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Book review: Education Policy and Reforms in Tanzania: A Reflection On Globalization Impacts and Research Use Experiences.
Get PDFThis book is a comprehensive work in the field of policy studies that suits the contexts of developing countries. The book has shown light on education policy reforms issues in Tanzania, pinpointing the root causes of policy implementation failure right from formulation stages. It is richly illustrated with policy models, explaining the relationship of education policy to countries’ development endeavours. Salient development examples as the result of mobilization of resourced to education are drawn from the TIGER countries, the BRICS, and few African countries such as South Africa, Namibia, and Tunisi
Does Development Assistance For Health Buy Better Results In Maternal Health in Tanzania? Evidence from Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model.
No full textThis paper establishes whether development assistance for health buy better results in maternal health in Tanzania using annual time series data for the period between 1995 and 2014 based on Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) and Error Correction Model. A long run cointegration relationship exists between GDP per capita, maternal mortality, unemployment and development assistance for health over examined period of time. The results show that in the long run Development Assistance for Health (DAH) and Economic growth (measured by real GDP per capita) was significant in reducing maternal mortality in Tanzania. In the short run, unemployment was statistically significant on increasing maternal mortality in Tanzania between 1995 and 2014. Furthermore, the short run results show that both DAH and real GDP per capita reduces maternal mortality between 1995 and 2014. The results imply that Development Assistance for Health (DAH) channeled to the health sector is an important component in improvements of maternal health in Tanzania. The findings are robust to sensitivity analyses and estimation methods. Â
Is the Banning of Importation of Second-Hand Clothes and Shoes a Panacea to Industrialization in East Africa?
No full textThe objective of this study was to investigate if the banning of importation of second-hand clothes and shoes is a panacea to industrialization in East Africa. Qualitative and quantitative secondary data were employed to validate the research objectives. The study found that most people used second-hand clothes and shoes bacause they were cheaper, good quality and fashionable. Likewise, the trade of second-hand clothes and shoes created employment, generated revenue and filled the gap during shortage. Nevertheless, the second-hand clothes and shoes trade contributed to the collapse and hamper the current initiative to revive the textiles and leather industries. Similarly, the trade has been associated with some skin diseases, had negative impact on self-esteem of the consumers and conflicted with some African values and traditions. Besides, there were some socio-economic and technical factors, influx of clothes and shoes from Asia as well as un-competitive local environment which contributed to the collapse of the former industries. In view of the above, the following were recommended: First, the phase-out of second-hand clothes and shoes should be gradual and implemented over a longer period of time (5-10 years) to lessen the impact of the ban on the lives of the consumers and traders. Second, the governments should put in place effective policies to control unfair competition of Asian products. Finally, the governments should rectify all factors that led to the collapse of the former industries and put in place a conducive business and investment environment necessary for the growth of the new industries
Does Financial System Influence Tax Revenue? The Case of Nigeria
No full textWe examined the influence of financial system activities on tax revenue collection in Nigeria for the period of 1981-2014. After given consideration for the period of banking crisis with the employment of ARDL/ Bound test, causality test, variance decomposition and impulse response techniques, our analysis showed that financial system activities influence tax revenue collection in Nigeria. We showed that financial system variables such as stock market development, banking development, banking crisis and financial inclusion variables play a pivotal role in the tax revenue collection. The impulse response, causality test and variance decomposition results corroborate our regression results. Therefore, we conclude that financial system should be used efficiently by government to improve the level of revenue collection and hence, economic growth
Intra-Regional Agricultural Exports in the East African Community
No full textThis study investigated the causes of intra-EAC agricultural exports. Five Augmented gravity models were estimated using the Pseudo Poisson Maximum Likelihood (PPML) Approach. The study used panel data from UNCOMTRADE, International Financial Statistics and World Development Indicators for the period 2000 – 2012 on the five EAC members. The intra-EAC agricultural exports depended on various factors, including GDP of exporter, GDP of the importer, Exchange rate, distance between the economic centers, language similarities, adjacency and population of the exporter. EAC secretariat and respective governments in EAC should also reduce currency value disparities among the member states as a means of promoting intraregional agricultural trade. The proposed monetary union and harmonization of currencies would significantly promote agricultural trade within the region. The EAC member states should also enhance border liberalization, as this will also promote intra-regional agricultural trade, among other measures
Determinants of Inclusive Growth in Africa: Role of Health and Demographic Changes
No full textThis paper examines the role of health and population growth on inclusive growth in selected 14 African countries from 1995 to 2012. Using the Fixed effect method, the findings indicate that finances from the health sector have greater impact towards the inclusiveness of growth in Africa. It indicated that adequate financing of the health sector is fundamental to improve propoor growth in Africa. The population growth of African countries was found to deteriorate the achievement of inclusiveness of growth. Thus, African countries need to make use of her rising population as a blessing and not as threat, so that pro-poor growth can be achieved in the region. In addition, there is need for more government involvement in financing the health sector by providing adequate health care facilities
Socioeconomic Determinants of Primary School Drop Out: The Logistic Model Analysis
No full textThis paper attempts to examine the socioeconomic determinants of primary school dropout in Uganda with the aid of a logistic model analysis using the 2004 National Service Delivery Survey data. The Objectives were to establish the household socioeconomic factors that influence dropout of pupils given free education and any possible policy alternatives to curb dropout of pupils. Various logistic regressions of primary school dropout were estimated and these took the following dimensions; rural-urban, gender, and age-cohort. After model estimation, marginal effects for each of the models were obtained. The analysis of the various coefficients was done across all models. The results showed the insignificance of distance to school, gender of pupil, gender of household head and total average amount of school dues paid by students in influencing dropout of pupils thus showing the profound impact Universal Primary Education has had on both access to primary education and pupil dropout. Also the results vindicated the importance of parental education, household size and proportion of economically active household members in influencing the chances of pupil dropout. The study finally calls for government to; keep a keen eye on non-school fees payments by parents to schools as these have the potential to increase to unsustainable levels by most households especially in rural areas; roll-out adult education across the entire country; and expand free universal education to secondary and vocational levels as it would allow some of those who can not afford secondary education to continue with schooling. This has the effect of reducing the number of unproductive members in the household
The Growth of Health Expenditure in Lesotho
No full textThe study analyses the factors behind the growth of health expenditure in Lesotho over the period 1980 to 2011. The cointegration test results reveal that income is one of the important factors explaining the growth of health spending in Lesotho, with public health expenditure being more responsive to changes in income than private health spending. Although the government’s role in disease patterns may be overshadowed by increased external funding, the findings highlight that Lesotho is still committed to improving the overall healthiness of its people. On the other hand, public and private health expenditure are found to follow different paths, with the ability of the citizens to finance their healthcare needs reducing the government’s pressure to offer more health services. External aid programmes also seem to have impacted positively on Lesotho’s public health spending while reducing a burden for privately-financed health services
Determinants of Financial Sustainability of Small Holder Sugarcane Farming Systems in Tanzania
No full textThe study investigated the impact of farming systems on determinants of smallholder sugarcane farmers (SSFs) financial sustainability (FS) between Block Farming (BF) and Traditional Farming (TF) systems. FS was analyzed by assessing profitability of the farming system. Semi structured questionnaires were administered to a random sample of SSFs and officials of block farms within Kilombero valley in Morogoro region in the south eastern Tanzania. 1040 observations from 394 respondents for SSFs’ FS have been analyzed at significance level of p = 0.05. Two sample t-Tests, one way ANOVA and Tobit regression analysis performed revealed that effects of the two farming systems on the hypothesized factors differs significantly. Yield, price and cost have been found to have significant effects on financial sustainability, whereas the effect of land size and sucrose were not significant.BF has been found to be significantly more effective than TF system in ensuring profitability of the farmers. Profitability through BF is 0.56 (56%) as compared to 0.39 (39%) through TF
Factors Affecting Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Startup and Growth in Tanzania
No full textThis study analyzes factors that are affecting the start-up and growth of SMEs in Tanzania. The interviews involved the institutions providing business support services to SMEs and a total of 150 randomly selected SMEs from the country’s commercial city of Dar es Salaam. The study examined seven factors, which were categorized into three broad groups: business environment (political, legal and regulatory environment & socio-economic environment); institutional support (resources and finance; management and know-how & appropriate infrastructure & technology) and individual attributes and knowledge (entrepreneurial tendencies & innovation, vision and exposure to external knowledge). The context description for qualitative data and the multiple linear regressions show that factors range from inborn individual attributes to complex relationships between often changing business environments. The competitive activities and location, inadequate finance, human and social resources, and technical and management skills play a crucial role in the start-up. Also the regulatory framework leads to excessively complex registration and licensing requirements. Inadequate technology and physical infrastructure have resulted in a shortage of premises and even the few premises available are well beyond the financial ability of most SMEs. Unreliable electricity negatively affects their growth. The study provides managerial and policy implications