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INFLUENCE OF SUPERVISORS’ SELF-AWARENESS ON THE INNOVATIVE WORK BEHAVIOR OF PHARMACY SUPERINTENDENTS IN RETAIL PHARMACIES IN KENYA
Get PDFIn Kenya’s competitive pharmaceutical retail landscape, there is growing concern over the limited adoption of innovative practices, despite mounting pressures for sustainability and improved patient care. This is compounded by concerns of increased workload, burnout and work disengagement in the backdrop of a leadership skills gap that does not provide the needed motivation for employees to engage in innovative work behavior. This study investigated the influence of leaders’ self-awareness on the innovative work behavior of pharmacy superintendents in retail pharmacies across Kenya. Drawing on authentic leadership theory, self-awareness was conceptualized through the dimensions of self-efficacy, humility, and empathy. The study was guided by the post -positivism research philosophy and applied a descriptive correlational research design. The study targeted 1129 pharmacy superintendents from retail pharmacies across Kenya based on the 2023 Pharmacy and Poison’s Board listing of registered pharmacies. A sample of 326 was obtained using a random sampling technique. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data and 309 responses were obtained translating to a 95% response rate. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The ordinal logistic regression indicated that self-awareness accounted for 30.3% of the variance in innovative behavior (Nagelkerke R² = .303) and was a strong predictor (β = 1.46, p < .05), with a one-unit increase associated with a 4.32-fold increase in the odds of the pharmacy superintendents being in higher levels of innovative work behavior. The findings contribute to authentic leadership literature by empirically demonstrating that leaders’ self-awareness significantly influences innovative work behavior in retail pharmacy settings. These findings underscore the importance of integrating self-awareness into leadership development programs for pharmacy owner-managers in Kenya’s pharmaceutical retail sector
Influence of a leader’s Internalized Moral Perspective on the Innovative Work Behavior of Pharmacy Superintendents in Retail Pharmacies in Kenya
Get PDFIn Kenya’s pharmaceutical retail sector, calls for innovative practices are mounting amid growing concerns about increased workload, burnout, and employee disengagement. These challenges are exacerbated by a leadership skills gap that fails to inspire innovative work behavior among pharmacy personnel. While the influence of authentic leadership in healthcare settings has been widely studied, limited empirical research has focused on how leaders’ internalized moral perspective influence innovative behavior in retail pharmacy settings. This study addresses this gap by investigating the influence of internalized moral perspective on the innovative work behavior of pharmacy superintendents in retail pharmacies in Kenya. Grounded in authentic leadership theory, internalized moral perspective was operationalized through integrity, ethical decision-making, and consistency between values and actions. A post-positivist philosophy guided the study, which employed a descriptive correlational research design. From a population of 1,129 pharmacy superintendents drawn from the 2023 Pharmacy and Poisons Board (PPB) list of registered pharmacies in Kenya, a sample of 326 was selected using stratified random sampling. Structured questionnaires yielded 309 valid responses. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Ordinal logistic regression indicated that internalized moral perspective significantly predicted innovative work behavior ((β = 1.75, p < .05), accounting for 37.2% of its variance (Nagelkerke R² = .372). A one-unit increase in a leader’s internalized moral perspective was associated with a 5.75-fold increase in the likelihood of pharmacy superintendents exhibiting higher innovative work behavior. These findings contribute to leadership literature by empirically validating internalized moral perspective as a driver of innovative work behavior in retail pharmacy settings. The study highlights the need for leadership training of pharmacy owners/managers, with a specific focus on moral and ethical leadership through formal and continuous professional development programs
An assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of compulsory mediation in Malawi
Get PDFThis article analyses the efficiency and effectiveness of mandatory judgeled mediation in Malawi. It discusses whether mandatory judge-led mediation meets the objectives of reducing costs, delay, and case backlog as provided for under the High Court Civil Procedure Rules, 2017. This article also analyses the benefits, challenges, and the parties’ satisfaction with mandatory mediation. This study argues that although Malawi’s mandatory mediation may resolve disputes expeditiously, reduce case backlog and costs, it threatens the parties’ right to trial and infringes mediation principles including voluntariness, party self-determination, flexibility,and informality. Further, while the Constitution of Malawi recognises and promotes the use of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms such as mediation to enhance access to justice, Malawi lacks institutions, policies and comprehensive legislation which can sufficiently promote the use of mediation and help to decongest courts in Malawi
Towards a universal legal framework: The necessity of international legal regulation for surrogacy
Get PDFThe global rise of surrogacy, both as a medical practice and a commercial arrangement, has outpaced the development of international legal frameworks, leading to significant ethical, legal, and human rights concerns. Currently, surrogacy laws vary drastically across jurisdictions, ranging from outright prohibition to permissive commercial practices, often leaving surrogate mothers, intended parents, and children in vulnerable and uncertain legal positions. This paper argues that the absence of a cohesive international legal regime to regulate surrogacy exacerbates these disparities, fostering exploitation, forum shopping, and legal fragmentation, especially in cross-border surrogacy arrangements. Drawing upon comparative legal analysis and international human rights law, the paper advocates for the establishment of a universal legal framework that would harmonise surrogacy regulations across borders. Such a framework would address fundamental issues, including the protection of surrogate mothers from exploitation, the recognition and enforcement of parental rights across jurisdictions, and the safeguarding of the rights and welfare of children born through surrogacy. Through an analysis of existing frameworks and the evolving discourse, this paper argues that comprehensive international regulation is essential to address the global nature of surrogacy, while also balancing national autonomywith universal human rights protections
Loss of Non-Tangible Resources and Posttraumatic Growth among Survivors of the Solai Dam Disaster, Nakuru County, Kenya
Get PDFKenya frequently experiences disasters that are often accompanied by profound mental health impacts. Existing literature primarily focuses on the negative psychological outcomes of such events, with limited attention to the potential for posttraumatic growth (PTG) among survivors. This study investigated PTG among survivors of the Solai dam disaster in Nakuru County, Kenya, aiming to establish the relationship between demographic characteristics, the loss of non-tangible resources, and the extent of PTG. The study targeted adult survivors from the 223 most affected households, with a purposive sample of 80 respondents. A mixed-methods approach was employed. Quantitative data were collected using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory–Expanded (PTGI-X) and the Loss of Resources (LOR) scale, while qualitative data were obtained through interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, with descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square analysis. Thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. Findings revealed that a majority of participants (83.8%) reported experiencing high levels of PTG. There was a statistically significant association between the extent of loss of non-tangible resources and the level of PTG (χ² = 31.441, p = 0.000), indicating that loss of such resources was positively associated with growth outcomes. These results underscore the importance of not only addressing trauma but also recognizing and supporting growth potential in disaster recovery. The study highlights the need for sustained mental health interventions and proposes the integration of PTG-focused strategies into psychosocial support programs for disaster survivors in Kenya.
IMPACT OF ESTABLISHING BALANCED ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROLS ON ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA
Get PDFThe phenomenon of private higher education in Kenya emerged and accelerated in the 1990s. Currently there are 36 private universities. Despite this growth, private universities are largely seen as ineffective due to weak leadership practices. Existing research on leadership in private universities has scanty literature relating to effective strategic leadership practices and organizational effectiveness constructs. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate the efficacy of establishing balanced organizational controls, as a practice of effective strategic leadership, on organizational effectiveness within private universities in Kenya. The study was anchored by strategic leadership theory and adopted positivism philosophy. The design was quantitative research using a cross-sectional survey. The target population was 1733 management team members of all 36 private universities in Kenya, from which a sample of 325 was drawn. Data was collected using a structured 5-point Likert scale questionnaire and was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 29) software. Pseudo R-square (Nagelkerke R²=0.49) indicated that balanced organizational controls explained 49% of variance in organizational effectiveness. Parameter estimates (ß=2.405, p<0.001) showed that balanced organizational controls had a significant positive effect on organizational effectiveness. The study determined that establishing balanced organizational controls has significant efficacy on organizational effectiveness within private universities in Kenya. Based on this finding it is recommended that leadership of private universities strengthens control mechanisms for better regulation of behaviors and alignment of processes, systems, and organizational action towards achievement of effectiveness. Specifically, feedback controls systems should be reevaluated to develop proper mechanisms to promote a culture of continuous feedback and assessment to identify and address operational inefficiencies as well as enhance employee motivation and commitment to performance objectives.
Dean\u27s Foreword
No full textIt is with great pride and reflection that we present Volume 3of the Kabarak Law Review, a scholarly contribution coinciding with amomentous milestone – sixty years since the declaration of the KenyanRepublic in 1964. This edition invites readers to engage critically withKenya’s legal, political, and societal evolution through the lens ofacademic rigour and thoughtful reflection
Editorial
Get PDFA mother is a blessed being, a symbol of resilience and sacrifice.She faces countless challenges, determined and focused, ready to overcomeevery hurdle to ensure her child is born. Her tears turn into momentsof joy, and her pain brings forth life, great individuals who go onto transform society
Transforming African diplomacy: Salim Ahmed Salim’s vision of non-indifference and the evolution from OAU to AU
Get PDFDr Salim Ahmed Salim, a prominent Tanzanian diplomat, played a crucial role in transforming the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) into the African Union (AU) during his tenure from 1989 to 2001. This paper explores his transformative role in reshaping African diplomacy, focusing on his vision of moving from the principle of non-interference to nonindifference. During his tenure as Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) from 1989 to 2001, Salim advocated for proactive humanitarian intervention and collective responsibility among African nations, laying the foundation for the African Union (AU). His advocacy emphasised the importance of addressing internal crises, promoting human rights, and advancing mechanisms for conflict resolution. Salim’s legacy,particularly his influence on the AU’s adoption of the principle of nonindifference, continues to inspire governance and human rights protection across the continent
Education Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance of Telecommunication Companies in Kenya
Get PDFThe financial performance of telecommunication companies has witnessed a decline in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the potential influence of education CSR on the financial performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. The total population was 6,597 employees from the three major telecommunication companies: Safaricom, Airtel Kenya, and Telkom Kenya, with 3,859, 1,694, and 1,044 employees respectively. The unit of observation was employees in top and middle-level management positions. The sample size was determined using Yamane\u27s formula, resulting in 353 employees. Data collection employed semi-structured questionnaires. Analysis was done using SPSS version 29 software. The correlation analysis found a positive significant association between education CSR programs and financial performance (r=0.772, p=0.000). The regression analysis also found a positive significant relationship between education CSR programs and financial performance (β = 0.748, t (324) = 21.794, p<.05). The study concludes that education CSR programs can include; scholarship initiatives, educational infrastructure, and skills development. The study recommends that companies should allocate resources to provide scholarships and financial assistance to students who are in financial need, and contribute to the development of educational infrastructure through providing support to existing schools and construction of new educational institutions