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Pollution Haven Hypothesis (Phh) Revisited for the BRICS Economies
Get PDFThis study analyzed the reality or otherwise of pollution haven hypothesis in BRICS countries using panel data spanning from 1990 to 2018. The study used net exports and foreign direct investments as measures of economic activity (dependent variables for the two models) and stringency in environmental regulation while other determinants of trade were captured as independent or control variables. The other model that has foreign direct investment as dependent variable also has infrastructure, income and trade openness as control variables. Cointegration, panel least squares and Panel generalized method of moments (PGMM) were used in analyzing the data. A year lag of the dependent variables was included as one of the independent variables of the models to capture dynamism (Blundell and Bond, 1998). The study confirmed the existence of pollution haven hypothesis true for the BRICS countries. The agglomeration effects of FDI and trade were also confirmed by the study among others. The study recommends that governments of BRICS countries must weigh the beneficial impact of trade and FDI against the pollution impact of ‘dirty’ trade and investments before deciding or setting its environmental policy. There is a great need for them to tighten their environmental laws and also strengthened the enforcement agencies so as to make those regulations effective
The Effects of Deforestation in Mlola Forest Reserves, Mafia District, Tanzania
Get PDFThis paper focused on the assessment of the effects of deforestation in Mlola Forest Reserve in Mafia District in Coast Region. It identified socio-economic activities conducted in Mlola Forest Reserve, examined effects of deforestation in Mlola Forest Reserve and measures taken against deforestation in the study area. Mlola Forest Reserve was used as a case study in the Cost Region. Data were collected using questionnaires and interviews from a sample size of 30 respondents composed of 47% males; and 53% females. Focus Group Discussions and field visits were also used in data collection. The results revealed that socio-economic activities contributed highly to the deforestation of Mlola Forest Reserve. Results showed that, 53% of the respondents were engaged in charcoal making and selling; while 30% and 17% depended on the forest for firewood and timber respectively. About 90% of the respondents revealed that deforestation leads to climate change or global warming. Moreover, 83% and 70% of the respondents revealed that, deforestation leads to habitat fragmentation and increased soil erosion, respectively. The study concluded that human activities contributed highly to forest destruction. It recommended that, awareness rising on tree planting should be promoted, encouraged alternative energy use, adhere to land use planning and Participatory Forest Management. Likewise, the policy and regulations should be enforced to reduce illegal deforestation activities
Teacher’s Perception on the Contribution of Pretend Play on Children’s Self-Regulation in Tanzanian Pre-primary Schools
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to explore teachers’ perceptions on the contribution of pretend play on self-regulation behavior among young children in pre-primary schools in a Tanzanian context. Four groups prepared hypothetical pretend play; these addressed aggressive, isolation, hyperactive and prosocial behaviours, and were purposively included in the study to explore their contribution on children’s self-regulation. This was a case study design, whereas, in-depth interview was used to collect data. Twenty participants participated in this study. The findings revealed that some teachers are aware about the contribution of pretend play they prepared on children’s self-regulation behavior in pre-primary school; while some argued that pretend play contributes solely on learning numeracy, arithmetic and fun. The study recommends that pre-primary teachers should be trained on the contribution of pretend play in a wider perspective, including behavior self-regulation which forms a foundation of learning adjustment and other social skills
The Students ways of Financing the Higher Learning Education at The Open University of Tanzania
Get PDFThis paper assesses the ways the students from the Open University of Tanzania finance their education by using descriptive analysis. The study involved 182 students from Manyara regional centre in Tanzania who were selected by using the systematic random sampling technique. The study reveals that only 45% of the students finance higher education by using a loan from commercial banks. The study further found that students financed their higher education by using money from SACCOS, NGO MFIs and VICOBA. This paper recommends that commercial banks and other MFIs devise ways to finance higher education in Tanzania
Intervening Effect of Selected Macroeconomic Factors on Fiscal Policy Stance and Public Expenditure in Kenya
Get PDFThis paper investigates the intervening effect of selected macroeconomic factors on the relationship between fiscal policy stance and public expenditure in Kenya using time series modelling. This paper is underpinned by the theory of fiscal policy, Wagner’s Law of increasing state activities and Peacock-Wiseman hypothesis. The population is the Kenyan economy while secondary data was collected from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics reports. Time series modelling was applied. The findings indicate that foreign aid and grants have an intervening effect on the relationship between fiscal policy stance and public expenditure in Kenya. Nevertheless, fiscal stance has a statistically insignificant effect on public expenditure. The results show that fiscal stance, foreign aid and grants and public expenditure are cointegrate d using the Johansen cointegration test but there is no short run causality between the variables as indicated by the Wald test statistics. The conclusion is that foreign aid and grants explain the extent to which fiscal policy stance affects the level of public expenditure in Kenya even though fiscal policy stance has an inverse relationship with public expenditure
Impact of Human Activities on Water Resources around Lake Victoria in Misungwi District, Tanzania
Get PDFWater is potential to the lives of the people and biodiversity. The objective of this study was to examine households’ awareness on the contribution of their human activities in lowering the quality of water resources around Lake Victoria in Misungwi District, Tanzania. The expansion of human activities due to population increase possibly led to wetlands encroachment around the lake leading to contamination of water resources of Lake Victoria Basin. This study used qualitative approach to assess the impact of human activities on water resources using questionnaires to collect data from a random sample of 219 heads of households. Participant observation, FGDs and informants guided by checklists were employed in order to triangulate information obtained. The results showed that, human activities pressure exerted by population exodus from drought hit areas to wetlands around Lake Victoria in one way or the other affected the quality of water of the latter in the environment. Also, there was a direct relationship between education level, human activities and awareness status of respondents and water resources polluting effects and the general environmental degradation of Lake Victoria in the study area. The study concluded that; there was a great correlation between increased human activities propelled by population increase and low water quality in the environment around Lake Victoria. It recommended that; collective efforts guided by relevant policies should focus on building awareness on sustainable use of the Lake Victoria water resource for improvement of the local environment and community. It should be coupled with participatory decision- making processes with stakeholders in designing feasible policies pro- sustainable environment in the area
Effectiveness of ICT on Teachers’ Science teaching to Secondary Schools in Irepodun Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria
No full textThis study examined the effectiveness of ICT on teachers’ science teaching to secondary schools in Irepodun Local Government Area, Kwara State. A questionnaire was used to elicit information from respondents. Frequency counts and t-test statistics were used to analyse the data. Findingds of this study revealed that the effect of ICT to science teaching by science teachers was significant. It also revealed that there were no significant differences on the effect of using ICT to science teaching by science teachers towards teaching based on the gender and experience but significant on the school type. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made; that; ICT Education should be compulsory in all secondary schools in Irepodun LGA Kwara State in order to improve more in their science teaching, the Teacher Registration Council of Nigeria should provide ICT for both the male and female teachers, there should be opportunity to be ICT literate through in-service education for both the experience and less experience science teachers, Government should ensure provision of ICT facilities in the public secondary schools and encourage science teachers to go to seminars and workshops so that they can improve in their science teaching. Key Word: Effectiveness, ICT, teachers, science teaching, secondary school
Vegetable Pest Management and Pesticide use in Kigoma, Tanzania: Challenges and way Forward
No full textThis study assessed farmers' knowledge and practices regarding pesticide use and pest management in vegetables and implications for human health and the environment. Participatory approaches including focus group discussions, individual farmer interviews and observations were held. The study revealed that most of the farmers are relatively new to vegetable production and use synthetic pesticides as the major strategy for controlling pests and diseases. The farmers lack access to information on proper management of pest and safe use of pesticides, and most often depend on informal advice, notably from pesticide retailers. Consequently, the majority of farmers apply pesticides haphazardly without correctly identifying diseases and pests on their crops. The anomaly is attributed to the lack of knowledge on pesticide use and related hazards, lack of alternatives to synthetic pesticides, stringent market requirements for unblemished crops, and the unwillingness of farmers to accept the risk of crop loss. The indiscriminate application of pesticides, if it remains unchecked, will have adverse effect on the environment, health of farmers and consumers of vegetables. The challenges faced by these farmers in their attempt to manage vegetable pests and possible strategies for intervention are discussed. Keywords: Pesticide use, Risk exposure, Farmer awareness, Tanzani
Strategic Caring in the Begging Style Involving Children as Guides in Tanzania and Use of ICT: Asset on Basic Education Access
No full textThis paper explores the strategic caring as a coping mechanism in the unique begging style involving children as guides in Dodoma Municipality, Tanzania and use of Information and Communication Technology. The rationale for the study location is that the begging phenomenon using children as guides is more pronounced. A total of 23 respondents including 10 young carers of visually impaired adult beggars, 10 visually impaired adult beggars, 1 District Education Officer and 2 Social Welfare Officers were purposefully sampled. Data were collected through interviews and observations. Artifacts were employed to aid depicting issued under study more vividly. The findings showed that guiding over the weekends, part time guidance, help up to the begging point, saving what was gained through begging and use of a stick constituted strategic caring. Moreover, it was revealed that the strategic caring mechanism employed and use of ICT enabled young carers of visually impaired adult beggars to fulfill their guidance role at the same time attend to school. The paper concludes that strategic caring in the guidance role is enhanced by a partnership between young carers of visually impaired adult beggars and the visually impaired adult beggars they guided. Unless the government and other stakeholders sets aside sufficient resources to educate the entire community on supporting and making people with visual impairment independent, limited access to basic education among young carers of visually impaired adult beggars will be hard to combat and effective participation in learning will rather be a dream in Dodoma Municipality
Determinants of Consumers’ Intention to Use E-payment System in Shopping Malls in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Modified UTAUT Model Approach
No full textThe aim of the study was to determine factors that influence customers’ intention to use the e-payment system in Dar es Salaam’s shopping malls. Bearing the importance of financial inclusion, there is no doubt electronic payment development will strongly contribute to improving countries competitiveness in many ways. However, despite the growth rate of ICT utilization particularly internet and mobile phones and an exponential rate of online communication and interactions, Tanzania is yet to harness the opportunities for e -payment. The study applied the modified UTAUT model to investigate factors that influence customers’intention to use the e-payment system in Dar es Salaam shopping malls. Data were collected from a sample of 460 customers selected from 5 shopping malls in Dar es Salaam and tested against the research model using SEM. The results showed that three factors (Social Influence and Perceived Security and Effort Expectancy) had a significant positive effect on customers’ intention to use the e-payment system in Tanzania; Perceived Security being the strongest determinant. Conversely, Perceived Cost was found to have a significant negative effect on customer intention on the use of e-payment system in Tanzania. Keywords: e-payment, UTAUT