control of pathogens having impact on human health, for example, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Schistosoma spp. soil transmitted helminths etc., however to the best of our knowledge, no such tool on Brucella spp. has been developed. We developed ‘STOP Mr. BruBug’, a game to educate both occupational and non-occupational risk groups. The educational tool has three levels; each level would help to improve knowledge regarding the transmission, prevention and control of brucellosis among several stakeholders, for example, veterinarians, medical professionals, livestock farmers, policy makers and laypersons. Further, to see the impact of this educational tool on the knowledge level of the stakeholders, evaluation will be performed, and we believe that this tool would help to enhance the knowledge regarding prevention and control of brucellosis among stakeholders