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Janas, Veronika

ESSAI 
Volume 17 Article 23 
Spring 2019 
The Significance of the Haymarket Tragedy Then and Now 
Veronika Janas 
College of DuPage 
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Recommended Citation 
Janas, Veronika (2019) "The Significance of the Haymarket Tragedy Then and Now," ESSAI: Vol. 17 , 
Article 23. 
Available at: https://dc.cod.edu/essai/vol17/iss1/23 
This Selection is brought to you for free and open access by the College Publications at DigitalCommons@COD. It 
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please contact orenick@cod.edu. 
66 
The Significance of the Haymarket Tragedy Then and Now 
 
by Veronika Janas 
 
(English 1102) 
 
 
 
aymarket Riot, also called Haymarket Affair or Haymarket Massacre, a violent confrontation 
between police and labor protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886, became a symbol of the 
international struggle for workers’ rights. Since its designation as International Workers’ 
Day by the Second International in 1889, the Haymarket tragedy has been associated with May 1 and 
celebrated all around the world. William J. Adelman, a historian and professor of labor and industrial 
relations at the University of Illinois, admits that” no single event has influenced the history of labor 
in Illinois, the United States, and even the world, more than the Chicago Haymarket Affair” 
(Adelman 29). Although the Haymarket Riot occurred a long time ago and may seem to some as an 
event reserved for the history books only, the issues that led to the Haymarket affair are problems 
that are still with us today: unemployment, the rights of minority groups, a fair distribution of wealth, 
freedom of speech and assembly, political corruption, police surveillance and brutality and the rights 
of American workers to organize unions of their choice.  The series of events that ignited the 
Haymarket bomb consisted of a tragic combination of intention, accident, and surprise. According to 
The Dramas of Haymarket, an online project produced by the Chicago Historical Society, while the 
Haymarket bomb was unquestionably a terrifying shock for many people, to some on the other hand, 
the bomb was no surprise. Viewed in retrospect, many historians agree, that the bomb explosion was 
almost inevitable, especially when and where the incident occurred - on the evening of May 4, 1886, 
at a labor protest rally in a manufacturing and wholesale district in Chicago, Illinois. That one 
explosion set off a chain of events that turned eight anarchists into martyrs, brought on America’s 
first “Red Scare”-promotion of widespread fear by a society or state about a potential rise of 
anarchism and turned May Day into an international holiday (The Dramas of Haymarket). 
 The Dramas of Haymarket examined the connection and the importance of the mechanization 
and the improvement of the factory system and their influence on the events related to Haymarket 
Riot. These improvements might have originated abroad, but by the 1840s the United States was on 
course to become the world’s leading industrial nation. Industrialization and the social developments 
have without a doubt, transformed the whole nation. The defining conditions of this time and place 
were the upheavals of the nineteenth century. Central among these was the Industrial Revolution, 
which irreversibly altered virtually every aspect of human experience wherever it reached. A second 
defining condition of the period was the continuation of the democratic movement that began with 
the creation of the United States in the late eighteenth century. Over the next one hundred years and 
more, European nations experienced an uncertain pattern of reform and often repressive reaction that, 
along with uncertain economic conditions, brought masses of immigrants westward across the 
Atlantic (Whither America).  
 In his book Haymarket Revisited, William Adelman examines relationships between 
immigrants, who came to Chicago early on and those, who came in the 1830’s and 1840’s who were 
mostly of German, Irish and Eastern European descent. Those, who came to Chicago early, naturally 
had the greatest opportunity to achieve success, since land was cheap, and everything still had to be 
built. The Anglo-Saxon Protestants like George Pullman, Marshall Field, Potter Palmer and Cyrus 
McCormick, who came from New England and the East, dominated the life of the city throughout the 
second half of the 19th century. Their heirs continued to control the city politically until the 1930’s. 
The Irish and German immigrants who came in the 1840’s, were regarded as inferior and a cheap 
H
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labor to be exploited by the earlier settlers (Adelman 2). Racial and ethnic conflicts became an early 
characteristic in Chicago. The wealthy businessmen of the city would not face the problems they had 
created for their workers. They wanted to believe that their workers could become rich just as they 
had and when thousands of workers were unemployed, the rich immediately assumed, that the poor 
must be lazy. “The period after the Civil War was a difficult time for workers all over the country, 
but more difficult for Chicago workers because of the Great Chicago Fire that left over 100,000 
people homeless” (Adelman 4). Many construction workers who were helping to rebuild the city 
were exploited by their employers and didn’t even receive pay for the work performed since there 
was no law requiring workers to be paid. New machinery was destroying the jobs of even skilled 
workers and with an ever-increasing supply of surplus labor of immigrants in Chicago, there was 
always someone to take their place if they wouldn’t accept a wage cut or longer hours. “By 1855 
there were more foreign-born voters in Chicago than native-born” (Adelman 3). The rich 
businessmen of the city were afraid of losing political control of the city and they organized a racist, 
anti-foreigner, anti-worker political party known as Know-Nothings.  
 As historian William Adelman asserts, “the cycles of economy, the seasonal nature of many 
jobs and the abundance of cheap foreign labor, made unemployment and destitution a way of life in 
Chicago” (Adelman 5). This was in sharp contrast to the great fortunes that were being made at the 
same time by men like George Pullman, Marshall Field, Potter Palmer and Cyrus McCormick. 
Workers in the United States had been fighting since the day of Andrew Jackson’s Administration for 
shorter working hours. Under President Van Buren, federal employees won the ten-hour day 
(Adelman 14). The government was expected to be a role model for the private sector, but private 
employers refused to follow voluntarily the government’s example. Therefore, workers found they 
had to strike each individual employer to win the shorter hours. 
 Paul Avrich, a distinguished professor of history, describes the Haymarket Riot, as a pivotal 
event in the history of both the anarchist and labor movements that began on May 3, 1886, when the 
Chicago police fired into a crowd of strikers at the McCormick Reaper Works, killing and wounding 
several men. The following evening, May 4, the anarchists held a protest meeting and a crowd of 
about 2500 people gathered on Desplaines Street near Haymarket Square in Chicago. August Spies, a 
labor newspaper editor, protested against what had happened the day before at the McCormick 
Reaper Plant. Next Albert Parson, a labor leader spoke, and he was followed by Samuel Fielden, a 
Methodist preacher and community leader. Towards the end of the meeting, which had proceeded 
peacefully, without an incident, as Fielden was about to finish his speech, a formation of 176 armed 
policemen attacked the crowd, that had by then dwindled down to about 200 (Avrich 11). Suddenly, 
a dynamite bomb was thrown by someone unknown. It was the first time such a device was ever used 
in the United States. The bomb landed in the middle of the police, killing one man and seriously 
injuring dozens of others. The police shot into the crowd, killing at least four workers and wounding 
several civilians, as well as some of their own men. Sixty-seven policemen were hurt, eight of whom 
afterwards died (Avrich 12). As William Adelman points out, for the next several weeks freedom of 
speech and assembly ended in Chicago and other cities throughout the country. Hundreds of labor 
and ethnic community leaders were arrested. The Knights of Labor was blamed for the violence and 
the newspapers, business and eventually the public turned against labor unions and everyone cried 
for “law and order” (Adelman 1). Although the bomb thrower was never apprehended, eight Chicago 
anarchists were brought to trial and convicted of murder. Judge Joseph Gary, who was assigned to 
the case, made the trial a travesty of justice. Before he formally pronounced the sentence, he 
emphasized that “the real passions at the bottom of the hearts of the anarchists were envy and hatred 
of all people whose condition in life was better than their own, who were more prosperous than 
themselves” (Smith 135). Spies denounced the judicial system that had sentenced himself and his 
comrades to death, charging the state with deliberately plotting to use Haymarket incident as a 
pretext to eliminate the leaders of the working class. “You may pronounce the sentence upon me,” 
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68 
Spies declared, “but let the world know that in A.D. 1886, in the state of Illinois, eight men were 
sentenced to death because they believed in a better future, because they had not lost their faith in the 
ultimate victory of liberty and justice!” (Avrich 286). On November 11, 1887, after unsuccessful 
appeals to the Illinois Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court, four of the anarchists 
were hanged and a fifth committed suicide in his cell the day before the execution. Paul Avrich 
criticized the trial of the Chicago anarchists to be “one of the most unjust in the annals of American 
jurisprudence” (Avrich 11). Many critics have described the trial to resemble a charade. Eric 
Arnesen, a history professor at the University of Illinois, claims that no evidence linked the 
defendants to the bomb that killed the police officers, prosecution witnesses engaged in wholesale 
perjury and the jury was visibly prejudiced (Arnesen). In 1893, Governor John Altgeld, who was 
always very sympathetic to the workers of Illinois, decided to pardon the three surviving prisoners on 
the grounds that the convictions were made based on insufficient evidence and by clearly prejudiced 
jury and biased judge (Adelman 25).  
 Carl Smith, a professor of English and American culture, provides an insightful description 
of the Chicago Anarchists. According to him, each of the Haymarket Eight believed in different 
philosophies, but to all of them the word “anarchism” meant “freedom”. They saw the government, 
the businessmen and the police working in violation of the principles Americans fought for during 
the American Revolution. They feared the great new concentration of wealth that had taken place 
since the Civil War and were concerned about the new machinery, that was replacing even most 
skilled workmen (Smith 111-112). These men, who were far ahead of their time, believed in worker 
control over key industries, which is now allowed by law in many countries, where workers can elect 
representatives to the Boards of Directors of large companies producing major consumer items.  
 The consequences of this tragedy for immigrants were far reaching. Europeans of all nations 
had been welcomed in America during the post-Civil War years, but after the bombing, all 
immigrants became suspects. James Green, a professor of labor history points out, that at a time 
when immigrants seemed to be overwhelming cities like Chicago, “the Haymarket events provoked a 
new kind of paranoia among millions of native-born citizens, who grew much more fearful of aliens 
in their midst” (Green 11). The initial reactions to Haymarket bombing had created a long-lasting 
impression of the immigrant as a dangerous figure and reinforcing the widespread xenophobia at the 
time. To many, the bomb justified anti-immigrants fears that blamed the continuing economic 
distress and the rising trend of labor trouble on the arrival of people, especially non-English speaking 
political and economic refugees from Europe.  
 The Haymarket meeting and bombing, the subsequent riot, arrests, trial, and executions, and 
related events of that time period form one of the most remarkable incidents in the history of 
Chicago, the United States and of working people everywhere and had a long-lasting effect on the 
labor movement in the United States. Green ingeniously argues that “Haymarket case challenged, 
like no other episode in the nineteenth century, the image of the United States as a classless society 
with liberty and justice for all” (Green 12). Today, with unemployment increasing, automation 
leaving more and more workers unemployed, labor and community groups again see the necessity for 
political and social change. The possibility of history repeating itself is almost inevitable. Take for 
example the left-wing protest movement, Occupy Wall Street, that began in 2011 in New York City's 
Wall Street financial district. The main issues raised by Occupy Wall Street movement were social 
and economic inequality, greed, corruption and the undue influence of corporations on government, 
particularly from the financial services sector. “We are the 99%”, refers to income and wealth 
inequality in the U.S. between the wealthiest 1% and the rest of the population (We are the 99%). 
Without a doubt, the battle for social justice, equality, freedom of speech and assembly and 
democracy in the workplace that the Haymarket Martyrs fought for is still relevant, even today. 
 
 
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Works Cited 
 
Adelman, William. Haymarket Revisited: A Tour Guide of Labor History Sites and Ethnic 
Neighborhoods Connected with the Haymarket Affair. Chicago: The Illinois Labor History 
Society, 1976 
Arnesen, Eric. “A Powerful Look at the Haymarket Riot.” Chicago Tribune, April 2, 2006, 
www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2006-04-02-0604010029-story.html, 7 April 2019 
Avrich, Paul. The Haymarket Tragedy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984 
Green, James. Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor movement and the 
Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America. New York: Pantheon Books, 2006 
Smith, Carl. Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, 
and the Model Town of Pullman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. 
“The Dramas of Haymarket.” Chicago Historical Society, 2000, 
www.chicagohistoryresources.org/dramas/overview/over.htm, 7 April 2019 
“We are the 99%.” Occupy Wall Street, www. occupywallst.org/about/, 13 April 2019 
 
 
 
 
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English

The Significance of the Haymarket Tragedy Then and Now

Kelley, Patrick

Relationship of Dissolved Oxygen Availability and Chloride Contribution to Freshwater Macroinvertebrate Diversity Found in Various Ponds in Northern Illinois

Blanco, Tania

The Prairie Light Review 
Volume 42 Number 1 Article 2 
Fall 12-1-2019 
Outdoor Narratives 
Tania Blanco 
College of DuPage 
Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.cod.edu/plr 
Recommended Citation 
Blanco, Tania (2019) "Outdoor Narratives," The Prairie Light Review: Vol. 42 : No. 1 , Article 2. 
Available at: https://dc.cod.edu/plr/vol42/iss1/2 
This Prefatory Note is brought to you for free and open access by the College Publications at 
DigitalCommons@COD. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Prairie Light Review by an authorized editor of 
DigitalCommons@COD. For more information, please contact orenick@cod.edu. 
Outdoor Narratives. Tania Blanco, Collage.
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Outdoor Narratives

The Prairie Light Review 
Volume 42 Number 1 Article 5 
Fall 12-1-2019 
Scholarship Info 
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Recommended Citation 
(2019) "Scholarship Info," The Prairie Light Review: Vol. 42 : No. 1 , Article 5. 
Available at: https://dc.cod.edu/plr/vol42/iss1/5 
This Prefatory Note is brought to you for free and open access by the College Publications at 
DigitalCommons@COD. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Prairie Light Review by an authorized editor of 
DigitalCommons@COD. For more information, please contact orenick@cod.edu. 
About
Prairie Light Review is the liberal arts journal of  College of  DuPage. 
This biannual journal seeks to showcase the diverse work produced by 
the creative individuals surrounding us. Our publication exists entirely 
because of  our loyal community, as we only accept submissions from 
District 502 and rely on our team of  student editors to edit, format, 
and produce the literary journal. Each piece submitted is evaluated 
anonymously in order to ensure objectivity. 
Join
To join our Editorial team, enroll in English 2210 for the upcoming 
semester! 
Direct additional inquiries to: 
Adam Fotos, Faculty Advisor 
fotosa@cod.edu
630-942-3167
Rolling Submissions
The Prairie Light Review accepts submissions the entire academic 
year. We accept submissions of  any of  the following categories:
original fiction, nonfiction, essays, drama, poetry, graphic essays, black 
and white and color photography, and 2D and 3D artwork of  any 
medium. If  you are interested, please submit all work to:
 prairielightreviewsubmissions@gmail.com
Scholarship Info
The Budilovsky Literary Scholarship is pleased to offer one $500 
award per semester in conjunction with being published in the College 
of  DuPage’s Prairie Light Review. To be considered for this award the 
entrant must remain a student at COD the following      semester and 
have written a quality piece of  any type (i.e. essay, poem, short story, 
etc). Preference will be made to pieces that are autobiographical in 
nature.
Cover art
Red Riding Hood
Rae Crawford
Digital Art
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Scholarship Info

DeBoni, Ninetta

The Prairie Light Review 
Volume 42 Number 1 Article 20 
Fall 12-1-2019 
Ode To My Hometown 
Ninetta DeBoni 
College of DuPage 
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Recommended Citation 
DeBoni, Ninetta (2019) "Ode To My Hometown," The Prairie Light Review: Vol. 42 : No. 1 , Article 20. 
Available at: https://dc.cod.edu/plr/vol42/iss1/20 
This Selection is brought to you for free and open access by the College Publications at DigitalCommons@COD. It 
has been accepted for inclusion in The Prairie Light Review by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@COD. For 
more information, please contact orenick@cod.edu. 
Ode to My Hometown
I grew up where white tile laundry mats and red, block letter lights
Brokered drug deals in cornfields;
The place where so-called city-slickers drive through idle
To reach their country, ranch rehab— I mean retreat.
As if  there isn’t enough to fix there already,
From the broken bar windows and the teenage hearts shattered.
Wrenches are thrown into plans
But there, words are slung from metal lips aimed well and true.
There, in my hometown, hunting season is the best season.
There, the kids who love love and love so truly
Are the most treasured game.
Have you ever tasted a freshly killed dream?
The only good thing I remember about home are the splinters.
Fragments of  memory ingrained in wood
That pierced my skin, too difficult to remove from the child’s foot.
The splinters that hold past pain in cells not yet rotted.
On the playground, wood chips kicked up under tennis shoes
Stained black by the sticky tar pavement of  the kickball grounds
Enter the flesh; I remember showing my friends the blood
And smiling through the tears.
Then Grandma’s house with the white wood fence, rickety as it was
That held hostage little siblings watching with big eyes
As my shaking legs climbed up and over.
I guess I had always felt trapped there
The smell of  the drawing salve is stained and seared
Alongside the touch of  my mother’s hands dried from dish-washing.
It is a pity the concoction is not meant for consumption
For home had been lodged in my chest for years, inoperable.
It is the largest splinter I ever collected,
The wood melded into my flesh until I cannot tell
Where home begins and where I end.
I miss it in my worst moments and despise it in my best.
Things there are broken, crumbled into parts of  their whole;
People came and went in pieces, dragging debris in their wake.
Gather enough splinters and you could build yourself  a coffin.
The funeral home is right on Main Street
Ninetta DeBoni
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Ode To My Hometown

Niedra, Haley

The Prairie Light Review 
Volume 42 Number 1 Article 29 
Fall 12-1-2019 
The Web 
Haley Niedra 
College of DuPage 
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Recommended Citation 
Niedra, Haley (2019) "The Web," The Prairie Light Review: Vol. 42 : No. 1 , Article 29. 
Available at: https://dc.cod.edu/plr/vol42/iss1/29 
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has been accepted for inclusion in The Prairie Light Review by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@COD. For 
more information, please contact orenick@cod.edu. 
The Web
In this web I’ve fashioned,  
Tried against chain and bond, 
I overstepped where I should be stationed -  
To there, and far beyond.  
I must as a favor, though I don’t savor  
That which I must learn.  
You must have known - of  course you did!  
Though I beg you not to smile.  
Easy or hard? So well you hid  
That I was a fool all the while. 
Is it then a sin to so spin  
Such a little web?  
I never meant for harm  
(And surely it never came to that!)  
Never meant to raise alarm,  
But upon me, these people spat.  
No one else to blame or share in shame  
Than I who spun the web.  
There are some, a few, who ask,  
“What do I mean by this?  
To cover myself  with such a mask  
And fall into such an abyss?” 
People will always talk and find sins to mock  
As if  they do not weave webs, too.  
There was a time, now a lifetime ago  
When I had no webs to weave.  
Then it all fell in one fatal blow -  
With innocence gone, my time came to deceive.  
Myself  was the most and of  that, I’ll not boast... 
All this from one little web.
Haley Niedra
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The Web

Hlavacek, Allison

The Prairie Light Review 
Volume 42 Number 1 Article 35 
Fall 12-1-2019 
Erodent 
Allison Hlavacek 
College of DuPage 
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Recommended Citation 
Hlavacek, Allison (2019) "Erodent," The Prairie Light Review: Vol. 42 : No. 1 , Article 35. 
Available at: https://dc.cod.edu/plr/vol42/iss1/35 
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has been accepted for inclusion in The Prairie Light Review by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@COD. For 
more information, please contact orenick@cod.edu. 
Ladies and Gentleman, Step Right Up!
Our far-flung crook likable at best,
is here for unyielding success.
Tied to the wheel, as it spins!
Round and Round. 
As you rest, let us entertain.
Wracking your brain, setting the stage, 
while contorting his friendly design.
Beautiful he may be, but dead 
He may seem.
Crime as we say, berserk we portray
preparing for imminent demise.
Piquant! The rich smell of  lies,
so potent and thick.
Allison Hlavacak
Erodent
Like a small spin top, you scurry
tap
                   tap
                                        tap
As your blueberry feet softly touch the ground.
Hiding in tubes about the width of  a cucumber,
and hardy meal awaiting your presence.
Alas that meal was forsaken,
wavering metal above such yellow delight.
The crack vibrated the space,
like the pang of  construction scaffolding.
Allison Hlavacek
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Erodent

Patel, Pavan

The Prairie Light Review 
Volume 42 Number 1 Article 43 
Fall 12-1-2019 
Flower 
Pavan Patel 
College of DuPage 
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Recommended Citation 
Patel, Pavan (2019) "Flower," The Prairie Light Review: Vol. 42 : No. 1 , Article 43. 
Available at: https://dc.cod.edu/plr/vol42/iss1/43 
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has been accepted for inclusion in The Prairie Light Review by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@COD. For 
more information, please contact orenick@cod.edu. 
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Flower

Zilius, Eleanor

The Prairie Light Review 
Volume 42 Number 1 Article 65 
Fall 12-1-2019 
Correspondence 
Eleanor Zilius 
College of DuPage 
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Recommended Citation 
Zilius, Eleanor (2019) "Correspondence," The Prairie Light Review: Vol. 42 : No. 1 , Article 65. 
Available at: https://dc.cod.edu/plr/vol42/iss1/65 
This Selection is brought to you for free and open access by the College Publications at DigitalCommons@COD. It 
has been accepted for inclusion in The Prairie Light Review by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@COD. For 
more information, please contact orenick@cod.edu. 
Correspondence
     At 7:23, an envelope arrived marked personal. Josi read it on the train to 
work, expecting some big revelation. The letter to change all letters. Instead, 
the scratchy script sunk into the page, dragging her into the black, inky hole 
they created. She shouldn’t be surprised, she realized. Ron had never been one 
to change the way he felt once things were settled, but still, her hope persisted 
until it didn’t. She took a few, slow deep breaths (the kind Dr. Markes suggested 
when she felt like passing out) and tried to think logically. She could drive the 
537.65 miles just to scream in his face-that’s what she really wanted to do. Her 
mother would lend her a car or, if  not, maybe a neighbor would. It would only 
take ten hours. She had calculated this when she was planning a much nicer 
visit to his villa. He always had some pretentious name for his shit. It couldn’t 
be a house; it was a villa, and he slurred the ll’s together in a pseudo-Spanish 
accent to sound what? Suave? Intriguing? Boy, had Josi eaten it up.
     For over two years, she had played the fool. Now, all that built up stupidity, 
she thought was love felt meaningless. All the sadness she was supposed to feel, 
just wasn’t there. Anger. Only anger was there. Anger filling up a cup of  hot 
water until there was no more ceramic to fill. Water passed the lip of  the cup, 
burned her hands, and spilled all over the floor. Josi picked up her phone and 
dialed her mother. 
Eleanor Zilius
Red Raincoat.  Jim Waters, Photograph.
Light Spectrum (at left). Colin Nugent, Photograph.
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Correspondence

Bell, Caroline

The Prairie Light Review 
Volume 42 Number 1 Article 68 
Fall 12-1-2019 
Black Eye Susan with Green Hair 
Caroline Bell 
College of DuPage 
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Recommended Citation 
Bell, Caroline (2019) "Black Eye Susan with Green Hair," The Prairie Light Review: Vol. 42 : No. 1 , Article 
68. 
Available at: https://dc.cod.edu/plr/vol42/iss1/68 
This Artwork is brought to you for free and open access by the College Publications at DigitalCommons@COD. It 
has been accepted for inclusion in The Prairie Light Review by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@COD. For 
more information, please contact orenick@cod.edu. 
Black Eye Susan with Green Hair. Caroline Bell, Painting.
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