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The Influence of Motives and Significant others in Adolescent Tobacco Smoking: Evidence from a Survey of Secondary School Adolescents in Dar es Salaam
Get PDFThis study explored the psychosocial influence of tobacco smoking among secondary school adolescents in Ilala district, Dar es Salam region. Specifically, the study sought to explore the influence of significant others and motives on tobacco smoking among secondary school adolescents. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 secondary school adolescents aged between 12 and 22. The findings revealed that the major motive that drives adolescents to smoke tobacco was experimentation. Other motives include; the desire to reduce frustration, pleasure, persuaded to smoke, a way of solving problem, and the habit of being sent to light up cigarette. It was further revealed that smoking cigarette as a way of keeping busy had little influence on secondary schools’ adolescents in Ilala district while the influence of close friends and brothers made a strong contribution to secondary school adolescents in Ilala district to smoke tobacco. Significant others like sister, mother and father were found to have little influence on secondary schools’ adolescents’ tobacco smoking behavior.Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that factors such as motives and the influence of significant others need to be taken into account when considering psycho-educational intervention programs to preventing smoking
Employees’ Accommodations Deficiency in Kigoma Remote Community Secondary Schools and their Perceived Job Performance
Get PDFThe study was conducted in Kigoma District to investigate employees’ accommodations deficiency in Kigoma Remote Community Secondary Schools and their Perceived Job Performance with special reference to teachers. It targeted all teachers and school heads living beyond 28 Kilometers from their schools. Overall number of Community Secondary Schools teachers and school heads ranged to 60 as from 2019–2020. A sample of
49 participants was drawn for study comprising of 44 teachers and 5 heads of schools were used. Teachers were given questionnaires while school heads were interviewed. Purposive sampling was used to select school heads and teachers from Kidahwe, Mkigo, Kagongo, Nyamhoza, and Amohoro for the study. A mixed research approach was deployed to analyse quantitative and qualitative data. Concurrent triangulation nested explanatory research design was used to explain the state of teachers’ accommodations. Data were collected through questionnaire, telephone interview, documentary review, and observation. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) 20 versions was used to analyse teachers’ questionnaires. Observation, documentary review and interview data were thematically analysed. The findings were; Kidahwe, Mkigo, Kagongo, Nyamhoza, and Amohoro completely lack teachers’ accommodations by 100%. The key reason was financial constraints. The study concludes that teachers' job performance in remote secondary schools was affected by the lack of accommodations. Therefore the government should provide enough funds for teachers’ accommodations
Factors Influencing Implementation of Environmental Management Practices among Hotels in Tanzania
Get PDFThis study aimed to identify factors that influence implementation of environmental management practices among hotels in Tanzania. Basing on previous studies, five factors that were vital in the implementation of the hotel Environmental Management Practices (EMPs) were acknowledged as management commitment, business competitiveness, governmental regulation, employees training and hospitality industry awareness. The study wasconducted in two cities Arusha and Dar es Salaam whereby structured questionnaire with likert scale range from 1 to 5 was used to collect information from the sample size of 400 managers and supervisors of hotels. SPSS software was used for data entry and AMOS software version 23 was used to analyze multivariate analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses. The findings indicated that, management commitment affects positively implementation of EMPs in hotel, with significance p<0.05; likewise business competitiveness effects positively the implementation of EMPs in hotel with significance p<0.05. In addition, employees training on EMPs has significant positive effects on the implementation of EMPs in the hotel at p< 0.001; also, implementation of hotel EMPs hassignificant positive effects on hotel business sustainability at p< 0.001. Therefore, the implications to industry managers and expertise are: first, hotel managers’ commitment is vital for the successful EMPs implementation. Second, training of employees on implementation of EMPs is crucial in achieving business sustainability. Third, there is relationship between business competiveness and implementation of EMPs. Fourth implementing EMPs is crucial for sustainability of hotel business. This contributes to body of knowledge by coming with guiding framework on how the hotel could implement EMPs.The main limitation of this is lack of generalizability of the finding in TanzaniaThe study recommends future research in game parks and beaches, as these are visitors’ main attraction in Tanzania
Perceived Psychological Contract Breach on Organizational Continuance Commitment in the Tanzanian Public Universities: The Case of Selected Universities
Get PDFThis paper explores the effects of Perceived Psychological Contract Breach (PPCB) on Organizational Continuance Commitment (OCC) of the public universities’ academic staff in Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on a sample of 187 academic staff from five public universities. A 24 commitment scale of Allen and Meyer was used. The descriptive statistics, correlation, linear and multiple linear regression analysis techniques were applied. The study found that PPCB significantly negatively affected organizational continuance commitment. Old academic staff above 51years of age showed more organizational commitment than the rest of the groups, married couples showed more organizational continuance commitment than the other demographic groups. The paper recommends young academic staff can be motivated to stay through university HR retentions schemes like providing training for masters and PhD Studies, proving research small grants and fully engaging them in academic and consultancy works. Academic staff regardless of their marital status could be provided with incentives like childcare services, house allowances and family support programme
Theorizing Professionalism and Morals Principles in Inclusive Education
Get PDFThis paper examines professional integrities within the field of inclusive education. The concept of inclusive education is rooted in the philosophy of moral principles, as it concerns issues of equity, access, justice, and care of students with diverse learning needs. Theorists and educators do agree that inclusion is a fundamental right, which is sustained by the Salamanca Statement (1994) and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006). The focus of inclusive education is to provide education regardless of any challenges learners may have. In inclusive education, learners are placed in age-appropriate general education classes that are in their own neighbourhood schools to receive high quality instruction, interventions, and supports that enable them to meet success in the core curriculum (Bui, Quirk, Almazan, & Valenti, 2010; Alquraini & Gut, 2012). Internationally, different countries have tried to adopt educational systems that support inclusive education in varying capacities and structures. However, the moral dimensions of inclusion are often lacking in theoretical and practice as well as in inclusion related discussions. The paper highlight the nature of morality within inclusive education, with an examination of moral dilemmas, challenges, and tensions, grounded in empirical evidence, which transpire in the shades of an educator’s work
Role of Research in Teaching: Analysis of PhD Programs and PhD Graduates at the Open University of Tanzania
Get PDFAfrica still has low numbers of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) graduates. PhD programmes avail opportunities to doctoral students pursuing research by thesis or course work. Although existing literature is available on postgraduate students but the numbers of PhD graduates is still insufficient. Furthermore, there are limited studies that have conducted research on PhD programmes and PhD graduates. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to explore PhD programmes and PhD graduates at the Open University of Tanzania (OUT). The specific objective was to examine PhD programmes on offer and the output of PhD graduates. This paper uses literature review method as the source of information for PhD programmes and PhD graduands, and adopts the Scholarly Personal Narrative (SPN) approach. Content analysis and descriptive statistics were used to provide findings. The findings of this paper showed that although PhD programmes are offered by OUT, the numbers of PhD graduates are inadequate due to reasons such as management style within departments. The outcome of low PhD graduands ranging between 7 to 14 per graduation ceremony for the period 2016 to 2018 implies low output of PhD graduates meaning that ultimately there is less research in terms of research output and therefore, OUT will continue to have study material dependency on other educational institutions instead of research generated within OUT for purposes of teaching and further research. Future research can explore the relationship between research and challenges for Masters’ students in higher education
Relationships Among Employees’ Job Attitudes of Perceived Supervisory Support, Job Involvement, and Organisational Commitment
No full textOrganisational commitment has been shown to influence various work outcomes like job performance and turnover intention. Thus, understanding its antecedents has been an essential preoccupation of many researchers. However, research linking organisational commitment to the other job attitude variables has been scant, especially in frontier markets like Tanzania. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among job attitudes of perceived supervisory support, job involvement and organisational commitment of employees in Tanzania. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 190 employees. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression analysis were used to establish the relationships while the Hayes’ Process Tool was used to test for the mediation effect.  The results indicated that both job involvement and perceived supervisory support significantly positively affect organisational commitment and that perceived supervisory support was the most influential predictor. Job involvement significantly but partially mediated the relationship between perceived supervisory support and organisational commitment. The findings call for organisational managers to design and implement measures aimed at enhancing supervisors’ supervising and supporting capacity in order to build the committed workforce required for the attainment of the organisation’s vision and mission.Keywords: job involvement, organisational commitment, perceived supervisory support, mediatio
Influence of Brand Experience on Brand Loyalty: Evidence from Mobile Money Services in Tanzania
No full textThis study aimed at determining the influence of brand experience in generating the loyalty of customers towards mobile money service brands in Tanzania. It applied an explanatory research design in which structural equation modelling was utilized to analyze survey data from 299 respondents that were obtained through random sampling techniques. The findings reveal that sensory, affective, behavioral, intellectual and relational experiences have a significant and positive impact on brand loyalty. However, the relational experience was found to be more powerful in building the loyalty of customers.  It is concluded that sensory, affective, behavioral, intellectual and relational experiences are antecedents of brand loyalty. Thus, it is recommended that mobile money operators and other dealers should devotedly develop brands that impart customers with better experiences which in turn increases the loyalty of customers on their brands. This will enable them to be competitive and differentiate themselves from competitors. This study strengthens the theoretical foundation of the link between brand experience dimensions and brand loyalty.Keywords: Brand experience, brand loyalty, mobile money services, Tanzania
The Apparition of the Perceived Enemy: National Identity and Peace Building in South Sudan
Get PDFBetween July 8th and 11th, 2016 an intense fighting erupted in South Sudan. This was the second instance to the previous fighting that broke-out between December 15th and 18th, 2013 and both happened in Juba the capital city of the country. These revealed that, South Sudan was not only the newest nation in the world, but also but also the youngest nation facing many dilemmas in forging for national identity and consolidating peace. These incidences require scholars to be sober and surpass the oversimplifications of the causes of this mayhem. Thus, understanding these challenges calls for re-considering and re-framing the understanding of the real enemy, to forge a healthy national identity that the country needs. In this journey, I challenge South Sudanese to re-think reflectively and critically if they are to understand the manifestation of the postcolonial–neo-colonial image of imperialism that have not allowed meaningful transition and state building and unlearn the perceived misunderstanding, and invitation is for them to embrace roles of democracy, nationhood, and governance in peace and nation building. As this paper advances, it is by embracing such reconsiderations that nation building, and the identity formation among South Sudanese, the prospects newly country of South Sudan will be possible
Distance Learning in Prisons: Perspectives on Expanding Educational Access to Marginalized Inmate-Prisoners
Get PDFThis study explored the issue of relevance of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) in expanding educational access to prisoners. In so doing, one key research question “how relevant is the ODL system in expanding educational access to Tanzanian prisoners?” was addressed. Through a discourse analysis approach, data were collected from the analysis of relevant documents. Documents such as policies, theses, journal articles, relevant websites, books, reports, and newspapers which were thought to be relevant to the study were analysed. With the guidance of the checklist, all relevant information which could assist in addressing the research question was recorded and then, the raw data were properly documented to form transcripts. The raw data from the transcripts were then thematically analysed to form themes and sub-themes which then became the headings/parts of this paper. The findings suggest that prison education is a relevant approach for prisoner rehabilitation. However, considering that prisons are complex environments (total institutions), it is difficulty to conduct education through conventional or/and evening class approaches, hence, ODL is considered a more appropriate approach to expand prisoners’ access to education. This paper calls for both Single Mode and Dual Mode Open and Distance learning institutions – in collaboration with the Tanzania Prisons Service (TPS) – to develop relevant ODL courses for prisoners to serve the purpose