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Suitability of the Principle of Non-intervention as a Rule Against Cybernetic Electorate Targeting Information Operations
No full textThe principle of non-intervention belongs amongst the most often discussed rules of international law with the potential to regulate cyber information (dis- and misinformation) operations carried out by one state and dedicated to influence another state’s elections results (through the electorate). Contributions to those discussions differ significantly however as to the suitability of the rule for this purpose. This article tackles the issue in a step-by-step analysis, first dealing with the elements of the principle of non-intervention and its position in the systematics of the law of international peace and security, secondly analysing the applicability of the rule in cyberspace, in order to thirdly determine and evaluate what are the critical issues in the application of the rule to cyber information operations targeting the electorate of another state. Because the principle belongs to the most approximate rules of international peace and security regulation to tackle these operations, the last section is dedicated to recommendations that if applied, they might increase the likelihood of the applicability of the principle of non-intervention to the operations discussed
Current State and Future of Investor-State Mediation
No full textTo protect the investments of their investors abroad, countries began to conclude investment treaties among themselves in the middle of the 20th century. The main feature of such treaties has been the availability of an effective mechanism for resolving disputes between a state and an investor. Most of them provide for arbitration, the effectiveness of which is universally recognised. However, arbitration has come under criticism in recent years. Among the main reasons are the inconsistency of awards, the high cost and long duration of proceedings, the lack of transparency and other issues. Due to that, practitioners and scholars call for reform and suggest, inter alia, resorting to investor–state mediation. In this regard, many developments have been made to increase the use of mediation in future. For example, the Working Group III reform is currently taking place, the Singapore Convention has been signed, arbitration rules and guidelines have been issued, etc
Zakaz prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej jako element systemu zapobiegania przestępstwom gospodarczym
No full textThis article addresses the issue of the penal measure typified in Article 39, point 2 of the Penal Code, i.e. the ban on conducting a specific economic activity. The article presents the essence and content of the ban in question, as well as its place in the system of preventing economic crimes. In addition, critical remarks are also presented regarding the implementation of the functions and objectives of criminal law throughthe institution of the above-mentioned penal measure. The final part of the article discusses the methodology of the author’s own research and the analysis of empirical results. To sum up the considerations concerning the analyzed ban, proposals for changes in the scope of the real effectiveness of ruling a ban on conducting a specific economic activity are presented.Niniejszy artykuł porusza problematykę dotyczącą środka karnego określonego w art. 39 pkt 2 k.k. tj. zakazu prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej. Przedstawiono w nim istotę i treść przedmiotowego zakazu, jak również jego miejsce w systemie zapobiegania przestępczości gospodarczej. Ponadto zawarto uwagi krytyczne dotyczące realizacji funkcji i celów prawa karnego przez instytucję ww. środka karnego. W końcowej części artykułu omówiono zastosowaną metodologię badań własnych oraz przeprowadzono analizę wyników empirycznych. Podsumowując rozważania dotyczące analizowanego zakazu, przedstawiono propozycje zmian w zakresie realnej skuteczności orzekania zakazu prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej
The Long-awaited Breakthrough Legislation – Changes in Ukrainian Criminal Law Due to the Ratification of the Rome Statute
No full textDespite the fact that the Russian aggression against Ukraine has been ongoing since 2014, Ukrainian legislation establishing criminal responsibility for international crimes had not been fully in line with international standards for a long time. After many years of negotiations and overcoming many obstacles, the Law of Ukraine “On amendments to the Criminal and the Criminal Procedure Codes of Ukraine in connection with the ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and its amendments” of 9 October 2024 entered into force on 24 October 2024. This signifies that the Ukrainian material criminal law has introduced internationally recognised categories and elements of international crimes. In this article we analyse whether it is true that international standards regarding the elements of international crimes have been fully introduced, and to what extent the new legislation fulfils the goals of international criminal law – in particular, whether it sufficiently implements the standards established in the Rome Statute. This analysis indicates several elements that still could be improved in the area of Ukrainian material criminal law when it comes to the definitions of international crimes
Porównanie teorii podkultury przestępczej Alberta K. Cohena z wybranymi teoriami psychologicznymi: Comparison of Albert K. Cohenʼs theory of delinquent subculture with selected psychological theories
Full text linkIn this article, I reinforce Albert K. Cohen’s theory with selected psychological theories. Cohen’s concept may seem outdated today, as it presents a twentieth-century social structure. A comparison between the theory of delinquent subcultures and psychological theories brings to light similarities and convergences between the theses put forward by Cohen and the remarks of more contemporary authors. These analogies make it possible to present the concept of delinquent subcultures in the form of a model that could be empirically verified in the future. The similarities I discuss include issues of self-esteem, status, aggression, and adjustment.W niniejszym artykule wzmacniam teorię Alberta K. Cohena przy pomocy wybranych teorii psychologicznych. Współcześnie koncepcja Cohena może wydawać się przestarzała, gdyż przedstawia dwudziestowieczną strukturę społeczną. Porównanie teorii podkultur przestępczych z teoriami psychologicznymi pozwala zauważyć podobieństwa i zbieżności między tezami stawianymi przez Cohena, a uwagami autorów bliższych współczesności. Dostrzeżone analogie umożliwiają przedstawienie koncepcji podkultur przestępczych w postaci modelu zmiennych, który w przyszłości mógłby zostać zweryfikowany empirycznie. Omawiane przeze mnie podobieństwa dotyczą zagadnień samooceny, statusu, agresji i przystosowania.
In this article, I reinforce Albert K. Cohen’s theory with selected psychological theories. Cohen’s concept may seem outdated today, as it presents a twentieth-century social structure. A comparison between the theory of delinquent subcultures and psychological theories brings to light similarities and convergences between the theses put forward by Cohen and the remarks of more contemporary authors. These analogies make it possible to present the concept of delinquent subcultures in the form of a model that could be empirically verified in the future. The similarities I discuss include issues of self-esteem, status, aggression, and adjustment
Niewidzialna kara – sytuacja dzieci rodziców pozbawionych wolności: The Invisible Punishment – the situation of children with incarcerated parents
No full textThe impact of parental incarceration on children, particularly in Polish society, remains an insufficiently explored topic in academic research. This article seeks to analyze the consequences of parental imprisonment, focusing on its emotional, social, cognitive-behavioral, and health-related dimensions experienced by children. The forms of contact between children and incarcerated parents and their effects are examined. National and international initiatives aimed at supporting family bonds, such as rehabilitation programs and the efforts of non-governmental organizations, are discussed. The authors emphasize the need for in-depth studies to enable a more comprehensive understanding of the long-term consequences of this phenomenon and to guide more effective support measures. This article aims to highlight an underappreciated area of research and establish a foundation for new support initiatives aimed at aiding affected children.Wpływ inkarceracji rodziców na dzieci, zwłaszcza w polskim społeczeństwie, stanowi zagadnienie wciąż niewystarczająco zgłębione przez naukę. Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje próbę analizy skutków pozbawienia wolności jednego z rodziców, koncentrując się na ich wymiarze emocjonalnym, społecznym, poznawczo-behawioralnym oraz zdrowotnym ponoszonym przez dzieci. Zaprezentowano formy kontaktu dzieci z osadzonymi rodzicami oraz ich wpływ. Omówiono krajowe i międzynarodowe inicjatywy wspierające więzi rodzinne, takie jak programy resocjalizacyjne i działania organizacji pozarządowych. Autorzy zwracają uwagę na konieczność pogłębionych badań, które umożliwią pełniejsze zrozumienie długofalowych konsekwencji tego zjawiska, a także wyznaczą kierunki skuteczniejszych działań pomocowych. Celem pracy jest ukazanie niedocenianego obszaru badawczego oraz stworzenie podstaw dla nowych inicjatyw pomocowych wspierających dzieci.
[The impact of parental incarceration on children, particularly in Polish society, remains an insufficiently explored topic in academic research. This article seeks to analyze the consequences of parental imprisonment, focusing on its emotional, social, cognitive-behavioral, and health-related dimensions experienced by children. The forms of contact between children and incarcerated parents and their effects are examined. National and international initiatives aimed at supporting family bonds, such as rehabilitation programs and the efforts of non-governmental organizations, are discussed. The authors emphasize the need for in-depth studies to enable a more comprehensive understanding of the long-term consequences of this phenomenon and to guide more effective support measures. This article aims to highlight an underappreciated area of research and establish a foundation for new support initiatives aimed at aiding affected children.
Kamery nasobne a użycie siły w trakcie zatrzymania. Wyniki badań aktowych: Body-worn cameras and the use of force during arrest. Results of case file analysis
No full textIn recent years, body-worn cameras have been increasingly adopted in the police departments. Their use is expected to help prevent both abuse of authority and the prevalence of aggression targeted against officers. They are also supposed to facilitate quality evidence gathering or reduce the number of unfounded complaints. However, the current state of knowledge on their effectiveness is inconclusive; there is also a lack of research on their use in Poland and other countries in the region. Within the framework of the research, a case file study was conducted, aiming at studying the potential of body-worn cameras in the context of arrest and aggressive behaviors of both officers and the arrestees. Also covered was the use of cameras in the context of the court proceedings. The research was based on an analysis of case files from district courts subordinate to the Warsaw Court of Appeals and focused on the cases of arrest complaints and the failure to comply with epidemic regulations.W ostatnich latach stopniowo w policji wprowadzane są kamery nasobne. Przyczynić się mają one zarówno do zapobiegania przypadkom nadużycia uprawnień przez funkcjonariuszy, jak i występowania agresji wobec nich skierowanej. Mają również pozwolić na dostarczenie wartościowego materiału dowodowego i zapobiegać bezpodstawnym skargom. Obecny stan wiedzy co do ich skuteczności nie jest jednak rozstrzygający. Brak także badań analizujących sytuację w Polsce czy w państwach regionu. W ramach pracy prowadzono badania aktowe, których celem było zbadanie wpływu kamer na przebieg zatrzymania i agresję ze strony funkcjonariuszy oraz osoby zatrzymanej, jak i możliwości ich wykorzystania przez wymiar sprawiedliwości. Badane sprawy z sądów rejonowych apelacji warszawskiej odnosiły się do zażaleń na zatrzymanie oraz nieprzestrzeganie przepisów epidemicznych.
[In recent years, body-worn cameras have been increasingly adopted in the police departments. Their use is expected to help prevent both abuse of authority and the prevalence of aggression targeted against officers. They are also supposed to facilitate quality evidence gathering or reduce the number of unfounded complaints. However, the current state of knowledge on their effectiveness is inconclusive; there is also a lack of research on their use in Poland and other countries in the region. Within the framework of the research, a case file study was conducted, aiming at studying the potential of body-worn cameras in the context of arrest and aggressive behaviors of both officers and the arrestees. Also covered was the use of cameras in the context of the court proceedings. The research was based on an analysis of case files from district courts subordinate to the Warsaw Court of Appeals and focused on the cases of arrest complaints and the failure to comply with epidemic regulations.
Legal, Criminal, and Criminological Aspects of Environmental Protection on Svalbard: The Current State and Future Prospects
No full textArchipelag arktyczny Svalbard stanowi jeden z ostatnich obszarów dzikiej przyrody na terenie Europy. W lipcu 2025 r. minęło 100 lat od uchwalenia ustawy Lov om Svalbard, która reguluje porządek prawny na tym obszarze, wprowadzając norweskie standardy w zakresie stosowania prawa karnego oraz przepisów związanych z wymiarem sprawiedliwości i jednocześnie wyłącza obowiązujące w kontynentalnej części Norwegii przepisy w zakresie ochrony przyrody. Z uwagi na swoje unikatowe walory przyrodnicze Svalbard posiada odrębne rozwiązania normatywne przyjęte w ustawie z 2001 r. – Lov om miljøvern på Svalbard. Przywołany akt prawny reguluje w szerokim zakresie kwestie związane z ochroną przyrody i dziedzictwa kulturowego archipelagu, konstytuując łączącą różne formy odpowiedzialności koncepcję ochrony, która wpisuje się w przyjętą w ustawie aksjologię wraz z nadrzędnym, wyznaczonym przez ustawodawcę celem, którym jest dążenie do zachowania niemal dziewiczego środowiska archipelagu oraz dziedzictwa kulturowego. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę zarysowania koncepcji tej wielopłaszczyznowej ochrony (i jej „korzeni”) wraz z oceną, czy i na ile obowiązujące regulacje dążą do ukarania sprawców dopuszczających się naruszeń przepisów środowiskowych i jaki widzą w tym sens. Analizy tej dokonano w kontekście przyjętych w archipelagu zasad procedowania w sprawach, w których stosuje się przepisy Lov om miljøvern på Svalbard oraz orzecznictwa norweskiego Sądu Najwyższego. W prowadzonej ocenie uwzględniono także najnowsze trendy związane z przestępczością przeciwko środowisku, rejestrowaną w archipelagu, jak również podjętą w ostatnim czasie przez ustawodawcę reakcję, stanowiącą odpowiedź zarówno na obserwowane trendy, jak i inne, oddziałujące na archipelag czynniki, takie jak zmiany klimatyczne czy wzrost ruchu turystycznego w archipelagu, które łącznie stawiają unikatową przyrodę oraz dziedzictwo kulturowe Svalbardu pod coraz silniejszą presją.The Arctic archipelago of Svalbard represents one of the last remaining areas of wilderness in Europe. In July 2025, one hundred years had elapsed since the enactment of the Lov om Svalbard (The Svalbard Act), which established the legal framework governing this territory. The statute extended Norwegian legal standards to Svalbard in matters concerning criminal law and the administration of justice, while simultaneously excluding the applicability of mainland Norway’s environmental protection legislation. Owing to its exceptional natural characteristics, Svalbard is subject to a distinct regulatory regime introduced by the Lov om miljøvern på Svalbard (Svalbard Environmental Protection Act) of 2001. This Act provides a comprehensive framework for the conservation of the archipelago’s natural environment and cultural heritage. It embodies an integrated concept of protection that interlinks various forms of legal responsibility – criminal, administrative, and civil, within an axiological structure reflecting the legislature’s overarching objective: the preservation of Svalbard’s nearly pristine environment and its unique cultural legacy. This article attempts to outline the concept of this multifaceted system of protection (and its origins) and to assess whether – and to what extent – the existing regulations aim to punish offenders who violate environmental laws, as well as to explore the underlying rationale behind such punitive measures. The analysis is conducted in the context of the procedural rules applicable to cases governed by the Lov om miljøvern på Svalbard and the jurisprudence of the Norwegian Supreme Court. The assessment also takes into account the latest trends in environmental crime recorded in the archipelago, as well as the recent legislative responses to these developments. These responses address not only the observed trends but also other factors affecting the archipelago, such as climate change and the increasing influx of tourists, which together place Svalbard’s unique natural environment and cultural heritage under growing pressure
Resisting Chrononormative International Law
No full textThis article argues that better engagement between international law and time requires us to unpack the contingent memories and imaginaries that underpin international legal regimes and processes. We as a field need to move away from thinking of time as static and linear. International Cultural Heritage Law (ICHL) is an ideal case study to think through these relationships, given the subfield’s connection to identity and its relative openness to different epistemologies. This article assesses the work that time does in shaping international law, working through the three linear dimensions of time (past, present and future) to highlight the limits of international law, and in shaping the heuristics of these three linear dimensions. ICHL offers a pathway to simultaneously showcase the shortcomings of our international legal understandings of time (which I dub chrononormative), and to imagine different possibilities that better advance the human goals that should be the foundation and the goal of international legal norms and regimes
Divisive Jus Cogens Reloaded. Some Remarks on the Peremptory Character of Self determination under the ICJ Advisory Opinion of 19 July 2024
No full textThe article focusses on a specific aspect of the International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) 2024 Advisory Opinion on the legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, namely the statement that the right to self-determination constitutes a peremptory norm of international law. The article submits that the finding of the ICJ can be at variance with the basic criteria set forth by the International Law Commission in the 2022 Conclusions on identification and legal consequences of peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens). In particular, limiting the peremptory effect of self-determination to cases of foreign occupation that lead to annexation risks undermining the unitary, universal character of peremptory rules. Overall, the case confirms the divisive potential of the concept of jus cogens in the international legal community