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Adoptive Transfer of Immune Response in a Xenogenic System
Full text linkRupert Billingham, Leslie Brent and Peter Medawar showed in 1953 that the state of sensitization to an antigen could be passively transferred to a recipient with a transplant of specifically sensitized donor lymphoid cells, which continued to function successfully in their new body [1]. This transfer of immunity was designated by R. Billigham and co-authors [2] as adoptive transfer, and the immunity itself was called adoptive or perceived immunity.
Adoptive transfer of lymphocytes is currently used to assess the functional activity of individual cell forms or to develop cell therapy techniques, for example in experimental oncology, using T-lymphocytes specifically sensitized to tumor antigens [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. However, the problem of adoptive transfer of immune response remains far from being resolved. It is believed that adoptive transfer of sensitization to a specific antigen is possible only through the introduction of lymphoid cells of an immunized donor to the recipient [8, 9, 10, 11].
We have previously shown that adoptive transfer in a syngeneic system (BALB/c mice) can also be accomplished via platelets [12 ]. In the available literature, we have not found information on the possibility of adoptive transfer of sensitization via platelets in a xenogenic system. In this regard, the goal of the present study was chosen
Severity Factor in the First Forty-Eight Hours of Thoracic Trauma in University Hospital Center Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Antananarivo
Full text linkIntroduction: Severe thoracic trauma is the second leading cause of death in multiple traumas after head trauma. The objective of this study is to research the serious factors of thoracic trauma at the Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Antananarivo university hospital center.
Patients and methods: This is a retrospective cohort study on patients with closed and open chest trauma hospitalized in the thoracic surgery department, from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2022.
Results: We had collected 331 patients with a male predominance (82.2%), with the median age of 29 years, many of our patients were treated by chest drainage (62.8%), and 17.2% having received a thoracotomy. The mortality rate is 36.2%. Several factors were found: age ? 55 years (RR=2.7 [2.2-3.4]), chronic respiratory disease including : obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma (RR=2.8 [2.3-3 ,4]), the comatose state (RR=2.1[1.6 -2.8], hemodynamic instability and respiratory distress syndrome; patient victim of penetrating trauma and associate neurological lesion ; l severe anemia ? 70g/l (RR=2.4 [1.7-3.1]); chest flap, compressive pneumothorax (RR=5.5 [2.5-6.7]) and large hemothorax ? 1500 ml (RR=3.6 [2.4-5.4]; delay in management beyond six hours (RR=2.1 [1.6-2.8]), massive blood transfusion; Chest tube flow ? 250 ml/h.
Conclusion: Serious thoracic trauma leads to a high mortality rate, several factors have been implicated, clinical, biological, scannographic and therapeutic factors
Immunological Markers of Practically Healthy Persons Visual Analyzer State
Full text linkThe eyes are a set of sensory organs that play a crucial role in the visual system [1]. Visual stimuli from our environment are processed by a complex system of interconnected neurons that begins with the optic nerve in the eye and extends to the visual processing center in the forebrain - the visual cortex [2].
The eye is an extension of the brain and contains nerve tissue in the light-sensitive layer, the retina, which is related to brain tissue, and the outer membrane are an extension of the medulla [3]. The optic nerve has capillaries that have barrier properties due to the presence of dense interendothelial cell connections. In addition, the optic nerve has a well-developed, hemato-tissue barrier, which is formed by the pial vessels, the intermediate tissue of Kunt and the border tissue of Jacobi, located between the chorioidea and the optic disc (OD). All of these tissues are composed of astrocytes. However, the blood-tissue barrier has defects, which allows some substances, including antigens, to penetrate through it choriocapillary endothelial cells� fenestrations also contribute to the penetration of various substances into the bloodstream [4, 5, 6].
Most of the biological material is freely filtered through the tissue of the Jacobi tissue border and enters the optic nerve prelaminar region [3, 7, 8]. �Thus, there is a circulation of certain substances from eye�s certain compartments into the bloodstream and from the bloodstream into the eye�s compartments, including the visual analyzer tissues. Consequently, the nervous tissues of the eye are not adequately protected from the body\u27s innate immune system.
The eye is one of several organs and tissues with immune privileges [9, 10]. The term �immune privilege� was introduced by Peter Medawar to show that the eye is exempt from the laws of transplantation immunology. Nevertheless, the impetus for the term came from the research of Dutch ophthalmologist van Doormal more than 150 years ago. In experiments on mice, he showed that the eye�s anterior chamber protects allografts from rejection by the body\u27s immune system [18]. Anterior chamber�s this feature was the impetus for the study eye�s immune system and its interaction with the innate immune system [11, 12].
Immune privilege is an active process in which certain tissues and the innate immune system cooperate to protect the eye from autoaggressive damage. The mechanisms that contribute to immune privilege include primarily tolerance of peripheral T-cells. Antigens entering the eye are taken up by local antigen-presenting cells, which migrate through the blood and initiate an immune response. This initiates the specific antibodies� synthesis in the spleen [11, 13, 14] and specific T-cells are formed in the thymus. Most of them are eliminated under the target antigen influence expressed by the eye tissues itself, but some of them - gets back into the bloodstream and, accordingly, into the visual analyzer system [6, 9, 10].
Thus, because of the visual analyzer tissues� structure peculiarities, the eye antigens collide with the innate immune system. This encounter leads to the inevitable immune response development culminating in the specific immunoglobulins formation and sensitized lymphocytes that enter the bloodstream [11, 15, 16]. Consequently, there is a circulation not only of eye tissues� antigens, but also of collision products with the innate immune system.
In this regard, it is legitimate to assume that because of visual analyzer tissues� structure some features, eye antigens� certain amount encounters the innate immune system. As a result, immunoglobulins and leukocytes specifically sensitized to the eye tissues and, among them, to the visual analyzer tissues�, inevitably appear in the circulation. Because immune responses are essential defense elements against foreignness and inflammation, the eye has developed distinct mechanisms that provide an immune response to avascular tissues\u27 injury to the eye. It is now known that injury and/or pathology in the eye�s avascular regions triggers an immune system response that culminates in fibrosis that impairs vision [17, 18, 19].
Our early studies have shown that in the blood of practically healthy person (PHP), patients with glaucoma and keratitis circulates sensitized to the nerve, trabecular and lens tissues\u27 antigens leukocytes. Their number clearly correlates with the pathology presence and its severity expression [20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. We explained this finding with the constantly occurring in almost all organs and tissues natural regeneration processes.
Since primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) belongs to neurodegenerative eye diseases [10, 25, 26], we investigated the PHP and POAG patients� circulating leucocytes sensitization degree to optic nerve (ON) and optic disc (OD) tissue antigens. Moreover, the study results showed the presence in the PHP and POUG patients� peripheral blood leukocytes specifically responding in vitro to ON and OD tissue antigens [23]. As a result, the question arose about the PHP� peripheral blood leukocytes sensitization to other tissue antigens of the visual analyzer
Review of Mortality Patterns in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital\u27s Emergency Department Over One Year
No full textBackground: Mortality trends in Emergency departments serve as vital indicators of healthcare quality and system effectiveness. Understanding the mortality patterns in these settings is crucial for optimising emergency care delivery. However, limited research exists on mortality trends in emergency departments, particularly in low-resource settings such as Ghana. This study seeks to provide valuable insights into the factors contributing to mortality and inform strategies for improving emergency care.This study aimed to analyse mortality trends in the Emergency Department of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Ghana over a specified period.
Methodology: This retrospective study utilised data obtained from medical records of patients who presented to the emergency department of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and subsequently died during their hospital stay for the year 2023. Data on patient demographics, admission records, clinical characteristics, and diagnosiswere collected, analysed, and summarised using descriptive statistics.
Results: During the review period, the total attendance at the KBTH Accident and Emergency Centre was 14,472, comprising 8,666 males and 5,806 females. Among these attendees, 5,856 individuals were admitted. The centre reported 492 cases of Brought-in-Dead (Dead on Arrival). The age group with the highest attendance was 15-44 years. A total of 909 deaths occurred in the emergency department, with 465 males and 444 females. The age distribution of fatalitiesshowed the majority occurring in the 60+ age group. The overall mortality rate per attendance was 6.3%.The leading cause of death was cerebrovascular accident (CVA), followed by chronic renal disease and all types of pneumonia.
Conclusion: The review of mortality patterns offers valuable insights into the epidemiology, outcomes, and challenges associated with emergency care. These findings underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance, quality improvement initiatives, and interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance patient care and inform health promotion strategies in communities aimed at reducing mortality.
Can Comparing Traditional and Green Infrastructure Promote Cosystems Restoration? Case study of three Restoration Assessments in Cameroon
Full text linkMuch of Africa�s forest ecosystems heritage can be found in Cameroon. The country has since ratified numerous Conventions and enacted laws to protect and valorize these connecting ecosystems benefiting local people and global climate. These forest and non-forest ecosystems constitute Cameroon�s green infrastructure today. However, due to anthropogenic and natural processes, these ecosystems face degradation, thereby weakening their superstructure, diminishing their services value; threatening livelihoods, and contributing to climate change.
We draw in this paper, parallels between green infrastructure and traditional (hard) infrastructure, in a bid to attract to ecosystems restoration, a comparable maintenance mindset, historically reserved for hard infrastructure. We use the prisms of three ecosystems assessments for restoration, as case studies. These are; (i) the northern savannah, (ii) Sanaga-Kadey watershed and (iii) the forest transition zones of Cameroon. By analyzing some common parameters across these ecosystems, including (i) land tenure, (ii) multifunctionality, (iii) climate resilience, (iv) critical resource use efficiency, (v) carbon neutrality, (vi) connectivity, (vii) stakeholder engagement, (viii) social inclusivity and (ix) maintenance-friendliness, we simultaneously make a case for adopting analogous maintenance mindsets towards securing and re-building Cameroon�s threatened green infrastructure
The Charge of Electrons from White Dwarf Stars Create the Majority of Black Holes
Full text linkIt was originally believed that only mass could create Black Holes. It is the purpose of this paper to prove that the charge from White Dwarf Stars creates the majority of Black Holes. Stars with mass below 1.44 Solar mass known as the Chandrasekhar Limit create White Dwarf Stars. Using the energy in charge, Energy = /(24 �where n corresponds to the number of electrons, White Dwarfs are responsible for Solar Mass type or smaller Black Holes with charge. Stars bigger than 1.44 Solar Mass create bigger size Black Holes without charge such as those from Neutron Stars or those located at the center of a galaxy using the energy of mass, Energy = m . Since there are more stars smaller in size than the sun, a majority of charged Black Holes are created by White Dwarf Stars. We calculate the size of the Schwarzschild Radius of the White Dwarf as R = /(12 ) where n corresponds to the number of electrons drawn from the White Dwarf and sent into the Black Hole created. Only White Dwarf Stars can create Black Holes with Mass, Angular Momentum, and Charge, albeit these Black Holes will be smaller in size than those created by mass
Modification of Kornevin Growth Powder for The Purposes of Root Formation in Semi-Lignified Cuttings of Juníperus Sabína L
Full text linkIn Russian nurseries, growth powders are widely used for rooting semi-lignified cuttings of coniferous crops. Due to the fact that the range of such powders is represented by preparations with only one concentration of the active substance (4 (indol-3-yl) butyric acid) - 5 g / l (0.5% IBA), a study was conducted on the possibility of diluting the preparations with talc and crushed charcoal using the Kornevin powder as an example. Semi-lignified cuttings of Jun�perus sab�na were used in the experiments; rooting was carried out under the conditions of installing low-pressure artificial fog with substrate heating. It was shown that the best option under the experimental conditions was the use of Kornevin-talc powder in a volume ratio of 1 to 1 to stimulate rooting. The rooting of the cuttings was 89.3%. Undiluted Kornevin had a phytotoxic effect, which caused a decrease in the survival rate from the values ??of the best option by 26%. The use of powders with a more significant dilution of Kornevin led to the appearance of signs of auxin deficiency in the stimulator. Thus, it was shown that for rooting cuttings of Jun�perus sab�na, powders with an IMC content of 0.25% are needed, which can be obtained by diluting Kornevin powder with talc or crushed charcoal. It was shown that when diluting growth powder, it is necessary to take into account that with the same degree of dilution (by powder volume), the hormonal properties of IMC decrease more intensively in options with crushed charcoal than talc
Unveiling the Interplay of Thickness, Band Gap and Temperature in CIGS Solar Cells
Full text linkThis work reports� one-dimensional simulation-based analysis of the performance of thin-film solar cells using Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) as the absorber layer. The study focuses on how three key parameters; absorber layer thickness, band gap energy and operating temperature influence the efficiency of solar cells. Simulations were performed using SCAPS-1D under standard illumination conditions (AM1.5G, 1000 W/m�). The absorber layer thickness was varied from 0.8 �m to 2.0 �m, the band gap from 0.8 eV to 1.8 eV and the temperature from 240 K to 360 K. Results show that an optimal combination of these parameters; CIGS thickness of 1.6 �m, band gap of 1.4 eV and operating temperature of 240 Kyields a maximum conversion efficiency of 19.95%. The trends indicate that increasing thickness and band gap improve efficiency up to a limit, beyond which recombination or reduced light absorption lowers performance. Similarly, higher temperatures result in efficiency loss due to increased carrier recombination. These findings provide insight into absorber layer design and optimization for improving the performance of thin-film CIGS solar cells
Zero-Knowledge and Post-Quantum Signature Primitives for Privacy-Preserving Blockchain IoT Systems
Full text linkSecurity and privacy have emerged as paramount concerns in the evolving Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, where billions of interconnected devices exchange sensitive data over untrusted networks. Traditional cryptographic methods, while effective, are increasingly vulnerable to emerging computational threats, including those posed by quantum computing. This study proposes an enhanced blockchain-based framework that integrates zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) and post-quantum signature primitives to achieve robust, privacy-preserving authentication in IoT systems. The framework enables IoT devices to verify transactions and authenticate identities without revealing confidential information, thereby maintaining data confidentiality and integrity. By employing lattice-based and hash-based post-quantum algorithms, the system ensures resistance against quantum attacks while preserving computational efficiency for resource-constrained IoT nodes. Experimental evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed model in reducing communication overhead and enhancing trust among devices in decentralized networks. This research underscores the significance of combining zero-knowledge and post-quantum cryptography to build future-proof, privacy-preserving blockchain IoT systems capable of withstanding next-generation security threats
Equations of Unification: Mathematical Connections between Ramanujan\u27s Recurring Numbers and Theoretical Cosmology
Full text linkThe search for a conceptual unity between the domains of discrete mathematics and continuous physics represents one of the deepest and most strategic challenges of modern science. Overcoming the dichotomy between the quantized world of numbers and the fluidity of spacetime is fundamental to develop a theoretical framework that can describe the universe in its entirety. The exploration of bridges between these two seemingly distant languages is not only an exercise in formal elegance, but a necessity to solve the enigmas that lie at the frontier of theoretical physics, from quantum gravity to the nature of the cosmological vacuum.
This paper presents a further development of the Nardelli Master Equation, unveiling its profound mathematical and symbolic connections to Ramanujan�s Recurring Numbers. Through a multidisciplinary lens, we explore how this equation acts as a bridge between discrete number-theoretic phenomena and continuous geometric structures, revealing hidden symmetries across Geometric Measure Theory, Number Theory, Theoretical Cosmology, and String Theory. The recurrence patterns inspired by Ramanujan are shown to resonate with fractal geometries and cosmological constants, suggesting a unified framework where arithmetic intuition meets the fabric of spacetime. We propose that the Nardelli Master Equation, enriched by these connections, may serve not only as a tool for mathematical insight but also as a symbolic vessel for understanding the deep harmony between the microcosm of numbers and the macrocosm of the universe. This work invites further exploration into the structural unity of mathematics and physics thought