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SSH-Brute Force Attack Detection Model based on Deep Learning
No full textThe rising number of malicious threats on computer networks and Internet services owing to a large number of attacks makes the network security be at incessant risk. One of the predominant network attacks that poses distressing threats to networks security are the brute force attacks. A brute force attack uses a trial and error algorithm to decode encrypted data such as passwords or Data Encryption Standard keys, through exhaustive effort (using brute force) rather than using intellectual strategies. Brute force attacks resemble legitimate network traffic, making it difficult to defend an organization that rely mainly on perimeter-based security solutions a major challenge. For stopping the occurrence of such attacks, several curable steps must be taken. This paper proposes an efficient mechanism for SSH-Brute force network attacks detection based on a supervised deep learning algorithm, Convolutional Neural Network. The model performance was compared with experimental results from 5 classical machine learning algorithms including Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, k-Nearest Neighbour, and Support Vector Machine. Four standard metrics namely, Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and the F-measure were used. Results show that the CNN-based model is superior to the traditional machine learning methods with 94.3% accuracy, a precision rate of 92.5%, recall rate of 97.8% and F1-score of 91.8% in terms of the ability to detect SSH-Brute force attacks.
Instructional Usefulness of ICT’s as perceived by Lecturers in Technical Training Institutions in Kenya
No full textInformation Communication Technologies (ICT’s) is now the source of information used for
instruction in our institutions of learning. Teacher education has received a big challenge as educators have to keep pace with the ever changing technology necessitating the reform of teacher education to re-invent educators for the future. The aim of the present study was to explore perceived instructional usefulness of ICT’s by Lecturers in Technical Training Institutions (TTI’s) in Kenya. The study adopted the quantitative research design. A sample size of 629 respondents was drawn from a total population of 2909 Lecturers in TTI’s in Kenya. Data was collected using questionnaires. The quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings indicated that Lecturers in TTI’s perceived that use of ICT’s is useful in instruction as it enhances and complements instruction. The study therefore, recommends that ICT’s use in instruction be facilitated as it greatly impacts instruction
Kenya-China Trade in Manufactured Goods: A Competitive or Complementary Relationship?
No full textTrade between Kenya and China has increased in recent years, with a significant increase in imports from China. This study’s objectives were to examine the nature of trade between Kenya and China in manufactured goods, analyze the Revealed Comparative Advantage (R.C.A.) and make recommendations for improving trade. This study was based on the Comparative Advantage Theory and used data from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (U.N. Comtrade) from 1984 to 2015, as this period had complete data. The results suggest that the nature of trade in manufactured goods between Kenya and China is characterized by high imports from China and very low exports from Kenya-a large proportion of Kenya’s manufactured exports end up in countries with which it has a clear trade framework. Moreover, Kenya lacks a comparative advantage for manufactured goods, while China has a high comparative advantage; therefore, Chinese exports complement Kenya’s import needs. The research identified the lack of a comprehensive trade policy and strict rules of origin as serious challenges to trade between Kenya and China. In addition, Kenya’s trade orientation in the manufacturing sector has been reduced by inadequate investment, limited value addition, and high labor costs. Resolving these obstacles is vital to overcoming trade imbalance and boosting Kenya’s competitiveness, as the potential for future growth in trade in manufactured goods from Kenya to China is weak, based on existing economic specialization. Kenya should focus on a comprehensive trade policy with China, support more FDI in manufacturing, innovation, and technology, improve labor productivity and infrastructure, enhance its global value chains, and create new comparative advantages among others. This will improve the competitiveness of its products and increase trade orientation on the Chinese market and globally. The study concludes that Kenya-China trade in manufactured goods is complementary. This conclusion can only be applied in genera since the study used aggregate data. The findings confirm the Comparative Advantage theory that countries export what they have in abundance and import goods that they cannot produce effectively