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    Tuning refractive index of PDMS by CO2 laser engraving for polymer optical splitter applications

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    <p>This work demonstrated the core cavity fabrication of a polymer optical power splitter by CO2 laser engraving. CO2 laser pulses radically modified the surface of PDMS by generating chemical changes. The prepared PDMS sheet was engraved with a CO2 laser at different pulse speeds to carve the surface with the desired depth and width (1.0 mm and 400 mu m) causing a chemical change introducing different functional groups on the surface of PDMS due to the oxidation of the surface during laser treatment. More importantly, the refractive index value of the pristine PDMS varied dramatically by the laser treatment. Employing NOA 74 optical adhesive as a core material on the CO2 engraved surface resulted in a polymer optical splitter with 1.0 mm and 400 mu m of core size.</p&gt

    Effect of Biochars Derived from Different Agricultural Wastes Under Different Pyrolyzing Temperatures on Microbial Properties of a Loam-Clay Soil During Plant Growing Season

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    <p>A two-season experiment to identify an efficient strategy for the optimized soil microbial activity using biochar from four agricultural residues subjected to two different pyrolyzing temperatures (300 degrees C and 500 degrees C) was conducted in greenhouse conditions. The biochar types were identified according to the final pyrolyzing temperature as vineyard pruning biochar-300 degrees C (VB300), vineyard pruning biochar-500 degrees C (VB500), tomato biochar-300 degrees C (TB300), tomato biochar-500 degrees C (TB500), clove biochar-300 degrees C (CB300), clove biochar-500 degrees C (CB500), banana biochar-300 degrees C (BB300) and banana biochar-500 degrees C (BB500). The experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design with five replications and 9 treatments including the control with a total of 45 pots. Soil samples were taken after biochar applications at two-week intervals (0, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th week) during the growth period of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Crispa) and analyzed for chemical (pH and EC) and biological parameters (urease, alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, nitrification, denitrification activities and bacterial count). Biochar applications were found to have an impact on enzyme activities in various degrees. Selected biochar treatments increased pH, EC, urease, alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucosidase and nitrification activities but not the bacterial count in the first growing period. However, no significant difference was found among treatments in the second growing period (except beta-glucosidase). Overall evaluation of the data suggested that, under the experimental conditions, feedstock type, rather than pyrolyzing temperature, appeared to be more influential on the biological parameters monitored and banana biochar was found to be the most effective one in the short term.</p&gt

    Erken Abbâsî Devrinde Zındıklık Olgusunu Besleyen Sosyopolitik Gelişmeler

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    <p>Bu çalışma zındıklık olgusunun tarihsel arka planını ve erken Abbâsî döneminde bu olguyu besleyen siyasi ve sosyal gelişmeleri incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Emevîlerin sonunda ve Abbâsîlerin başlangıcında siyasi, coğrafi ve kültürel gelişmelerinin etkisiyle zındıklık şeklinde isimlendirilen ve Müslüman toplumu derinden etkileyen bazı sapkın ideolojiler ortaya çıkmıştır. İslam’ın temel prensipleriyle bağdaşmayan muhtelif fikir ve ideolojilere sahip bu oluşumlar, erken Abbâsî döneminde yaşanan siyasi ve sosyal gelişmelere paralel olarak zaman zaman devletin bürokratik mekanizmalarını etkileyebilecek güce ulaşmışlardır. Abbâsî halifeleri Merkūnîlik, Dehrîlik, Manicilik, Deysânîlik, Senevîlik, Mezdekîlik, Mecûsîlik gibi ağırlıklı olarak kadim Fars inanç ve geleneklerini canlandırmayı hedefleyen zındık gruplarla kararlı bir mücadele içerisine girmişler; hatta bu konuyu haleflerine vasiyet edecek kadar önemsemişlerdir. Nitekim bu dönemde ilk kez söz konusu heretik grupların yargılanıp cezalandırıldığı Dîvânü’z-Zenâdıka adlı bir kurum ihdas edilmiştir. Zındık ve mülhidler her fırsatta sapkın fikir ve ideolojilerini yaymaya çalışmışlar, inanç ve amel düzeyinde Müslüman toplumu ifsat etmeye dönük maksatlı bir tutum içerisine girmişlerdir. Zındıklık hareketleri devlet mekanizmasının otoriter olduğu evrelerde gizli ve derinden sürerken siyasi ve sosyal politikaların yumuşamaya başladığı evrelerde daha açık ve görünür şekilde devam etmiştir. Bu çerçevede zındıkların, halifelerin benimsediği siyasi ve ictimai politikaların ortaya çıkardığı atmosfere göre tutum geliştirdikleri görülmüştür. Çalışmada erken Abbâsî döneminde ortaya çıkan Beytü’l-Hikme müessesesi, tercüme hareketleri, Mihne hadisesi, Şuûbiyye akımı gibi dini ve sosyokültürel gelişmelerin zındıklık olgusunu beslediği tezi üzerinde durulmaktadır. Son olarak çalışmada literatür tarama ve dokümantasyon yöntemi benimsenmiş olup erken dönem Abbasî dönemini konu alan klasik ve modern kaynaklar zındıklık kavramı etrafında şekillenen olguların tespitine imkan verecek ölçüde taranarak tasnif edilmiş ve anlamlı bir bütünlük ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.</p&gt

    3D Printable mortars with green materials: sustainable solutions with nanocellulose

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    <p>This study aims to improve the fresh and hardened properties of 3D-printable mortars. For this purpose, mortar mixtures containing cellulose nanofibers (CNF) obtained from the green algae of the Cladophora sp., which is abundant in lakes and causes environmental pollution if not recycled, as well as commercially available cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and welan gum (WG) were prepared. The results showed that CNF was the most effective additive in improving fresh-state rheology, increasing yield stress by approximately 6 times and thixotropy by 48 times compared to the reference sample. Additionally, the CNF-modified mortar could carry a load of 50 N in the fresh state. The CNC additive showed the best mechanical performance, increasing compressive strength by 12%. Cellulosic additives were also observed to reduce shrinkage. Nanocellulose additives also increased the interlayer adhesion strength. All additives used have improved the properties of 3D-printable mortars. This study successfully produced a 3D-printable concrete/mortar additive from Cladophora sp., an environmentally detrimental waste material.</p&gt

    Synthesis, characterization, and investigation of photoluminescence optima of In<SUP>3+</SUP> and Gd<SUP>3+</SUP> doped Eu<sub>1.90</sub>In<sub>0.10</sub>Ru<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> and Eu<sub>1.90</sub>Gd<sub>0.10</sub>Ru<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> materials

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    &lt;p&gt;In this study, we investigated the photoluminescence properties and structure of the In3+ and Gd3+ doped Eu2Ru2O7-based pyrochlore materials. The samples were synthesized by solid state reaction technique, investigated structurally by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermally by thermogravimetry, and differential thermal analysis, morphologically by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photoluminescence properties of Eu1.90In0.10Ru2O7 and Eu1.90Gd0.10Ru2O7 were investigated with photoluminescence spectrometer. X-ray diffraction patterns of all the samples showed that all samples had a cubic type pyrochlore crystal structure with a = b = c = 10.252 &amp; Aring; and alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees. The XRD patterns demonstrate that neither the type nor the amount of doping ion alters the unit cell parameter. The SEM images of Eu1.90In0.10Ru2O7 and Eu1.90Gd0.10Ru2O7 reveal a regular morphology, with an average sample size ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 mu m. The elementel (EDX) analysis confirm the absence of impurity elements and showing that the theoretical and experimental element ratios are consistent with EDX analysis expectations. The pyrochlore phosphors showed broad red emission band at similar to 605 nm. This red emission can be attributed to the D-5(0)-&gt; F-7(2) transitions of Eu3+. The phosphor co-doped with In3+ ions has a considerably longer lifetime and photoluminescence intensity than the other phosphor. Eu1.90In0.10Ru2O7 and Eu1.90Gd0.10Ru2O7 phosphors, which show transitions in the red region (at 605/606 nm,D-5(0) -&gt; F-7(2)), are suitable for optoelectronic and white LED applications.&lt;/p&gt

    Exploring the potential of Trichoderma secondary metabolites against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

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    &lt;p&gt;This study aimed to determine&nbsp;1) the effects of fungal filtrates containing secondary metabolites&nbsp;from five different isolates of four different&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Trichoderma&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;species (&lt;em&gt;Trichoderma afroharzianum&lt;/em&gt;,&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. guizhouense&lt;/em&gt;,&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. harzianum&lt;/em&gt;, and&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. virens&lt;/em&gt;)&nbsp;grown in different liquid media&nbsp;[malt extract broth (MEB), potato dextrose broth (PDB), yeast peptone glucose (YPG), minimal medium (MM), czapek-dox broth (CDB)]&nbsp;on&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Tetranychus urticae&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;female,&nbsp;and&nbsp;2) the effects of&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Trichoderma&lt;/em&gt;filtrates obtained from YPG liquid media&nbsp;on the different biological stages of&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. urticae&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;in Petri dish and pot experiments.&nbsp;Results showed that the&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Trichoderma&nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;filtrates&nbsp;produced in the YPG medium exhibited the highest mortality rate of 67.6 - 83.1 % against&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. urticae&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;females at 7 days post-application (dpa) compared to other media. In Petri dish experiments, the mortality rates of&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Trichoderma&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;filtrates&nbsp;on egg, larva, protonymph and deutonymph stages of&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. urticae&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;at 7 dpa were 54.0 - 57.8 %, 71.5 - 76.0 %, 72.5 - 79.8 % and 72.8 - 80.8 %, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Trichoderma&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;species and control (P &lt; 0.01) but not among the&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Trichoderma&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;species (P &gt; 0.05).&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Trichoderma afroharzianum&nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;(83 %) and&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. virens&nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;(84 %) showed the highest mortality rate on&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. urticae&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;adult females at 7 dpa and statistically significant differences were observed among&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Trichoderma&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;species.&nbsp;Pot experiments revealed that the number of viable&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. urticae&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;eggs and mobile stages was significantly lower for&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. afroharzianum&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;(110.3 eggs, 105.8 mobile stages) and&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. virens&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;(118.5 eggs, 115.3 mobile stages) compared to the control (518.9 eggs, 452.5 mobile stages) at 7 dpa.&nbsp;Significant differences were observed between&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Trichoderma&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;species and control, but not between&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. afroharzianum&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;and&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. virens.&nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;These findings suggest that&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Trichoderma&lt;/em&gt;&nbsp;secondary metabolites are highly effective against economically important pest such as&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;T. urticae&lt;/em&gt;, demonstrating their potential as bio-acaricides.&nbsp;Future research should focus on identifying the specific acaricidal compound(s) within these filtrates.&lt;/p&gt

    Exploring protective mechanisms with triazine ring and hydroxyethyl groups: Experimental and theoretical insights

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    &lt;p&gt;The current study investigates the protective mechanisms of a novel triazine-based compound, 2,2 ',2"-((1,3,5triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris (azanediyl))triethanol (TATTE) (for carbon steel protection in 0.5 M sulfuric acid) were investigated. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses unveiled that TATTE serves as a protective agent with a dual inhibitory mechanism, showcasing exceptional efficiency exceeding 96%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations demonstrated the formation of a protective layer by TATTE on the surface of carbon steel. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations offered valuable insights into the favorable adsorption of both the neutral and protonated forms of TATTE through interactions between their functional groups and the steel surface. Molecular dynamics simulations further substantiated this, revealing that the neutral molecule exhibits physical adsorption, while the protonated form engages in stronger chemical adsorption, as evidenced by binding energies and radial distribution functions. The superior protective mechanism performance observed in our experiments can be attributed to the synergistic adsorption of TATTE, facilitated by the presence of the triazine ring and multiple hydroxyl groups.&lt;/p&gt

    Is process damping effective in the stability of robotic milling?

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    &lt;p&gt;Chatter stability is a major constraint in milling, where low and high cutting speeds are used. At low cutting speed regime, process damping leads to increased stability, whereas at high cutting speeds lobing effect is beneficial. Excitation frequency depends on spindle speed and the number of cutting flutes on the milling tool. Hence the vibration mode governing chatter stability varies for multi-mode milling systems. In CNC milling, low frequency structural modes are stiffer than cutting spindle-holder-tool (SHT) assembly. However, robotic milling demonstrates a distinct behavior as low frequency modes are significantly more flexible. This study investigates the effect of robot structure induced low frequency vibration modes on stability limits at low cutting speeds, where process damping is expected to increase stability limits. Time domain simulations are used to explain the variation of the dominant mode from high frequency to low frequency with the decreasing spindle speed. Simulated stability diagram for the multi-mode robotic milling system is verified by experiments. It was shown that especially the vibration modes in the range of 15 to 20 Hz do not generate enough process damping force due to long vibration waves, i.e. cutting speed - to - chatter frequency ratio, when low frequency modes govern chatter stability. Simulation of stability diagrams showed that there is a spindle speed region where the stability lobes governed by the robot structure crosscut the stability lobes governed by the THS assembly. Due to the inherent effect of tool diameter (D) and number of cutting flutes (Z) on cutting speed and excitation frequency, this region shifts according to the D/Z ratio. It was shown through simulations that D/Z ratio is a critical metric to benefit from process damping without the interference of the low frequency excitation of the robotic structure. The simulation results are used to provide suggestions for milling tool selection in robotic milling, where the main conclusion is to use lower D/Z ratio, which means that using high number of cutting flutes.&lt;/p&gt

    Transcriptomic investigation of NP toxicity on HepaRG spheroids

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    &lt;p&gt;Metal nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly used nanomaterials, however concerns have been raised about their toxicity. Although a few studies have reported the toxicity of NPs on cells, they have generally been restricted to a limited variety of NPs, inappropriate cell lines, or culture methods. Thus, the adverse effects remain inadequately understood, necessitating further analysis. This study focuses on assessing the impacts of diverse NPs of varying materials and sizes on HepaRG spheroids to determine the genes that respond to acute NP toxicity. HepaRG cells, the most appropriate alternative to primary hepatocytes, were cultured in 3D spheroids to better mimic the cellular microenvironment of the liver. To elucidate the toxicity mechanisms of NPs on HepaRG spheroids, transcriptome analysis was conducted by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Among all NPs, lowest and highest numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found for 40 nm AuNP (118 genes) and InP/ ZnS (1904 genes), respectively. Remarkably, processes such as drug metabolism, sensitivity to metal ions, oxidative stress, endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis consistently exhibited significant enrichment across all NPs of different materials. Pathways related to stress responses of the cells such as the MAPK, p53 and mTOR pathways are found to be dysregulated upon exposure to various NPs. The genes that are common and unique between DEGs of different NPs were identified. These results provide novel insights into the toxicological mechanisms of NPs on HepaRG spheroids.&lt;/p&gt

    İbadet Erteleme: Dinî Tutum ve Erteleme İlişkisi

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    &lt;p&gt;Bu &ccedil;alışmanın ama&ccedil;larından biri, yetişkinler i&ccedil;in T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;nin din&icirc; k&uuml;lt&uuml;rel yapısına uygun bir ibadet erteleme &ouml;l&ccedil;eği geliştirmektir. İbadet erteleme, din&icirc; tutum ve genel ertelemenin hem birbirleriyle hem de &ccedil;eşitli demografik değişkenlerle ilişkisinin incelenmesi de araştırmanın ikinci amacını oluşturmaktadır. İbadet erteleme davranışı konusunda geliştirilen &ouml;l&ccedil;eğin, din psikolojisinin &ouml;nemli konularından olan din&icirc; davranışların incelenmesine &ouml;nemli bir katkı sağlayacağı &ouml;ng&ouml;r&uuml;lmektedir. Ayrıca bu &ouml;l&ccedil;ek kullanılarak bireylerin ibadet ertelemeleri ile farklı bir&ccedil;ok tutum ve davranışın incelenmesi de m&uuml;mk&uuml;n olacaktır. &Ccedil;alışmada tarama modelleri arasında yer alan ilişkisel tarama y&ouml;ntemi kullanılmıştır. &Ouml;l&ccedil;ek geliştirme aşamasında &ouml;ncelikle konuyla ilgili literat&uuml;r taranmış ve 15 kişiyle derinlemesine m&uuml;lakat yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bu verilerle bir kavram havuzu oluşturulmuş; kavram havuzundan yararlanılarak 49 maddelik taslak &ouml;l&ccedil;ek geliştirilmiştir. Taslak &ouml;l&ccedil;eğin kapsam ge&ccedil;erliliğini; yazım ve &ouml;l&ccedil;me a&ccedil;ısından uygunluğunu değerlendirmeleri i&ccedil;in &ccedil;eşitli uzmanların g&ouml;r&uuml;şlerine başvurulmuştur. Uzman g&ouml;r&uuml;şleri &ccedil;er&ccedil;evesinde; 19 madde &ouml;l&ccedil;ekten &ccedil;ıkarılmış, 4 madde &ouml;l&ccedil;eğe eklenmiş, &ouml;l&ccedil;me değerlendirme, imla ve dilbilgisi a&ccedil;ısından bazı maddeler revize edilmiştir. Bu işlemler sonucunda 34 maddeye d&uuml;şen &ouml;l&ccedil;ek, evreni yansıtacak k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k bir &ouml;rneklem grubuna anlaşılabilirlik ve doldurma s&uuml;resinin tespiti amacıyla uygulanmıştır. &Ouml;l&ccedil;eğin &ouml;rneklem grubuna uygulanmasından &ouml;nce Kırıkkale &Uuml;niversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Etik Kuruluna başvurularak onay alınmıştır. İlk uygulama 24.04.2023 ile 11.05.2023 arasında ger&ccedil;ekleştirilmiş ve &ouml;l&ccedil;eği farklı demografik &ouml;zelliklere sahip 400 kişinin uygun şekilde doldurduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler &uuml;zerinde Jamovi programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Ayırt edicilik değeri 0,40 olarak belirlenmiştir. Analizler sonucunda istenen ayırt ediciliğe sahip olmayan, birden fazla fakt&ouml;re yakın oranda y&uuml;k veren veya bir fakt&ouml;r&uuml;n altında tek kalan maddeler &ccedil;ıkarılmıştır. B&ouml;ylece 2 fakt&ouml;rl&uuml; 14 maddeden oluşan bir &ouml;l&ccedil;ek elde edilmiştir. Bu iki fakt&ouml;r&uuml;n, toplam varyansın %52,6&rsquo;sını a&ccedil;ıkladığı ortaya &ccedil;ıkmıştır. Daha sonra &ouml;l&ccedil;ek; doğrulayıcı fakt&ouml;r analizi i&ccedil;in aynı evrenden alınan farklı bir &ouml;rnekleme tekrar uygulanmıştır. Bu uygulamada ge&ccedil;erli kabul edilen 399 &ouml;l&ccedil;ek &uuml;zerinden yapılan analizlerde verilerin doğrulayıcı fakt&ouml;r analizi i&ccedil;in uygun olduğu g&ouml;r&uuml;lm&uuml;şt&uuml;r. Doğrulayıcı fakt&ouml;r analizinden elde edilen sonu&ccedil;lar, a&ccedil;ımlayıcı fakt&ouml;r analizinin bulgularını desteklemiştir. Doğrulayıcı fakt&ouml;r analizinden sonra ger&ccedil;ekleştirilen g&uuml;venirlik analizinde &ouml;l&ccedil;eğin Cronbach&rsquo;s alfa değerinin 0,902 olduğu g&ouml;r&uuml;lm&uuml;şt&uuml;r. Sonu&ccedil; olarak mazeret bulma (8 madde) ve umursamama (6 madde) adı verilen iki boyuta sahip, ge&ccedil;erli, g&uuml;venilir ve kuramsal temeli g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml; bir ibadet erteleme &ouml;l&ccedil;eği elde edilmiştir. &Ouml;l&ccedil;ek geliştirme tamamlandıktan sonra ibadet erteleme ile din&icirc; tutum ve genel erteleme ilişkisine bakılmıştır. Bu ama&ccedil;la, elde edilen veriler SPSS 23,0 paket programıyla incelenmiş ve araştırmacı tarafından yorumlanmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonu&ccedil;larına g&ouml;re ibadet erteleme ile genel erteleme arasında pozitif, din&icirc; tutum arasında negatif bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Genel ertelemede bek&acirc;rların evlilerden, 18-24 yaş arasındakilerin diğer yaş aralığındakilerden, kamu &ccedil;alışanlarının &ouml;ğrencilerden daha y&uuml;ksek ortalamalara sahip olduğu ortaya &ccedil;ıkmıştır. Alt boyutlar a&ccedil;ısından; din&icirc; tutumun biliş alt boyutunda kadınların erkeklerden, genel ertelemenin zamanı etkin kullanma alt boyutunda kadınların erkeklerden, ibadet ertelemenin umursamama alt boyutunda b&uuml;y&uuml;kşehirde yaşayanların il&ccedil;e ve k&ouml;yde yaşayanlardan daha y&uuml;ksek ortalamaya sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.&lt;/p&gt

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