Current Pharmaceutical Research
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Neurobehavioral and Antioxidant Activity of Crassula ovata Extract in Haloperidol-Induced Alterations in Albino Rats
No full textAims:
This investigation was carried out to determine the behavioral and antioxidant effects of Crassula ovata leaf extract in albino rats exposed to haloperidol-induced alterations.
Study Design:
Randomized, controlled in vivo pharmacological study.
Methodology:
Thirty rats were divided into five groups (n=6). Behavioral deficits were produced using haloperidol (10 mg/kg, i.p.). A standard group received imipramine (25 mg/kg), while the test groups were treated with Crassula ovata extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Behavioral responses were assessed using the Open Field Test (OFT) and Cage Climbing Test (CCT). Antioxidant status was evaluated by estimating superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in brain homogenate.
Results:
Haloperidol produced a noticeable decline in locomotor activity, center-zone exploration, climbing duration, and SOD levels. Both doses of C. ovata ameliorated these changes, with the 400 mg/kg dose showing the strongest improvement. The extract enhanced center time, total distance travelled, and climbing activity. SOD activity increased significantly in the treated groups when compared with the haloperidol control.
Conclusion:
Crassula ovata improved behavioral responses and restored antioxidant enzyme activity in haloperidol-treated rats. The findings suggest that the extract possesses neuroprotective and antioxidant potential, with the 400 mg/kg dose showing the most pronounced effects
Diabetes and Erectile Dysfunction: Exploring the Ayurvedic Understanding of Madhumehaj Klaibya
No full textBackground: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent and concerning complication of diabetes mellitus, impacting over 50 percent of diabetic men and manifesting earlier than in the general population. Ayurveda identifies this illness as Madhumehaj Klaibya, a disorder resulting from the vitiation of Vata and Kapha, the deterioration of Meda and Shukra Dhatu, and the depletion of Ojas. This pathophysiology corresponds with modern explanations of diabetic erectile dysfunction, including hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction, neuropathy, oxidative stress, and impaired nitric oxide signaling.
Objective: The objective of this article is to analyze the Ayurvedic viewpoint on Madhumehaj Klaibya and correlate it with current biological research on diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction, highlighting integrative therapeutic approaches that combine traditional and contemporary practices.
Methods: Classical Ayurvedic texts—Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, and Bhavaprakasha—were analyzed to clarify the ideas of Klaibya and Madhumeha. Concurrently, modern biological resources (PubMed, AYUSH Research Portal) were analyzed to identify causes and treatment approaches for diabetic erectile dysfunction. A comparative synthesis was conducted to correlate Ayurvedic concepts with biomedical findings.
Outcomes: Ayurveda associates Madhumehaj Klaibya with Kapha–Meda Avarana, which impedes Vata, leading to diminished Agni (metabolic fire), Shukra Dushti, and Ojas Kshaya—comparable to vascular insufficiency, oxidative damage, and hormonal imbalance. Recent pharmacological research indicates that Ayurvedic therapies, particularly Rasayana and Vajikarana Chikitsa utilizing Ashwagandha, Shilajatu, Musali Pak, Gudmar, and Gokshura, have adaptogenic, antioxidant, and androgenic properties. Integrating these with PDE-5 inhibitors, testosterone treatment, and lifestyle modifications may enhance nitric oxide availability, metabolic regulation, and psychosexual resilience.
Conclusion: Madhumehaj Klaibya illustrates a profound correlation between Ayurvedic and contemporary biological perspectives on diabetic erectile dysfunction. Ayurvedic concepts like Agnideepana, Srotoshodhana, Rasayana, and Vajikarana provide a holistic framework that includes both metabolic and psychological aspects. Future investigations ought to concentrate on multicentric clinical trials, standardization of formulations, and biomarker-driven validation to advance integrative, evidence-based sexual medicine
In-Vitro Antioxidant Evaluation of Crassula ovata Leaf Extract Using DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay and Phytochemical Profiling
No full textAims:The present in vitro investigation assessed the antioxidant potential of Crassula ovata leaf extract through DPPH radical scavenging and preliminary phytochemical analysis.
Study Design:Experimental laboratory-based in vitro study.
Methods:Leaf extract of C. ovata was screened for major phytochemical constituents. Antioxidant capacity was examined using the DPPH radical scavenging method by measuring absorbance changes at 517 nm across different extract concentrations. Percentage inhibition and IC₅₀ values were calculated to determine potency.
Results:Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, saponins, and resins, indicating the presence of bioactive constituents capable of donating hydrogen atoms or electrons to neutralize free radicals. C. ovata demonstrated concentration-dependent scavenging of DPPH radicals, with percentage inhibition increasing progressively with dose. The calculated IC₅₀ value suggests moderate to strong antioxidant potential for the plant extract.
Conclusion:The antioxidant activity exhibited by Crassula ovata may be attributed to its phytochemical constituents. These findings support the plant’s potential application as a natural source of antioxidant compounds
Baicalein from Scutellaria baicalensis as Natural Therapeutic Agent for Glioblastoma
No full textGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM), also known as grade IV astrocytoma, remains one of the most challenging malignancies in neuro-oncology, characterized by an exceptionally poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. The multifactorial nature of glioblastoma progression—including its resistance to apoptosis, diffuse infiltration, and angiogenesis—makes it one of the most treatment-resistant tumors. Standard treatment protocols involving surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and temozolomide chemotherapy have only marginally improved survival outcomes. There is, therefore, a growing demand for novel therapeutic agents that are multi-targeted, effective across glioblastoma molecular subtypes, and capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
In this context, baicalein, a naturally occurring flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis (commonly known as Chinese skullcap), has emerged as a promising candidate. With a rich ethnopharmacological history in traditional Chinese medicine, S. baicalensis has been used for centuries to treat inflammatory diseases, viral infections, and cancers. Modern scientific studies have revealed that baicalein exerts diverse pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties. In glioblastoma models, baicalein demonstrates a capacity to suppress tumor proliferation, promote apoptosis, inhibit angiogenesis, and impair invasive behavior of glioma cells. The goal of this comprehensive review is to synthesize the current knowledge surrounding baicalein’s pharmacological actions in the context of glioblastoma. We explore its phytochemical composition, its molecular targets within glioblastoma signaling networks, its pharmacokinetic limitations, and the use of advanced drug delivery systems to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. In addition, we examine recent preclinical data supporting its use, the potential for combination with existing chemotherapeutic agents, and the status of clinical development.
We also address the challenges facing baicalein’s clinical translation, including solubility issues, bioavailability, and the need for regulatory oversight. Comparative analysis with other flavonoids (e.g., wogonin, luteolin, quercetin) is included to place baicalein’s unique properties in context. Ultimately, this review aims to provide a platform for further investigation and development of baicalein as a viable adjunct or primary therapeutic option for glioblastoma patients
Integrative Oncology: A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Herbal and Allopathic Medicine in Cancer Treatment
No full textCancer remains a leading global health challenge, with management predominantly relying on allopathic modalities like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. While these conventional treatments provide potent, evidence-based tumor control, they often incur significant toxicity and compromised quality of life. In parallel, herbal medicine rooted in traditional systems such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine is gaining renewed attention for its multi-targeted action on pathways including apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Preclinical and emerging clinical studies highlight the potential of phytochemicals like curcumin and quercetin not only as anti-cancer agents but also as adjuvants to alleviate treatment-related adverse effects and overcome drug resistance. This review systematically compares the principles, efficacy, and safety of allopathic and herbal interventions in oncology. By synthesizing evidence from over 40 scientific publications, in this review it proposed a shift toward an integrative oncology model that synergistically combines the targeted efficacy of conventional treatments with the supportive, multi-mechanistic benefits of validated herbal approaches. Such integration aims to enhance therapeutic outcomes, reduce morbidity, and improve holistic patient care throughout the cancer journey
A review on allergic conjunctivitis, pathophysiology, conventional and new emerging techniques for treatment
No full textAllergic conjunctivitis is a common ocular condition characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva in response to allergens and sub conjunctivitis hemorrhage. Allergic conjunctivitis is primarily mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Exposure to allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander, triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells and eosinophils. These mediators, including histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins, result in conjunctival vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and activation of inflammatory cells, leading to redness, itching, and tearing. Chronic exposure to allergens can cause chronic allergic conjunctivitis and lead to complications like papillary conjunctivitis. Anti-histamines: Topical antihistamine eye drops (e.g., olopatadine, ketotifen) help relieve itching and redness by blocking histamine receptors. Mast Cell Stabilizers: Cromolyn sodium eye drops prevent mast cell degranulation. Decongestants: Eye drops with vasoconstrictors like naphazoline provide temporary relief from redness. Corticosteroids: These are reserved for severe cases due to the risk of side effects. Immunotherapy: Sublingual or subcutaneous immunotherapy (SLIT or SCIT) can help desensitize the immune system to specific allergens, reducing allergic reactions over time. Biologic Therapies: Monoclonal antibodies like omalizumab and dupilumab have shown promise in the treatment of severe allergic conjunctivitis by targeting specific pathways involved in allergic inflammation. Nasal-to-Ocular Delivery: Innovative drug delivery methods aim to provide targeted therapy to the eyes via nasal-to-ocular routes, improving drug efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects. Gene Therapy: Ongoing research explores gene therapy approaches to modify the immune response, potentially offering a long-term solution for allergic conjunctivitis. Conventional treatments focus on symptom relief, while emerging techniques, such as immunotherapy, biologic therapies, novel drug delivery methods, and gene therapy, hold promise for addressing the underlying immune response and providing more targeted and long-lasting relief for individuals suffering from allergic conjunctivitis. Further research and clinical trials are essential to validate the safety and efficacy of these emerging treatments and enhance the management of this prevalent ocular condition
Advances in Asthma Management: From Inflammatory Mechanisms to Clinical Therapies
No full textBronchial asthma is chronic inflammatory disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by increased airway hyperresponsiveness to provocative exposures and episodic airflow obstruction. it caused due to bronchial contraction. some internal and external factor affect asthma.it is non transmissible disease. Many risks factor like smoking, pollutant, depression, allergy affect the asthma disorder. Diagnosis is made with thorough history-taking and physical examination, and the condition is characterised by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyper-responsiveness. Understanding the severity of the disease is important, and treatment is aimed at symptom control and the prevention of future exacerbations. Pharmacologic treatment with beta-agonists for intermittent asthma and inhaled corticosteroids and a combination of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-2 agonists for persistent asthma are recommended. Additional and alternative treatments with leukotriene modifiers, anticholinergics, biologics, and bronchial thermoplasty are also available. However, understanding an individual’s disease phenotype, endotype, and comorbidities is necessary for asthma treatment, with appropriate consultation with asthma specialists required for those with severe asthma
Metabolic Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, and Management Strategies
No full textMetabolic syndrome is a complex disorder characterized by a cluster of conditions, including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension, which collectively elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus and its significant impact on patients with lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and interstitial lung disease (ILD). This review explores the pathophysiology of Metbolic Syndrome, emphasizing the roles of insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, the complex interplay between MetS and lung diseases, focusing on systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system activation in its development. These factors exacerbate pulmonary symptoms and contribute to multi-organ complications, including cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cognitive decline. Clinical implications are discussed, highlighting the increased risks of cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and frailty, particularly in older adults and specific gender groups. Management strategies, such as lifestyle interventions, pharmacological treatments, and novel therapeutic approaches like sacubitril/valsartan and telmisartan, are reviewed to underscore the importance of early intervention. This review also highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to management, integrating lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions (e.g., statins, GLP-1 agonists), and emerging therapies (e.g., senolytics, gut-lung axis modulation). The paper concludes with a call for targeted therapies to address the underlying mechanisms of Metabolic Syndrome in high-risk populations and by addressing pulmonary components, such strategies aim to improve patient outcomes and reduce morbidity and mortality
Harmonizing Traditional Ayurvedic Knowledge with Modern Science: A Comprehensive Review
No full textBackground:Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medical system, has provided a holistic approach to health and well-being for thousands of years. It emphasizes the balance of physical, mental, and spiritual aspects through dietary (Pathya) recommendations, daily (Dinacharya) routines, and herbal treatments. Despite its extensive historical usage and increasing modern prominence, Ayurveda often encounters skepticism from contemporary scientists.
Objective:This review aims to examine Ayurveda\u27s historical background, fundamental principles, and therapeutic procedures while comparing them with contemporary scientific knowledge. The analysis explores key Ayurvedic concepts, such as Svasthya (optimal health), Ahara (nutrition), and Agni (metabolic energy), and investigates the genetic basis of Prakriti (individual constitution) and advancements in Rasayana (rejuvenative therapies). It seeks to identify integrative approaches combining Ayurvedic pharmacology with modern biosciences.
Methods:The review critically analyzes foundational Ayurvedic texts, such as the Charaka Samhita, to understand their historical development and principles. It examines Ayurvedic approaches to nutrition, including the classification of foods based on psychological and physiological effects, food intolerances, and the role of Prakriti in determining individual health. Additionally, it incorporates insights from network pharmacology and Dravya Guna Sastra (Ayurvedic pharmacology) to bridge traditional knowledge with modern scientific methodologies.
Findings:Ayurveda offers a holistic framework for health by integrating nutrition, lifestyle, and therapeutic practices. The Ayurvedic approach to nutrition emphasizes individual constitution (Prakriti) and metabolic energy (Agni), advocating personalized dietary recommendations. Emerging research supports the genetic basis of Prakriti, validating its role in personalized medicine. Furthermore, Rasayana therapies target rejuvenation and longevity, aligning with modern therapeutic goals of preventing chronic diseases and promoting well-being. The integration of Ayurvedic pharmacology with network pharmacology offers potential for identifying novel drug targets and developing holistic pharmaceutical interventions.
Conclusion:This review highlights the significance of Ayurveda\u27s holistic principles and its potential to complement modern scientific knowledge. By integrating Ayurvedic wisdom with advanced biosciences, a synergistic approach to healthcare can be developed, offering personalized and effective treatments. Future research should focus on validating Ayurvedic principles through modern scientific frameworks to foster wider acceptance and application
Herbal Approaches for the Treatment of Hypertension: A Literature Review
No full textBackground- High blood pressure is a very common disease in most countries. This can also cause the worsening of other cardiovascular disorders. The total number of people who are suffering from hypertension has elevated in the past thirty years. It impacts the quality of life and it can be caused due to many factors like the lifestyle of the patient (inactivity), stress, obesity, stress, alcohol consumption, unhealthy food habits, age, and other underlying diseases. It is estimated that the cases of hypertension will rise up to 23.25 % by the year 2025 in India. Its occurrence in urban areas is more compared to the rural areas. In order to treat hypertension alternative medication can be used.
Method- To carry out this review we searched out the articles from various databases which includes PubMed, web of science and google scholar. All the papers that discussed about hypertension and its herbal remedies were screened.
Conclusion- Thus, the current review aimed to highlight various herbal drugs used for the treatment of hypertension. Many patients prefer herbal remedies over modern drugs. There are many herbal drugs available, which can be used for the successful treatment of high blood pressure like hibiscus, tulsi, garlic, Ashoka and etc