QDR Qualitative Data Repository
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Organizational Response to Emerging Threats: Lessons from NATO and the European Union’s Responses to Peacebuilding, Cyber Threats and Energy Security
No full text"Organizational Response to Emerging Threats" is a project that addresses three separate threat areas -- cybersecurity, peacekeeping and energy security. The data collection for cybersecurity and energy security has been completed. As of June 2019, the data collection for peacekeeping is ongoing. The project documents are organized around three topics, reflected in the filenames -- cybersecurity, peacekeeping and energy security.
The overall purpose/rationale of this research project is to develop a framework that explains how different international organizations (IOs) respond to various emerging threats in international relations. These threats can vary and include cybersecurity, energy security, food security, environmental security, and others. For the purpose of our study we focus on two major variables explaining organizational response: (1) IOs’ capacity to acquire and deploy organizational assets (also referred to as asset fungibility), and; (2) IOs’ ability to make swift decisions in response to changing internal and external environments. Drawing from primary sources including interviews with NATO and EU officials, we suggest a new model explaining when organizations are better equipped at addressing cyber threats, when they have capacity to response more effectively, and what they could do to improve their organizational responses in this area.
The QDR repository contains interviews with policy makers and senior bureaucrats conducted in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 in Brussels, Belgium, and the Hague, the Netherlands. These interviews have been conducted in person or over skype. Approval to conduct interviews has been granted by the University of Cincinnati's IRB (Study ID: 2018-3371).</p
Data for: Monte Carlo approach to fuzzy AHP risk analysis in renewable energy construction projects
No full textThe data included in the repository are the responses of the experts group for the risks identification and risks assessment of a photovoltaic construction project of 250 MW located in Murcia, Spain.
The experts were selected from professionals who have collaborated on the processing, design, and construction of photovoltaic solar plants, with the aim of covering as many profiles as possible involved in the development of such plants. A total of 15 experts were recruited with the following profiles:
E1: Developer of photovoltaic solar plants, with a 15 MW portfolio of completed projects
E2: Project Manager, with a portfolio of designed and developed projects exceeding 500 MW worldwide.
E3: CEO of a multinational company with 14 years of experience in the sector and more than 2 GW of developed projects.
E4: Construction Manager of solar photovoltaic plants, with more than 10 years of experience in the sector.
E5: O & M Manager of a multinational company with a portfolio of over 2 GW.
E6: Project Finance manager in a multinational company, with more than 14 years of experience in the promotion and development of photovoltaic solar plants.
E7: Supervisor in the construction of renewable energy projects — both wind and photovoltaic — with 12 years of experience in the sector.
E8: Project Manager, with over 300 MW of developed projects worldwide.
E9: Industrial Engineer and expert in design and construction of energy evacuation infrastructures in photovoltaic solar plants, with more than 30 years experience in the design of electrical infrastructures.
E10: Inspector-Verifier of electrical installations, with 4 years of experience in the sector.
E11: Professional Project Manager and expert in the construction of large electric power generation infrastructures.
E12: Project Manager, with a portfolio of projects exceeding 50 MW, designed and constructed in Spain.
E13: Forestry Engineer and Public Administration technician responsible for the environmental evaluation of projects.
E14: Project Manager, with a portfolio of projects exceeding 20 MW, designed and constructed in Spain.
E15: Construction Manager of solar photovoltaic plants and solar thermal plants, with more than 12 years of experience in the sector.
All the experts confirmed their acceptance and gave their verbal consent to complete the questionnaire. Experts E4, E8 and E14 declined to complete the questionnaire due to lack of time. The other 12 experts are those included in the present study.
The surveys responses by the 12 members of the assessment panel experts contain their views on the 55 risks identified in terms of risk impact and risk probability, as well as their opinions in the pair-wise comparison of risks from the point of view of its influence on the scope, cost and project time.</p
Data for: When do the dispossessed protest? Informal leadership and mobilization in Syrian refugee camps
No full textProject Summary
Refugees are often considered to be among the world’s most powerless groups; they face significant structural barriers to political mobilization, including often extreme poverty and exposure to repression. Yet despite these odds refugee groups do occasionally mobilize to demand better services and greater rights. This paper examines varying levels of mobilization among Syrian refugees living in camps and informal settlements in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan in order to explain how marginalized and dispossessed groups manage to develop autonomous political strength. I explain the surprisingly high levels of mobilization in Jordan’s Za’atari Camp, compared to the relative quiescence of refugees in Turkish camps and Lebanese informal settlements, as the product of a set of strong informal leadership networks. These networks emerged due to two unique facets of the refugee management regime in Jordan: 1) the concentration of refugees in the camp, and 2) a fragmented governance system. In Turkey and Lebanon, where these two conditions were absent, refugees did not develop the strong leadership networks necessary to support mobilization. I develop this argument through structured comparison of three cases and within-case process tracing, using primary source documents from humanitarian agencies, contentious event data, and 87 original interviews conducted in the summer of 2015.
Data Abstract
The data in this deposit comprise part of the empirical material behind the 2018 Perspectives on Politics article "When Do the Dispossessed Protest? Informal Leadership and Mobilization in Syrian Refugee Camps." The article examines why Syrian refugees living in some refugee camps in the Middle East, but not others, engage in contentious mobilization against humanitarian authorities. I am sharing two types of data, both of which were compiled from web-based sources. First, I collected humanitarian documents from the data-sharing portal of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). Specifically, I collected meeting minutes, governance plans, security reports, maps, and statistical reports used for the management of the Zaatari refugee camp in northern Jordan. I used these documents to study governance dynamics and contention patterns in the camp. The documents are mostly comprehensive within a given category. For example, I include all the Camp Management Committee meeting minutes and all the community mobilization meeting minutes that I was able to access through the portal. Similarly, both of the two safety and security reports available have been included, and the governance plan is the only one that was produced. I only include maps that I used to inform the analysis in the paper, as UNHCR produces hundreds of maps of different types to facilitate its governance of the camp. In the camp overview and population camps folder, I included the earliest statistical factsheet that I could find (April 2015), as that was closest to the period I was writing about (2012-2014), and the only REACH population survey that I was able to identify. Second, I worked with a data analytics company in Lebanon to web-scrape Internet content on Syrian refugee protests in Lebanon in order to build a catalog of protest events in that country. The web-scraping technique delivered a catchment of web content (mostly links to news articles and social media posts) referring to specific protest events. I then individually examined each of these events, using the web material, to confirm its validity and relevance to the project. Through this method I was able to identify eighteen events from February 2014 to January 2017. In an appendix to the article each event is enumerated in a table and the corroborating sources and original links are listed next to each event. In the depository the content of each corroborating source is also included (where possible), as is an archived url to the original source.
Files DescriptionThe data are of two types: humanitarian documents and web-scraped material on protest events. The humanitarian documents are organized by topic. First are two documents with statistical information on the camp. Following these are files with the meeting minutes for the weekly Camp Coordinating Meeting in Zaatari (50 total). Then come meeting minutes for the community mobilization initiative. Next come two security reports and the camp governance plan. Finally, there are four maps. A full list of these files, including their original URL, generated by QDR curators, is also included as documentation. Most of these documents are in PDF format.
Second, the catalog of protest events in Lebanon are included as a spreadsheet. Each event listed includes the details of the event as well as links to web content (usually news articles or social media posts) corroborating the occurrence of the event. These links were also archived using perma.cc by QDR, and the perma.cc links are included as well. This list is included in its original Excel (.xlsx) format as well as tab-separated values (.tsv)
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Data for 'The Rise of Investor-State Arbitration: Politics, Law, and Unintended Consequences'
No full textData Overview
The archival documents in these files support and illustrate conclusions drawn in my monograph, The Rise of Investor-State Arbitration: Politics, Law, and Unintended Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2018). The monograph's central research question is: what explains the rise of investor–state arbitration?
These documents primarily reflect conversations, meetings, and letters between national officials and international officials, between the years 1954 and 1994. Most documents are from four national archives: the German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv Koblenz), the National Archives of the United Kingdom, the Swiss Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv Bern), and several archives of the United States government. Select documents are from the Institute of Contemporary History (Institut für Zeitgeschichte), from the National Archives of New Zealand, and from the World Bank Group Archives.
Data Collection Strategy
The data in this deposit only contains archival documents. I also interviewed thirty-six current and former officials in governments and international organizations involved with ISDS. These interviews provided deep background and help me triangulate findings that emerged from archival documents. Many of the interviews were conducted off the record, so to ensure consistency and total confidentiality, none of the interviews are cited in the book, nor do any interview materials appear in the data repository. That said, many of my interviewees were extraordinarily knowledgeable and were able to give me specific events or dates that I could use to direct my search for archival materials. A few even identified documents that they believed would be in archives or made suggestions about how a particular type of discussion might have been filed and archived.
The vast majority of the documents in this deposit were photographed by me (Taylor St John) or Yannick Stiller. Yannick was my research assistant, employed first by the Department of International Relations, London School of Economics, where he was also an MSc student, and subsequently by PluriCourts, University of Oslo, between May 2016-May 2017. We read files in person in the American, British, German, and Swiss archives and took pictures of individual pages. Between late 2016-2018, I combined these pictures into the PDF documents that appear in this deposit. An alternate way of organizing this deposit would have been to make the raw .jpg files available, organized by the file folders in which they were found in archives. While this would have been much less time-consuming for me, and would lead to more data being available overall, I decided against this for two reasons: first, it would have been much harder for users of the data to make sense of the files, and
second, it would have been more difficult to secure permission to deposit entire folders.
The remainder of the documents in this deposit were acquired as follows. I scanned a small minority of the documents in this deposit and photocopied another small minority (primarily the legislative documents, including Fulbright’s papers, in the US Center for Legislative Archives). The documents from the New Zealand archives and from the Institut für Zeitgeschichte were scanned for me by archivists at those institutions and sent either via CD-rom (New Zealand) or via email (Institut für Zeitgeschichte).
My requests for documents were often not successful; for example, requests to the Australian government to declassify documents related to ICSID were denied due to pending litigation, and requests to the World Bank Group for documents often yielded substantially less disclosure than I had hoped.</p
Data for: Visual regimes and the politics of war experience: Rewriting war ‘from above’ in WikiLeaks’ ‘Collateral Murder’
No full textThis is an Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) data project. The annotated article can be viewed on the publisher's website.
The publication undertakes an analysis of the visual politics of war experience within the wider social (re)production of war. Within this it traces in particular how dominant accounts of war can be complicated and contested. In order to explore these issues the article focuses on the release by WikiLeaks of what became known as the ‘Collateral Murder video’ – gunsight footage from an American Apache helicopter showing an air to ground attack in July 2007 in New Baghdad, Iraq. The analysis for the article centres on the WikiLeaks website devoted to the video, and associated materials - chiefly press coverage from the time of the video’s release. Discourse analysis was used to identify ways of seeing (conceptualised as visual - or scopic - regimes) interacting within the body of texts. The WikiLeaks website itself consists of eight pages, but within these pages are four embedded videos (between 1:30 and 39:14 minutes in length), collections of still images, transcripts, timelines, and links to associated materials, as well as contextualising narrative text. This website, along with the media reports accompanying its release, therefore formed a very rich text, comprised of various visual elements and accompanying written description (the use of the phrase ‘Collateral Murder’ being one over-arching example). These elements, and their contrasting visual perspectives, were juxtaposed across the website and it was the politics of this juxtaposition that formed the focus of the analysis.Handling and analysing the empirical material
The practical management of this article’s evidentiary material was as follows. The core text (the WikiLeaks ‘Collateral Murder’ website) was augmented with related relevant material, chiefly reporting and commentary in the media at the time of the release of the footage. All of this material was in the public domain and readily accessible. Whilst media reporting of the release was initially considered for its broader context it ultimately evidenced key points made for the article. The collection of media reports were compiled using general search engines and internal searches of news and media organisation websites.
The material (with the obvious exception of the footage) was printed and then qualitatively annotated in hard copy over numerous sessions of analysis. Analysis was grounded in a discourse analytic approach to the identification of particular ways of seeing (conceptualised as scopic or visual regimes) and their juxtaposition and interaction. Having watched the footage repeatedly I was able to identify key visual moments that were particularly relevant to the questions being asked and that could be used to evidence the arguments being made. These key moments were rendered as stills and printed for further annotation in hard copy (two of these stills is reproduced within the article). Through this process of textual immersion and the use of a discourse analytic approach, I was able to identify three interacting modes of seeing within the texts: the view from above, the view from below, and the view from the on-the-ground eyewitness. The analytical objective was to trace how different modes of seeing were juxtaposed to create the footage as ‘Collateral Murder’, an intervention that disrupted the ‘view from above’ through which western audiences typically ‘know’ war. This enabled broader conclusions to be drawn concerning the ways in which war experiences are a material of political currency, invoked, appropriated, and ‘written’ in particular configurations to produce knowledge of, and underpinning, war.
The logic of annotation employed for this publication is as follows. Firstly, the annotations are designed to make the underlying evidentiary material easier to find. More specificity is therefore added to delineate which precise elements within the Wikileaks website (in particular) are drawn upon in specific passages of the article. Secondly, further source excerpts are provided to deepen the evidence base and contextualise key quotes or examples already appearing in the text.
Further considerations
The account above tells a neat story about the publication, the broader question it seeks to answer and how doing so was enabled by an evidentiary base. However, in a manner that will be recognisable to many, these elements of neatness belie a complexity and richness in the process of engagement with the material that is not captured, but is instead smoothed over, by the account above. A neat narrative of how the collection, handling and analysis of data figures within the timeline of a piece of research is often some permutation of the following. The researcher has a research question. They then survey the field of available and relevant data, ‘sample’ in some manner to narrow the field and then proceed to the collection of the data, which is then prepared for analysis. The data is analysed and the results written up in the form of the article.
I first watched the ‘Collateral Murder’ video when it was released in April 2010. I was a person watching over a dozen other people being dismembered and destroyed by a 30mm cannon. It is important not to elide things like this when we talk about ‘data’ and ‘empirics’. ‘Collateral Murder’ seemed very significant, but I was unsure about the form of that significance. I returned to ‘Collateral Murder’ repeatedly. Inevitably I was attempting to make sense of it through questions that frame my academic work, questions about the production of knowledge underpinning war. I found ‘Collateral Murder’ very challenging to theorise. I went back to the material again and again over five years. The phrase I used above, ‘numerous sessions of analysis’, does not quite capture the way in which this material lived with me over those years. My allusion to qualitative annotation in hard copy does little to evoke the iterative, open-ended journeying between questions, ideas, concepts, emotions, printed pages, and dynamic footage that would manifest in those notes and be further played out over the multiple drafts of this article. Whilst I would hope that the neater account of empirical management and analysis that I provide above is clarifying and pragmatically useful, it is only a part of a richer, life of and with the ‘data’ that exceeds clear narrative. </p
Data for: Demand for law and the security of property rights: The case of Post-soviet Russia
No full textThis is an Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) data project. The annotated article can be viewed on the publisher's website.
Data Generation
“Demand for Law and the Security of Property Rights: The Case of Russia” employs a mixed-methods approach, utilizing formal modeling, quantitative analysis, and qualitative analysis. Sampling for the quantitative data – an original survey of Russian firms – is discussed in Section 2 of the Online Appendix. The qualitative analysis is based on 90 semi-structured interviews with firms, lawyers, and private security agencies conducted in 2009; 20 semi-structured follow-up interviews with the original respondents conducted in 2014; 36 supplementary interviews conducted with business journalists, business association representatives, academics, and NGOs; and extensive analysis of English and Russian-language secondary materials, including reports and articles by journalists, scholars, NGOs, and government agencies. Additional details about the interview respondents can be found in Section 1 of the article’s Online Appendix. I was able to audio record and create full transcripts for 53 of the 90 interviews (59%), but given the sensitive nature of the research topic, for other interviews I relied on notes taken by me and/or a Russian-speaking RA during the interview.
Data Analysis
The quantitative analyses are used primarily to demonstrate that correlations between explanatory variables and outcomes variables are consistent with the theory presented in the article. The qualitative analyses are used for two purposes. First, they are used, particularly in the section “Evolving Property Security Strategies in Post-Soviet Russia,” for descriptive inference as one type of evidence demonstrating changes in the study’s dependent variable, the strategies that firms use to secure property. In later sections, they are also used for descriptive inference providing evidence of changes in the value of explanatory variables, such as consolidation of ownership in privatized firms, over time. Second, qualitative analyses are used for causal inference to elucidate causal mechanisms, particularly in the sections “Demand-Side Barriers: Exiting the Unofficial Economy,” “Effectiveness of Illegal Strategies: The Impact of Ownership Consolidation,” and “Coordination Dilemmas.”
Logic of Annotation
I have annotated all empirical claims other than those based on my original survey (the data and replication code for quantitative analyses are already available on Dataverse and discussed in detail in the article’s Online Appendix). I also did not annotate claims based on widely available data, such as the World Bank/EBRD Business Environment and Enterprise Survey (BEEPS). My annotations consist primarily of three types:
Annotations to provide sources for descriptive statistics: In the article I cite a number of descriptive statistics, some based on surveys by other scholars, others based on administrative data such as caseloads. Where possible, I have provided source material for the exact tables, figures, or in-text passages on which I based my claims. In many cases, these sources are in Russian, in which case I provided translations to make evaluation of the claims feasible for non-Russian speakers.
Annotations to provide context and original language versions of interview quotes: For interviews in which respondents allowed audio recording, facilitating the creation of full transcripts, I provided complete excerpts in Russian and in translation of the quotations and in some cases the conversation preceding and following the citation itself. In cases where I could not make audio recordings, my quotes are based on handwritten notes that I or an RA typed up the day of the interview. These cases are noted in the annotations themselves.
Annotations to discuss credibility of a specific source or provide additional substantiation of a claim: For example, annotation #33 discusses a quote from a major Russian business tycoon and examines why this source is credible.</ol
Caregiver impact on adherence to discharge instructions
No full textThis study was a subset of a RCT using patient oriented discharge summaries (PODS) and looked at the caregiver impact on understanding and adherence to discharge instructions in a complex, acute medical population.
An admission to hospital for acute illness can be difficult for patients and lead to high levels of anxiety. Patients are given a lot of information throughout their hospital stay and instructions at discharge to follow when they get home. For complex medical patients, the ability to retain, understand, and adhere to these instructions is a critical marker of a successful transition. This study was undertaken to explore factors impacting the ability of patients to understand and adhere to instructions.
A qualitative design of interviews with patients and caregivers was used. Participants were adult patients and caregivers with congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or community-acquired pneumonia being discharged home from three academic acute care hospitals in Ontario, Canada. Semi structured interviews were conducted with participants within one week following their discharge from hospital. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Five independent researchers participated in an iterative process of coding, reviewing, and analyzing the interviews using direct content analysis.
In total, 27 participants completed qualitative interviews. Analysis revealed the role of the caregiver to be critical in its relation to the ability of patients to understand and adhere to discharge instructions. Within the topic of caregiving, we draw on three areas of insight: The first clarified how caregivers support patients after they are discharged home from the hospital. The second highlighted how caregiver involvement impacts patient understanding and adherence to discharge instructions. The third revealed system factors that influence a caregiver’s involvement when receiving discharge instructions.
Caregivers play an important role in the transition of a complex medical patient by impacting a patient’s ability to understand and adhere to their discharge instructions. The themes identified in this paper highlight opportunities for healthcare providers and institutions to effectively involve caregivers during transitions from acute care hospitals to home.</p
Data for: The ratification premium: Hawks, doves, and arms control
No full textThis appendix contains images for all archival documents from the Jimmy Carter Library cited in “The Ratification Premium.”
All document images are included courtesy of the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum administered by the National Archives and Records Administration. We are grateful to Sara Mitchell, Brittany Paris, and Charles Stokley for their assistance at the Carter Library, and to Brendan Green for sharing additional images
Data for: Perceptions of stigma and discrimination in health care settings towards Sub-saharan African migrant women living with hiv/aids in Belgium: A qualitative study
No full textThis is an Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) data project. The annotated article can be viewed on the publisher's website.
Project Summary
A medical condition was diagnosed by doctors and other medical experts as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in the early 1980s. HIV is transmitted in the following ways: heterosexual, same sex, mother to child at child birth or breastfeeding, blood transfusion and needle stick injuries. An individual can be infected with HIV but this may not always lead to AIDS if proper antiretroviral therapy (ART) and medical care are given before the disease is far advanced. This condition or disorder has remained on most national and international agendas in search of the origin, treatment, prevention and cure. A positive HIV/AIDS diagnosis is a life-changing event and the patient has to deal with living with an incurable and chronic disease.
Globally, an estimated 36.7 million people are living with HIV, of which 25.5 million are living in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) . Women are more likely than men to contract HIV. HIV prevalence is exceptionally high among SSA persons. This pattern is mirrored among SSA migrant women living in Western Europe. An estimated 29864 people have been diagnosed with HIV in Belgium since 1981 with an estimated adult prevalence of 0.2%. About 915 new HIV diagnoses were registered in 2016 and the number of patients in care was about 15266. Interestingly, about 68% of women receiving medical treatment and care are women from SSA.
Data
The paper’s main component is an investigation of the perceptions of stigma and discrimination among SSA migrant women in healthcare settings in Belgium. The data presented in this article is part of a larger qualitative study on the experiences of sub-Saharan African migrant women living and aging with HIV/AIDS in Belgium. Data was collected between April 2013 and December 2014 in Belgium. This paper describes life with HIV generally and stigma experiences in health care settings (hospitals, pharmacies and dental clinics) visited by study participants. Using data from semi-structured in-depth interviews and observations, the authors describe the causes, forms and consequences of stigma and discrimination in healthcare settings in the Belgium. A literature study was also done. The recruitment of participants was done in two phases. Firstly, recruitment was done through healthcare professionals treating the women at an AIDS Reference Centre (ARC) at a university teaching hospital. Healthcare professionals identified patients that met the inclusion criteria from the consultation list, informed them about the study and invited them to participate. The treating physicians briefly explained the aim of the study to patients. Where women refused to be interviewed, the healthcare providers systematically asked the patients their reasons for refusal. These reasons and some background information were communicated to the researcher who took note of the patients' reasons. The second phase of recruitment involved snowball sampling of SSA migrant women self-identified as living with HIV/AIDS during workshops on HIV/AIDS in Belgium. Participants recruited from HIV workshops were approached and invited by the researcher to participate in the study. In both cases, if they agreed to participate, they signed the informed consent forms. All the women invited were adults, aged 18 years and above, speaking French or English and receiving treatment in Belgium. Patients only recently diagnosed, within a period of less than three months, were excluded because of the great emotional impact of finding out about HIV positive status. Participants received no financial incentive. In addition, their treating professionals were interviewed.
Data analysis for this article was done as part of a larger study that used thematic analysis and some basic grounded theory techniques (coding, constant comparison) involving three stages: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. A rationale for using some basic grounded theory techniques in this study is that grounded theory method can be used for any form of data collection. Additionally, it can combine, integrate and transcend many data collection methods. In the first stage, words and sentences grounded in the text that were meaningful were identified for explanatory concepts. Transcripts were analysed, themes were noted and compared with other transcripts in order to ensure consistency. Then, each transcript was re-read and important words and phrases were highlighted by using colour-coding schemes for important categories of information grounded in the data. In this research, there were no criteria prepared in advance, supporting the inductive approach of grounded theory. The emerging categories were constantly compared and as the data was collected from the field, key issues were identified and modified in order to generate themes. During the second phase (axial) of coding, the relationship, context, and strategies used to manage the phenomenon (HIV/AIDS) were reviewed. Excerpts that could better explain the basic themes related to stigma and discrimination in healthcare settings were selected and included in the text. This final stage (selective coding) pulled together all the concepts grounded in the data in order to offer an understanding of the study aims. The outcome of this process was the development of a central theme that was pivotal to understanding SSA migrant women with HIV/AIDS perceptions of stigma and discrimination in healthcare settings in Belgium and the strategies they use to cope with the disease.
This article demonstrates that stigma and discrimination among sub-Saharan African migrant women in healthcare settings in Belgium is ubiquitous and affects the health-seeking behaviour of these women living with HIV. The feelings and experiences of not properly treated or received sub-optimal care at healthcare settings because of their being HIV positive is unequivocal. The paper further highlights various reactions to perceived negative attitudes or behaviours of non-HIV healthcare providers. Conversely, we found that most women self-stigmatized. They are aware of the existing HIV-related stigma; they accept or internalize this stigma and then apply this stigma to themselves by social distancing, blame, guilt, non-disclosure, shame, isolation and hopelessness. The compelling evidence depicts the damaging and adverse impact of stigma and discrimination on treatment adherence, physical and mental wellbeing of these women. </p
Data for: The territorial expansion of the colonial state: Evidence from German East Africa 1890–1909
No full textThis is an Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) data project. The annotated article can be viewed on the publisher's website.
In this paper, we investigate the spatial expansion of the colonial state in German East Africa. In contrast to large parts of the literature that focuses on the development of national state capabilities, we analyze the development of sub-national state presence. We argue that this sub-national expansion of state presence follows a logic of political and territorial control. We present statistical evidence that the German colonial government was more likely to establish presence, via the creation of a military station, if a region violently resisted German rule in the immediate past or if the creation of a station vastly expanded territorial control of the colony. This required the colonial administration to commit scarce financial and human resources even to remote and dangerous locations of the colony. In contrast, the potential for economic extraction or cost-driving geographic or ecological factors seem to have mattered less in the colonial government’s decision-making. These findings extend our understanding of state-building in colonial times and emphasize the importance of a context-specific, political calculus, forcing colonial decision-makers to make consequential investments with very limited information.Data overview
The core empirical contribution of the paper is a statistical analysis of the creation of military stations in German East Africa from 1890 to 1909. The analysis relies on an indicator of station presence in a set of regular grid-cells, observed from 1890 to 1909, as our main outcome measure. We also consider information on station type and troop strength as alternatives. Our key independent variables are the occurrence of violence against German troops in each grid cell in prior years and a measure of territorial coverage gain implied by the creation of new stations. The analysis controls for an extensive list of control variables. More details on variable definitions and modeling assumptions in the statistical analysis can be found in the paper and statistical appendix. Several of our quantitative variables were generated by digitizing archival records and information from historical maps. All maps, periodicals and monographs have been obtained from the “Berlin State Library – Prussian Cultural Heritage” (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz), the “ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics” (Leibniz- Informationszentrum Wirtschaft) in Hamburg and the German Federal Archives in Berlin. Data for our main outcome and explanatory variable come from a book written by Ernst Nigmann, a former major in the colonial army, and published in 1911. Nigmann provides information on the establishment dates and locations of German stations as well as on major instances of violence in the colony. We have digitized this information with the help of the 1920 German Colonial Atlas and a complete village and location register accompanying the atlas. The atlas was published in 1920 by the Colonial Department of the Imperial Foreign Ministry (Kolonialabteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes). The atlas consists of nine over-sized map sheets. Information on other variables and the underlying primary sources can be found in the main manuscript and the statistical appendix.
We complement this statistical analysis with a descriptive introduction to the case of German East Africa and the discussion of a few qualitative pieces of evidence with respect to the decision-making calculus of colonial administrators. The Section “Colonial State Building in German East Africa” conveys basic descriptive information about the evolution of German colonialism in Tanzania. This section largely draws on secondary source material written by historians. Our section on “Robustness Checks” provides more specific qualitative evidence from primary sources in support of our argument. For example, we use information from an official military handbook (“Militärisches Orientierungsheft für Deutsch-Ostafrika”), prepared by the German military and published in 1911, to discuss the practical difficulty of obtaining reliable information on local ethnic groups. This discussion illustrates the need for colonial decision-makers to rely on easily observable events, like violence against German troops or settlers, for allocating stations across the colony instead of relying on specific organizational characteristics of local ethnic groups. We leverage additional primary source material to engage other aspects of station placement. For example, Section 15 in the Appendix draws on the yearly report of the colonial office from 1904/05 and other internal colonial files to identify explicit motives for station creation. Here, we also draw on assessments by Ernst Nigman, published in his 1911 book. Section 16 engages qualitative evidence on the role of cost considerations in station placement, specifically the disease environment. This section draws on the book by Ernst Nigmann and additional government files from the colonial office. Finally, Section 17 in the Appendix provides more detail on the Maji-Maji revolt against the German government. This draws on original quantitative data from the German East African Newspaper (detailed in De Juan 2014) and minutes of the meeting by the colonial government council (Gouvernementsrat). All primary documents were accessed in the Berlin State Library, the ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, and the German Federal Archives in Berlin.
For the annotations added to the main document, we followed the suggestions outlined by the ATI Working Group. First, we screened all citations, descriptive, and analytical claims in the manuscript. We then decided to not add additional annotations to mere literature citations or citations of basic historical facts. Instead, we focus on supplementing original claims made by us that are based on our reading of primary source material. For these annotations, we decided to provide more context information and details on the source material or, when useful, the original quotation (often in German) or other noteworthy observations. We also decided to add several annotations to primary material cited in the paper that was used for the quantitative analysis. While our manuscript and statistical appendix provide detailed sources and specifics on data creation, we felt it was useful to offer the reader an abridged version of this information in the form of an annotation