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Effects of Essential Oils Alone or in Combination with Monensin in an In Vitro Model of Ruminal Acidosis
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils and/or monensin on the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia, and pH in a ruminal acidosis in vitro model. Red Angus steers (n = 4; BW = 435 ± 9 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were allocated in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were 1) Fed no essential oils (RB) or monensin sodium (MON:CON); 2) Fed RB at a rate of 14 g daily with no Mon (RB+); 3) Fed no RB and fed Mon at 400 mg daily (MON+); 4) Fed RB and Mon [RB+MON+] at the same levels of inclusion. The basal diet (TMR) consisted of dry rolled corn (67%), grass hay (10%), DDGS (20%), and vitamin and mineral premix (3%). Feed additives (RB or MON) were dosed in the rumen through the cannulas in gelatin capsules to guarantee the steers were receiving the targeted dose. Each period lasted 28-d, consisting of a 14-d adaptation and 14-d collection period, where in-vitro ruminal acidosis challenges were performed on d 14 and 26. Briefly, rumen fluid from each steer was placed into three 250-ml glass flasks (30 mL of rumen fluid per flask) containing McDougall buffer (120 ml per flask), thus resulting in a triplicate sample per treatment (rumen fluid:buffer ratio of 1:4 per flask). In addition to the buffer, each flask contained 7.5 g of substrate (reconstituted TMR). Flasks were incubated for 36 h at 39 ºC, subsamples (4 mL) were taken every 4 hours and pH was measured. Samples were stored at -20 ºC for further analysis of VFA and ammonia. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the Glimmix procedure of SAS with fixed effects of treatment, day, time, and their interactions. Animal and period were considered random effects. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. A treatment × day interaction (P ≤ 0.001) was observed for concentrations of all VFA. Acetate decreased from d 14 to d 26 for CON, with similar levels observed for the other treatments. Concentrations of propionate increased from d 14 to d 26 for CON and RBMON and decreased for MON. Butyrate concentrations decreased from d 14 to d 26 for RB+ and RB+MON+ treatments. Isobutyrate increased from d 14 to d 26 for MON and decreased for RB+MON+. Concentrations of valerate decreased from d 14 to d 26 for MON, RB+, and RB+MON+, while the opposite was observed for CON. Isovalerate concentrations decreased from d 14 to d 26 for CON and increased for MON. Acetate:Propionate ratio remained similar between d 14 and d 26 for MON, RB, and RBMON, and decreased for CON from d 14 to d 26. Sampling time affected concentrations of all VFA, ammonia, and pH (P \u3c 0.001). In vitro ruminal pH decreased (P \u3c 0.001) from d 14 to d 26, and as expected pH decreased (P \u3c 0.001) from 0 to 36h. No differences in pH were observed between treatments, with an average of 5.69. Discrepancies between the present in vitro findings and those reported in a parallel in vivo study suggest that the absence of a treatment effect may be attributed to limitations inherent to the in vitro model, such as gas accumulation, rapid pH decline, and the absence of ruminal wall interactions
Testing the Effect of Source and Environment on Native Seed Germination to Inform Seed-Based Restoration of Grasslands
Get PDFGrasslands are one of the most endangered ecosystems on the planet, and they provide a variety of important ecosystem services that people rely on. Losses of grasslands can be mitigated through restoration. Seed-based restoration is a regularly used practice due to its practicality and cost-effectiveness. Planting non-local seed that may not be suitable for its destination environment can have consequences in plant establishment and subsequent restoration success. This experiment tested the response (final germination and germination rate) of seed from 11 perennial tallgrass species sourced from 3 different locations to different germination temperature conditions. Seeds from three sources of each species were exposed to different temperature treatments (cool, intermediate, and warm) and germination was tracked over 42 days. Dependent variables of final germination and germination rate were significantly impacted by the source by temperature interaction for seven and six species respectively. Final germination and germination rate for all other species were significantly impacted by main effects of source or temperature, but not the interaction. The majority (nine out of 11) of the species tested displayed at least one type of interaction between source and environment on germination indicating potential for local adaptation. If the potential for local adaptation leads to a home site advantage where non-local seeds perform more poorly than local seed, restoration practitioners may need to select seed sources carefully. However, restoration practitioners might be able to take advantage of species such as Helenium autumnale and Sorghastrum nutans, because they did not exhibit signs of potential local adaptation (no significant source by environment interaction) by planting them at wider ranges. This study has implications for helping land managers make informed restoration decisions
Minimizing Fasting Requirements to Maximize Patient Satisfaction Prior to a Scheduled Cardiac Catheterization
Get PDFBackground: Patients are often kept NPO (nil per os), or “nothing by mouth,” longer than necessary before cardiac catheterization procedures. Local Problem: Patients scheduled for cardiac catheterization procedures receive instructions to begin fasting at midnight on the day of their procedure regardless of their scheduled procedural start time. This directive results in patient dissatisfaction as patients are fasting longer than current guideline recommendation. Methods: The facility updated its order set to align with the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) fasting guidelines for scheduled cardiac catheterizations. To evaluate patient satisfaction, a 6-item survey was administered to 169 individuals undergoing cardiac catheterization. The pre-intervention group (n=116) and postintervention group (n=53) were independent samples. An independent T-test was used to analyze differences in patient satisfaction. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in both patient satisfaction (p= 0.046) and reported fasting duration (p= 0.0248). The pre-intervention group reported an average fasting burden score of 16.92 and an average fasting time of 12.59 hours, compared to the post-intervention group, which had an average fasting burden score of 15.62 and fasting duration of 11.08 hours. No cases of aspiration were reported with either fasting protocol. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that following ASA guidelines can improve patient satisfaction without increasing the risk of aspiration
Dairy and Food Science Student Newsletter, July 1, 2025
Get PDFhttps://openprairie.sdstate.edu/dairy_student-news/1009/thumbnail.jp
Capstone II Project : MLB
Get PDFClustering player statistics provides new perspectives on identifying elite Major League Baseball (MLB) players. This paper explores the use of k-means clustering combined with principal component analysis (PCA) to segment players based on various performance metrics such as batting average, on-base percentage, wins above replacement, and many others. The analysis examines over a century of MLB data, dating from 1900 to 2023, to uncover meaningful groups and highlight key differences between elite and non-elite players. Results demonstrate how modern statistical techniques can go beyond traditional metrics to provide insights into player performance. These findings have implications for player evaluation, team strategy, and advancing the use of data in sports analytics
Impact of Laccase on the Functionality of Milk Protein Concentrate and Micellar Casein Concentrate
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Dairy and Food Science Student Newsletter, August 28, 2025
No full texthttps://openprairie.sdstate.edu/dairy_student-news/1010/thumbnail.jp
