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Evaluate pure Breeding and Crossbreeding Strategy for Better Carcass and non-carcass Traits of Awassi, Chios, and their Reciprocal Crossbred Lambs
Full text linkIn Jordan, crossing local sheep with the exotic breed has an acceptable sound by farmers but needs scientific proof for planned-ahead crossing and introgression. This work aimed to find the best mating strategy on economic carcass and non-carcass traits of produced lambs under an intensive production system in Jordan. The mating strategy among Awassi and Chios for two years was designed to obtain different pure- and cross-bred lambs. They were pure Awassi, pure Chios, and reciprocal crosses of Awassi-Chios and Chios-Awassi lambs for two years. The studied factors included sex of lamb, breed, lamb birth type, age at slaughtering, and their two-way interactions. The lamb sex significantly affected (P < 0.001) most carcass and non-carcass traits of economic importance. Similarly, the effect of age was notable (P < 0.05) on all carcass and non-carcass traits. The breeds were significantly different (P < 0.05) for the hot carcass, tail, and internal organs weights. Therefore, the use of Awassi sire as a paternal contributor for producing meat over one year in crossbreeding can be implemented for increasing carcass weights. The heterosis effect had only significant for tail weight. Significant differences for the liver with and without a trachea, kidney with and without fat, heart with and without fat, and lung between reciprocal crosses for heterosis percentages always favored the reciprocal cross of Awassi female parent. Interaction effects of age with sex were detected on body weight, carcass length, and kidney, while interaction effect of birth type with sex was significant for body weight and some internal organs. finally, significant interaction effects of the breed with both sex and birth type were significant for the cold carcass, tail, and some organs weights. In the present study, sheep producers might be benefited better if Awassi sire is used as a paternal contributor for producing meat over one year in crossbreeding strategy with Chios for increasing carcass weights
Nutritional Improvement and Rheological Characteristics of Tere (Rokak) Bread Supplemented with Inulin or Wheat Bran
Full text linkNutritional, rheological, and sensory evaluation for Tere (Rokak) bread supplemented with 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% of inulin or wheat bran were studied. The chemical composition of bread was slightly affected by these treatments, while energy values were reduced from 354.24 to 315.76 calories/100g. The results showed that Farinograph water absorption decreased from 70.2 to 50.3% and Mixing Tolerance Index from 34 to 0.00 BU with an increase in development time from 9.3 to 20 min, stability time from11-14.9 min, and quality number from 138-200 by increasing of inulin addition. The most pronounced effect of bran addition was on Farinograph stability and quality number which decreased from 9.3min and138 to 6.9min and 117 respectively. On the other hand, inulin decreased the Amylograph viscosity peak at heating from 840 t0 610 BU and the final viscosity at cooling from 1250 to 990 BU. Inulin addition significantly reduced the amount of required water to make Tere bread from 66% to 54% compared to control and bran. Inulin reduced about 3cm of bread diameter, while 7.5% of bran addition increased 3cm of Tere diameter. Also, the sensory evaluation showed that inulin and bran addition up to 10% had a slight effect on Tere bread compared to control , and their total acceptability was 70%-80%. No mold growth was observed on stored bread for three months which emphasized their resistance to any visible growth
Molecular Characterization of Some Syrian Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Genotypes
Full text linkConsidering the high level of morphological diversity in Syrian pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) genotypes, this study was conducted to evaluate the genetic variation among five pomegranate genotypes using twenty inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Twelve ISSR primers were successfully used as fingerprinting tools and amplified 137 DNA fragments out of which 78 were polymorphic (56.93%). Primers (17, NLSSR3, 16) showed the highest polymorphism percentage (90.41, 80.00, 76.47%, respectively) with the highest number of unique bands (6, 6, 9 respectively). Genotype C amplified the highest number of DNA fragments (115) and unique bands (13). Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.449 to 0.768, while genetic diversity (GD) ranged from 0.56 to 0.80. The genetic distance ranged from 0.26 to 0.37. Some genotypes showed wide divergence (C and A; C and D), while genotypes A and B were closely related. The unweighted pair‐grouped method with arithmetic average (UPGMA)dendrogram grouped the genotypes into two clusters. These results indicated that the ISSR technique was sufficiently informative and powerful to assess genetic variability in pomegranate
How Does Livestock Contribute to the Efficiency of the Oases’ Farming Systems?
Full text linkيعتبر كل من النمو الديموغرافي السريع و المنافسة المتزايدة على موارد الماء من المعيقات المتعددة التي تؤثر سلباً على الأنظمة الزراعية في الواحات..ـ وهذه العوامل تقلص من نجاعة استعمال المتدخلات و تنقص أرباح الأنشطة الزراعيةـ الإنتاج الحيواني مكون أساسي في أنظمة الزراعة في الواحات، حيث يقوم بعدة وظائف مهمة : المحافظة على خصوبة التربة، المساهمة في مداخل المزارعين ,والأخذ بعين الاعتبار المتقلبات الحديثة تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تشخيص الأدوار الحقيقية للإنتاج الحيواني في الأنظمة الزراعية في الواحات من أجل هذه الغاية، وقمنا بمعاينة اثنى عشرة ضيعة زراعية حيث ضبطت معايير الإنتاجية المتعلقة بالأرض، الماء، العمل، و رأس المال.ـ. وأثبتت النتائج أنَّ أنجع الأنظمة الزراعية في الواحات هي التي ترتكز على الجمع بين الزراعات، والإنتاج الحيواني، وزيادة عن تزويده لأفراد عائلات المزارعين بأغذية ذات جودة عالية، ويمكن الإنتاج الحيواني المكثف(الأغنام من سلالة الدمان، و الأبقار الحلوب) من الزيادة في محاصيل الزراعات ومداخلها النقدية، ويبدو هذا أساساً بالنسبة لنخيل التمر الذي يستفيد من المياه الإضافية المستعملة لري الفصة و بالموازاة عن ذلك، في المجالات التي لا يمكن تكثيف الأنشطة الزراعية فيها (مثلاً في المناطق دون مياه جوفية أو ذات ملوحة عالية) يظل الإنتاج الحيواني أهم مورد للدخل بالنسبة للمزارعين، إذْ يثمن موارد المراعي الشاسعة ومخلفات الزراعات (تمر غير صالح للاستهلاك، تبن الحبوب...).Multiple constraints, such as increased demographic pressure and growing competition for limited water resources, are significantly affecting farming systems in the oases. The combination of these constraining factors impacts the efficiency of inputs’ uses and hampers the incomes from agricultural activities. Livestock has always been a component of the oasis farming systems, covering a wide range of functions: transportation, soil preservation, income generation through meat and milk, draft, and saving. Faced with the recent changes, this study aimed to characterize the roles and contribution of livestock on the overall performances of the oasis farming systems. To do so, twelve farms illustrating four types of livestock systems were selected. Within each farm, we calculated common agricultural efficiency indicators to assess the use efficiency of the most critical production factors in the oasis: land, labor, water, and capital. The results demonstrated that efficient oasis farming systems rely on the crops/livestock association. Thereby, while providing self-consumed food products, livestock intensified farming systems (D’man prolific sheep with off-farm feed resources and dairy cattle) allow an increase in crops’ yields and their incomes. This is particularly obvious for date palms’ incomes, which benefit from the surplus irrigation of the underlying lucerne. In parallel, in specific contexts of the oases where the intensification of agriculture is quite impossible (for instance within areas with scarce groundwater or saline water, or in farms with limited capital) livestock remains the main source of income, adding value to the vast pastoral areas and the by-products of crops (wastes of dates, wheat bran, and straw, etc.)
Review of the Syrian Agriculture and Future Prospects for Reconstruction
Full text linkكان ولازال للزراعة دورا هاما في الاقتصاد السوري، سواء من حيث الناتج المحلي الإجمالي أو العمالة. وتستمر عواقب الأزمة للسنة الثامنة في التأثير على القطاع الزراعي، حيث يعد نقص المدخلات وارتفاع الأسعار ، بالإضافة إلى صعوبة حصاد وتسويق المحاصيل، من بين أهم المشاكل الزراعية التي نتجت عن الأزمة. قبل الأزمة ، كان القطاع الزراعي يعاني من العديد من المشكلات الناتجة عن إهمال الحكومة له ، والذي يتمثل بضعف الاستثمارات الحكومية في الزراعة ، بالإضافة إلى المشكلات الإدارية المعقدة للإدارة والتنظيم، مما أدى إلى انخفاض الإنتاجية و كفاءة إدارة الموارد الزراعية. بعد اندلاع الازمة، اضطر عدد كبير من الناس إلى مغادرة المناطق الريفية المكتظة بالسكان مما أدى الى تهدور كبير جداً في الانتاج. حيث لجأت سورية الى استيراد أنواع من المحاصيل الهامة كالقمح لتغطية حاجة السوق المحلية وهذا ماسيتم مناقشته في هذا المقال. من الواضح أن هناك حاجة إلى بذل جهود جادة لاستعادة القطاع الزراعي لاهميته الانتاجية، حيث يعد العنصر الأكثر أهمية في الاقتصاد السوري والأمن الغذائي المستدام للمناطق الحضرية والريفية. على الرغم من أن الأزمة لم تنته بعد، إلا أن شروط الاستثمار في إعادة انتعاش القطاع موجودة في العديد من المناطق ولن يقلل هذا الاستثمار من الحاجة إلى المساعدة الإنسانية فحسب، بل سيقلل أيضاً من الهجرة ويشجع عودة المهاجرين.Agriculture played and continues to play an important role in the Syrian economy, both in terms of the gross domestic product and employment. The consequences of the seventh-year crisis continue to affect the agricultural sector. The lack of inputs and high prices, coupled with the difficulty of harvesting and marketing crops, are among the most important agricultural issues that resulted from the crisis. Before the crisis, the agricultural sector suffered from many problems resulting from the government's neglect of it, represented by the weakness of governmental investments in agriculture, in addition, the complex administrative problems of management and organization, which led to a decline in productivity and efficiency. After the outbreak of the crisis, a large number of people were forced to leave the rural areas, which led to a very significant deterioration in agriculture and production. Syria has imported most types of important crops, such as wheat, from abroad to cover the needs of the local market, and this will be discussed in detail in this article. Therefore, this article shows the need for serious efforts to restore the agricultural sector which is the most important element in the Syrian economy and sustainable food and nutrition security for the urban and rural areas. Even though the crisis is not over, the conditions for investing in the recovery of the sector are present in many areas of the country. Such investment will not only reduce the need for humanitarian assistance but will also reduce migration and encourage the return of migrants
The Opinions of Agricultural Extension Agents in the Agricultural Extension Problems in Jordan and its Relation to Certain Factors
Full text linkتهدف هذه الدراسة الى تحديد آراء المرشدين الزراعيين في الاردن بمشاكل الارشاد الزراعي ودراسة العلاقة بين هذه الآراء وبين الخصائص الشخصية والمهنية لهؤلاء المرشدين، تم جمع البيانات من 61 مرشداً زراعياً من خلال المقابلة الشخصية باستخدام استمارة أعدت من قبل الباحثين اشتملت على جزأين، الأول تضمن المعلومات الشخصية والمهنية للمرشدين الزراعيين، في حين تضمن الجزء الثاني مقياساً لآرائهم بمشاكل الارشاد الزراعي في الاردن. لتحقيق أهداف الدراسة , تم استخدام مقياس ليكرت الخماسي(أوافق بشدة، أوافق، محايد، لا أوافق، أوافق بشدة) لقياس آراء المرشدين الزراعيين بمشاكل الارشاد الزراعي وذلك من خلال ثمانية وثلاثين عبارة موزعة على ثمانية محاور تتعلق بمشاكل الإرشاد الزراعي في الأردن، ولأجل تحليل البيانات , فقد استخدمت التكرارت والنسب المئوية والمتوسط الحسابي والانحراف المعياري ومعامل الارتباط البسيط (بيرسون) ومعامل الارتباط (سبيرمان- براون) ومربع كاي، وكانت اهم النتائج ما يلي: لقد تم تحديد ثلاث فئات للآراء: الرأي السلبي ( أقل من 142 درجة ) والرأي المتوسط (142-152 درجة) والرأي الايجابي (أكثر من 152 درجة) حيث وجد أن (24.6%) و (54.1%) و (21.3%) من المبحوثين يقعون في الفئات أعلاه على التوالي. ترتبت آراء للمرشدين في المحاور التي تضمنتها مشاكل الارشاد الزراعي تنازلياً وفقاً للتسلسل التالي: مشكلة عدم فهم فلسفة الإرشاد الزراعي، المشاكل المؤسسية، المشاكل الفنية، مشاكل التدريب، المشاكل الإدارية، المشاكل الاجتماعية، المشاكل التشريعية، واخيرا المشاكل البيئية. حيث كانت الأهمية النسبية للمتوسطات الحسابية لهذه المشاكل 84٪ و82٪ و82٪ و72.2٪ و72٪ و71٪ و65٪ و49٪ , على التوالي. وقد اظهرت التنائج وجود علاقة معنوية بين الآراء، وكل من الجنس وسنوات الخدمة في وزارة الزراعة ومنطقة العمل، في حين لم تكن العلاقة معنوية بين هذه الآراءوكل من العمر ومستوى التعليم وسنوات الخدمة في الإرشاد الزراعي والمسمى الوظيفي وعدد الدورات التدريبية. بناءً على نتائج هذه الدراسة يوصى بتعزيز دور الارشاد الزراعي في تعليم وتوعية المرشدين الزراعيين ونقل المعرفة لهم عن طريق إعداد خطة علمية وعملية تتناول بشكل دقيق النتائج التفصيلية لهذه الدراسة وفقاً لآراء المرشدين الزراعيين في الاردن.This study aims to determine the opinions of agricultural extension agents in Jordan in agricultural extension problems and to study the relationship between the opinions and some variables such as personal and professional characteristics of agricultural extension agents. Data were collected from 61 extension agents through by personal interview through a questionnaire that included two parts; the first was the personal and professional information of the extension agents and the second was a measure of their opinions on the agricultural extension problems in Jordan. To achieve research objectives, the Likert scale was used (strongly agree, agree, neutral, not agree, and strongly disagree) to measure opinions of agricultural extension agents through thirty-eight paragraphs distributed on eight axes related to the extension problems in Jordan. For analyzing data, frequencies, percentages, mean standard deviations, Pearson and Spearman correlation, and chi-square. The most important results of the study are: There were three categories for these opinions: negative opinions (<142) points, Neutral opinions (142-152) points, and Positive opinions (> 152) points. It was found that 24.6%, 54.1%, and 21.3% of extension agents were found in these above categories, respectively. Ranking of the problems of the agricultural extension came according to the following descending sequence: the agricultural extension philosophy, the institutional problems, technical problems, training problems, management problems, social problems, legislative problems, and environmental problems, where the relative importance of their averages was 84%, 82 %,82 %, 72.2%, 72 %, 71 %, 65 %, and 49 %, respectively. From the results, a significant association was observed between the characteristics such as gender, service years in the agricultural ministry, and work territory. On the other hand, no signs were found related to age, education level, service years in the agricultural extension, job title, and training courses. Thus, this study recommends that agricultural extension must take an extra role for education and awareness by agricultural extension agents and dissemination of knowledge through a scientific and practical plan that includes simplifying the results according to the opinions of agricultural extension agents in jordan