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ስፌት ተኮር ትምእርታዊ ጉዳዮች ትንተና በደቡብ ወሎ ዞን የተመረጡ ወረዳዎች
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አጠቃሎ
የጥናቱ ዓቢይ ዓላማ በተመረጡ የደቡብ ወሎ ወረዳዎች ያለውን የስፌት ትምእርታዊ ጉዳዮችን መመርመር ነው፡፡ መረጃዎች ከቀዳማይ እና ከካልዓይ ምንጮች በተለያዩ ዘዴዎች ተሰብስበው ተሰብስበዋል፡፡ ዓይነታዊ የምርምር ስልትን በመከተል የሥነ ትዕምርት ንድፈ ሃሳቦችን መሰረት በማድረግ፤ የፍሮይድ የአዕምሮ መዋቅራዊ ሞዴል የሆኑትን የስብዕና መዋቅሮች ማብራሪያ ሞዴሎች አኳያ በመፈተሽ፤ በይዘት ትንተና እና በትርጓሜ ስልት ተተንትነው ቀርበዋል፡፡ በትንታኔው መሰረት የጥናቱ ማኅበረሰብ ዘንድ የሚስተዋሉት የስፌት ተግባራት ትዕምርታቸው በፍካሬና በእማሬ የሚገለጽ ሲሆን፣ ሙያ፣ ሙያተኛ፣ ግብዓቶች፣ መሥሪያዎች እና ምርቶች ጋር መመሰያዎቹ የተያያዙ ናቸው፡፡ የመመሰያዎቹ አወካከልም ምስስሎሻዊ (resemblance)፣ ስምምነታዊ (symbolic) እና ምክንያታዊ (index) እንደሆነ ጥናቱ ያሳያል፡፡ ከስፌት ጋር ግንኙነት ያላቸው የፍካሬ ልቦና ጉዳዮች ሁለት መልክ ያላቸው ሲሆን፣ እነሱም የፍሮይድ የሰብዕና መዋቅሮች እና መንስኤዎች ናቸው፡፡ በኢድ የሰብዕና መዋቅር ሥነሕይወታዊ ጉዳዮች ሲጠቀሱ፣ በኢጎ ደግሞ ሥነልቦናዊ ጉዳዮች ይጠቀሳሉ፡፡ እንዲሁም በልዕለ ኢጎ ማኅበረ-ባህላዊ እና ግብረገባዊ ጉዳዮች ይጠቀሳሉ፡፡ ከስፌት ጋር በተያያዘ የተስተዋሉት ሥነቃላዊ ጉዳዮች ስር የክልከላ ንግግሮች፣ ፈሊጦች፣ ቃል ግጥሞች እና ተረኮች ሲጠቀሱ፣ ይዘታቸውም ከሙያዎቹ፣ ከሙያተኛው፣ ከግብዓት፣ ከመሥሪያ መሣሪያ፣ ከምርቶቹ ምንነት፣ ከተግባርና አጠቃቀም አውድ ጋር የተያያዙ ትዕምርታዊ ጉዳዮችን ማንጸባረቂያ መሆናቸውን ጥናቱ አመልክቷል፡፡ በጥናቱ የተስተዋሉ አዎንታዊ ግኝቶችን ሊያስቀጥሉ የሚችሉ፣ ከስፌት ጋር የተያያዙ ለውጦች፣ ቀጣይነቶች እና ጾታ ተኮር ጉዳዮችን በስፋትና በጥልቀት ጥናት ቢደረግ የሚሉ ምክረሃሳቦች በአጥኚው ተሰንዝረዋል፡፡
ቁልፍ ቃላት፤ [ስፌት፣ ትዕምርት፣ አወካከል፣ ሰብዕና]
 
መጽሐፈ ሐተታ ዘርዐ-ያዕቆብ አክሱማዊ? የዳዊት መዝሙር እንደማስረጃ: The inquiries of Zera Yaqob of Aksum: The Psalter as an evidence
No full textዓለማየሁ ሞገስ የተባሉ ጸሐፊ በ1961 “ሐተታ ዘዘርዐ-ያዕቆብ ኢትዮጵያዊ ፈላስፋ” በሚል ርእስ ለቢኤ ድግሪ ማሟያ የቀረበ ጥናት አሳትመው ነበር። በዓለማዮሁ ሞገስ ስራ መጽሐፈ ሐተታ ዘርዐ-ያዕቆብና የዳዊት መዝሙር ጥብቅ ትስስር እንዳላቸው በማያሻማ መንገድ ቢገለጽም ትስስሩ ግን በሚገባ ተዘርዝሮ የተብራራ አይደለም። ስራው ከመጽሐፈ ሐተታ ዘርዐ-ያዕቆብ ኹለቱ ቅጂዎች በአንዱ ብቻ በማትኮር የተጻፈም ነው። ሌላው ደግሞ ስራው የየመጽሐፈ ሐተታ ዘርዐ-ያዕቆብ ጸሐፊ ሳይኾን አይቀርም ተብሎ የሚታማው ጁስቶ ዳ ኡርቢኖ የዳዊት መዝሙር ዕውቀት ፈጽሞ አይዳስስም። ይኽ ጽሑፍ እነዚኽ ክፍተቶች ለመቅረፍ ሰርተዋል። ለዚኽም ጽሑፉ የዳዊት መዝሙር በመጽሐፈ ሐተታ ዘርዐ-ያዕቆብ የተጠቀሰበት መንገድ የኢትዮጵያ ሊቃውንት የዳዊት መዝሙር ንባብ ከሚጠቅሱበት ባህል ጋር ማነጻጸር፣ በመጽሐፈ ሐተታ ዘርዐ-ያዕቆብ የሚገኙ የዳዊት መዝሙር ንባቦች የቀረቡበት ዓውድ የኢትዮጵያ መጻሕፍት ፈለግ ተከትሎ እንደኾነ መፈተሽ፣ በመጽሐፈ ሐተታ ዘርዐ-ያዕቆብ የሚገኙ የዳዊት መዝሙር ንባቦች ምንጮች ሊኾኑ ከሚችሉ የኢትዮጵያ ጸዋትወ ዜማ ወይም ቅኔ መጻሕፍት ማመሰካከር የመሳሳሉ ዓይነተኛ የጥናት ዘዴዎች ተጠቅመዋል። ከተጠቀሱት ዓይነተኛ የጥናት ዘዴዎች ትንተና በመነሣትም ጽሑፉ በመጽሐፈ ሐተታ ዘርዐ-ያዕቆብና የዳዊት መዝሙር ያለ ትስስር ጥብቅና ጥልቅ እንደኾነ አረጋግጠዋል። ትስስሩም ምዕራፍ በመባል በሚታወቀው የጸዋትወ ዜማ ድርሰት እንደሚመሰረት በዝርዝር ተገልጸዋል። ከጽሑፉ ትንተናዎች ማየት እንደሚቻለው ደግሞ የመጽሐፈ ሐተታ ዘርዐ-ያዕቆብ ጸሐፊ የዳዊት መዝሙር ዕውቀት፣ ፍቅር እና ክብር በጁስቶ ዳ ኡርቢኖ የታወቁ ኹሉም ስራዎች ፈጽመው አይገኙም፤ በሕይወቱ እና የስራ ፍሬዎቹም ጭራሽኑ አይታዩም። እነዚኽ ማስረጃዎች ሲመዘኑ ጁስቶ ዳ ኡርቢኖ የመጽሐፈ ሐተታ ዘርዐ-ያዕቆብ ጸሐፊ አድርጎ መውሰድ ፍጹም አዳጋች ያደርጓል። ይኽ ደግሞ በመጽሐፈ ሐተታ ዘርዐ-ያዕቆብ በበቂ መንገድና በሚገባ አጽንዖት የተገለጸውን የዘርዐ-ያዕቆብ ኢትዮጵያዊነት ያጸናል።
The inquiries of Zara Yaeqob (hereafter referred to as the Hateta) is an autobiographical text copied from parchment and sent to Antoine D'Abbadie of France by an Italian monk named Giusto d’ Urbino, who lived in Ethiopia from 1847 to 1855. However, the original parchment from which the copy was made has yet to be found. Consequently, the authenticity of the Hateta and the true identity of its author have long been subject to debate. Although the Hateta is presented as an autobiography, it is thoroughly interwoven with Psalm verses from the Psalter. Throughout the Hateta, the Psalter is quoted extensively and referenced in depth to the extent that it is sometimes treated as a Psalter itself. This strong link between the Hateta and the Psalter formed the basis of Alemayohu Moges’s pioneering work, Hateta Zara Yaeqob: Ethiopian Philosopher (1968). While Alemoyohu Moges’s work was novel in opening an important new line of inquiry, it lacked rigor in demonstrating the supposed textual link between the Hateta and the Psalter. His analysis also relied solely on manuscript Eth. Abb. 215, and he did not address Giusto d’ Urbino’s potential authorship of the Hateta. This study addressed these gaps by thoroughly exploring the link between the Hateta and the Psalter using both Eth. Abb. 215 and Eth. Abb. 234 manuscripts and examining Giusto d’ Urbino’s knowledge or use of the Psalter in his scholarly contributions. The analysis revealed that most of the Psalm verses appearing in the Hateta are also found in an Ethiopian book called Me’eraf. In contrary, Giusto d’ Urbino’s scholarly output do not indicate a comparable depth of knowledge, respect or love for the Psalter or Psalms as that displayed in the Hateta. In light of these evidence, it is reasonable to conclude that the Hateta is uniquely Ethiopian and that its true author hailed from Axum
Base Isolation for Earthquake Protection of Structures Considering Ethiopian Standard
Get PDFAn increase in construction activities and recent advances in structural engineering necessitated the major revision of the Ethiopian Building Code Standard (EBCS), published in 1995. The updated building code has introduced improved earthquake-resistant design considerations, including provisions for base-isolated (BI) structures. This study investigates the efficacy of the base isolation technique in earthquake protection of buildings considering Ethiopian standard. Moreover, the validity of the specific provisions of the Ethiopian seismic standard, i.e., Ethiopian Standard European Norm, (ES EN 1998-1:2015) on the choice of base isolator properties for analysis and design is investigated. Non-linear dynamic response history analyses of multi-story BI buildings are performed under synthetic earthquakes, matching with the response spectrum of the Ethiopian standard. Furthermore, the vibration response of fixed-base building models is reported for comparison. Four structural response quantities, i.e., the floor acceleration, base shear, inter-story drift, and isolator displacement, are studied. The findings demonstrate that the application of the base isolation technique reduces the dynamic response of multi-story buildings substantially. In addition, it is shown that some of the Ethiopian seismic standard provisions on isolator parameter consideration are not in logical agreement with the earthquake behavior of BI buildings observed in the current study
Economic impact of dairy cooperative membership in Machakel District, North Western Ethiopia
Get PDFThe emergence of agricultural cooperatives is widely seen as a crucial institutional structure that can help smallholder farmers in developing countries overcome the limitations that prevent them from fully benefiting from opportunities in agricultural production and marketing. However, there are limited studies in measuring the economic contribution of dairy cooperatives for member households. Thus, this study was done to examine the economic impact of dairy cooperative membership in Machakel District. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the sample households. Data were collected from 266 randomly selected households through an interview schedule. In addition, 4 focus group discussions and 10 key informant interviews were held to collect primary data. An endogenous switching regression model was applied to estimate the treatment effect by controlling selection bias and unobserved factors. The finding indicates, being a member of dairy cooperative increases household income by over 9% milk production by almost 70%, and milk productivity by over 21 percent. The study concluded that dairy cooperatives can be efficient in fostering the economic welfare of farmers with relatively higher income, milk production and milk productivity. Therefore, stakeholders should support dairy cooperatives to make them more attractive and sustainable for farmers
የነውር እሳቤ በሰሜን አቸፈር ማኅበረሰብ የዕደጥበባት ዝግጅትና አጠቃቀም ዐውድ ውስጥ
No full textጥናቱ በዕደጥበባት ዝግጅትና አጠቃቀም ዐውድ ውስጥ የማኅበረሰቡን የነውር እሳቤ መተንተንን አላማው ያደረገ ሲሆን ዓይነታዊ የምርምር ዘዴን የተከተለ ነው። በሰሜን አቸፈር ወረዳ ከሚገኙ ሠላሳ ኹለት ቀበሌዎች መካከል በዓላማተኮር ንሞና ስምንት ቀበሌዎችን በመምረጥ በተሳትፏዊና ተዓቅቧዊ ምልከታ፣ በከፊል ነጻና በነጻ ቃለመጠይቅ እንዲሁም በቡድን ተኮር ውይይት መረጃዎች ተሰብስበዋል። መረጃዎቹ በማኅበራዊ ግንባታና በመዋቅራዊ ጠቀሜታዊነት ንድፈሃሳቦች ተቃኝተው ተተንትነዋል። ከግኝቱም በማኅበረሰቡ የዕደጥበባት ዝግጅትና አጠቃቀም ዐውድ ውስጥ የሚስተዋሉ የነውር እሳቤዎች መነሻቸው የማኅበረሰቡ ልማዳዊ እምነቶች እንደሆኑ ከመረጃዎች ታውቋል። ይኸም ማኅበረሰቡ ነውሮችን በመጠበቁ አገኛለሁ ብሎ ከሚያምነውና በአንጻሩ በመጣሱ ደግሞ ይደርስብኛል ብሎ ከሚያምነው ነገር አንጻር የሚታዩ ናቸው። በዕደጥበባቱ አዘገጃጀትና አጠቃቀም ዐውድ ውስጥ ከክብር ጋር የተያያዙ፣ ከበረከትና ከገድ ጋር የተያያዙ እንዲሁም ከክፉ ዐይን ተጋላጭነት ጋር የተያያዙ የነውር እሳቤዎች እንዳሉ መረጃዎች አመላክተዋል። በተጨማሪም በማኅበረሰቡ እምነት መሠረት ነውሮች ለተጠኚው ማኅበረሰብ ማኅበራዊና ሥነልቦናዊ መረጋጋት የመፍጠርና መዋቅራዊ ሥሪትን የማጽናት ሚና እንዳላቸው ይታመናል። በአንጻሩ ማኅበረሰቡ ነውር ብሎ ያወጃቸውን ክልከላዎች መጣስ ማኅበረ ባህላዊ ቅጣት የሚያስከትል ሲሆን ቅጣቱም ከክብር መውረድ፣ ትችት፣ ለመጥፎ ነገሮች ተላልፎ መሰጠት፣ የትዳር ፍቺና የማዕረግ ወይም የሹመት መነጠቅ የሚያስከትል እንደሆነ ጥናቱ አሳይቷል
Matters of Muslim Menus, Meals and Manners: Foreign Foods and Formation and Alteration of Argobba Alimentation
No full textMuslim Argobba alimentation and culinary customs are anchored by the social aspects of menus, meals and manners, and by the composition of ingredients and preparation and processing methods, and commensality and boundary relationships. They also reflect variation in food preferences and their formation and alteration due to contact with foreign foods coming both from within and outside Argobba escarpment habitats. Muslim Argobba cooking and cuisine thus requires no temporal guidance because grain and legume foods, for example, result from complicated and fragile fermentations, involve delicate preparations and must be made at specific times of the year if they are to succeed. However, the Muslim Argobba do not limit themselves to a formal calendar because they combine climatic and seasonal conditions, and all indigenous knowledge into an annual plan of agricultural tasks. Thus, food products that will keep for longer and shorter periods of time figure significantly and local meal patterns make time for indigenous culinary contexts and also respond to hegemonic pressures pilling from Argobba involvement in trade and wage labour in towns. This article examines the cultural assumptions and social practices through which these food identities are constructed and how in turn they inform the production, distribution, preparation and consumption of foods. It looks at household practices by comparing towns and rural settings because the structure of Argobba household time related to food habits depends above all on the length and combination of the undertakings. It explores how the scale and scope of the current condition of Argobba alimentation is in the process of erosion and alteration due to contact with neighbouring Amhara, Oroomo and Afar foodways, caused by the introduction of foreign foods and seemingly by the reorientation of trade trails and modern markets and marts related to changing commercial currents, and entrepreneurial and wage labour engagements in north-eastern Šäwa and south-eastern Wällo
የምርቃን ስርዓተ ከበራ ኃይል በሰሜን ወሎ ማኅበረሰብ: The Power of the Blessing Ritual Practices in the North Wollo Community
No full textየዚህ ጥናት ዋና ዓላማ የምርቃን ስርዓተ ከበራ የሚያስገኘውን ማኅበረ-ስነልቦናዊ ፋይዳ መመርመር ነው፡፡ ስለሆነም የሰሜን ወሎ ማኅበረሰብን ፍልስፍና፣ አስተሳሰብ እንዲሁም አመለካከት ለመረዳት ላቅ ያለ ሚና ይኖረዋል፡፡ ጥናቱ በባህርይው ከአይነታዊ ምርምር የሚዋገን ነው፡፡ በተለያዩ መስፈርቶች ከተመረጡ የመረጃ አቀባዮች በምልከታ ፣ በቃለ መጠይቅ እንዲሁም በቡድን ውይይት የመረጃ መሰብሰቢያ ዘዴዎች የተሰበሰበውን መረጃ በሀቲታዊ ትንተና ስልት እየተተነተነ እና በክዋኔ ንድፈ ሃሳብ እየተመራ ዘልቋል ፡፡ የጥናቱ ግኝት የምርቃን ስርዓተ ከበራ አመክንዮአዊ አስተሳሰብ ላይ የሚመረኮዝ ሲሆን ትኩረቱም ጤንነትን ፣ ተደማጭነትን ፣ አዱኛን ፣ የልጅ ፍሬን እንዲሁም ረጅም እድሜን የሚመኙበት ስርዓታዊ እሳቤ ነው ፡፡ የምርቃን ቱርፋት ተመራቂው ህይወቱን በአርያነት የመምራት፣ ማኅበራዊ ትስስርን የማጠናከር ፣ ቀና የመሆን እንዲሁም ሰዎችን ለመልካም ተግባር የማሰለፍ ኃይልን የሚያጎናጽፍ መሆኑ ተመላክቷል ፡፡ ከዚህም በተሻጋሪ የማኅበረሰብን ማንነት ፣ ስርዓት ፣ አኗኗር ፣ ልማድ ፣ ወግ ፣ ታሪክ ፣ ስነልቦና ፣ ርዕዮተ ዓለም እንዲሁም የህይወት ፍልስፍና ገላጭ ሆኖ የሚቀርብ መሆኑን ጥናቱ ጠቁሟል ፡፡ ምርቃን በተለያዩ ዐውዶች ላይ የሚከወን ቢሆንም በዋናነት ግን ልጅ ሲወለድ ፣ አዲስ ቤት ተሰርቶ ሲገባ ፣ በግጭት አፈታት ስርዓት ፣ በእርሻ ስራ ፣ በሰርግ ፣ ቡና ሲጠጣ እንዲሁም በቱፋታ ስርዓት ላይ የሚሉት ተጠቃሽ ናቸው፡፡ ምርቃን ከአምላክ እና አላህ ጋር የመገናኛ ድልድይ መሆኑ ተመላክቷል፡፡ እንዲሁም እውነታ ላይ ሲመሰረት በልዕለ ተፈጥሯዊ ኃይል ቅቡል እንደሆነ ይታመናል ፡፡ የምርቃን ስርዓተ ከበራ ማኅበራዊ ፣ ስነ ልቦናዊ ፣ አስተዳደራዊ እንዲሁም አዱኛዊ አበርክቶዎች ያሉት መሆኑን ጥናቱ ጠቁሟል፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ ምርቃን ለልማት እንዲውል በማድረጉ ሂደት ውስጥ ውስንነት ታይቷል፡፡ በመሆኑም የሀገር ሽማግሌዎች፣ መንግስታዊ ያልሆኑ ድርጅቶች እንዲሁም የባህል ተመራማሪዎች ምርቃን ለልማት በሚውልበት ሁናቴ ላይ ትኩረት ቢሰጡ መልካም ነው፡፡
The main purpose of this study is to examine the socio-psychological benefits of the blessing ritual practices in the North Wollo community. The study argues that studying blessing rituals plays a significant role in understanding the philosophy, thinking, and attitudes of a given community. To that end, a qualitative research approach and a descriptive research design were employed. The data were collected from selected informants through observation, interviews, and focus group discussions. The study used performance theory. The results of the study indicated that the ritual practice of blessing is based on logical thinking. Moreover, the ritual practice seeks health, honor, prosperity, and longevity. It is indicated that the product of blessing empowers the graduate to lead a noble life, strengthen social relations, be kind, and inspire people to do good deeds. The study also indicated that the blessing ritual is a reflection of the community’’s identity, lifestyle, customs, traditions, history, psychology, ideology, and philosophy of life. Blessing is performed in various contexts; it is mainly mentioned when a child is born, when a new house is built, in conflict resolution systems, during agricultural work, at weddings, when drinking coffee, and during the Tufata system. It is indicated that the blessing is a bridge of communication with God and Allah. It is also believed to be endowed with supernatural powers when based on reality. Moreover, the study indicated that the blessing ritual has social, psychological, administrative, and economic benefits. However, there have been limitations in the process of using the blessing for development. Therefore, it would be good if elders, non-governmental organizations, and cultural researchers paid attention to the way in which the blessing is used for development
Evolution of Teacher Education in Ethiopia: A Critical Review of the Historical Roots and Contemporary Perspectives
No full textThis Article presents a critical analysis of the evolution of teacher education in Ethiopia, tracing its roots from religious-based education to modern pedagogical frameworks. Historically, teacher education in Ethiopia began within the religious institutions of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church, where instruction was closely tied to spiritual teachings. The transition to modern education was marked by Emperor Menelik II's initiatives and further expanded under Emperor Haile Selassie, who established the first formal teacher training institutions. Over the decades, the system has undergone significant changes. The introduction of secular education, the establishment of formal training programs, and the socialist restructuring during the Derg regime - infused with Marxist-Leninist ideologies - were pivotal moments in Ethiopia's educational evolution. In the early 2000s, the Teacher Education System Overhaul (TESO) represented a ground-breaking shift towards modern approaches, focusing on competency-based training and student-centered learning. Despite these advancements, challenges continue to exist. Resource limitations, disparities in quality across regions, and the struggle to retain skilled teachers - especially in rural areas - highlight persistent issues. The Article also examines the socio-political and economic influences shaping teacher education, including the contributions of international organizations like UNESCO and USAID. By weaving together historical and contemporary perspectives, this Article sheds light on Ethiopia’s progress and persistent challenges in teacher education. The Article recommends policy improvements. It also emphasizes the importance of continuous professional development to ensure the system's long-term success and effectiveness
Mitigating the Bullwhip Effect Through Sustainable Supply Chain Practices: A Systematic Literature Review
Get PDFThe study's primary purpose was to review studies on the bullwhip effect and mitigate its negative impacts through sustainable supply chain practices. To accomplish the study, a comprehensive review of the literature was conducted along with the application of screening criteria. Data extraction was carried out using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews by the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the articles. The analysis of 40 publications already published in Google Scholar, Wiley, Springer, Taylor & Francis, Emerald Insight, and Science Direct, yielded useful information. The bullwhip effect threatens hierarchical structural supply networks among the most obvious signs of supply chain inefficiencies. The bullwhip effect is mostly caused by interruptions in the flow of information and resources, lead-time delays, a lack of coordination, and fear of stocking in the face of local risk factors. To address the bullwhip effect, one should adopt a comprehensive strategy that considers all the variables contributing to its occurrence and follows the consequences. To develop appropriate remedies, it is crucial to consider this phenomenon's dynamics, causes, and effects. Most researchers argue that sustainable supply chain practices are useful for dealing with various supply chain management problems. A literature study on reducing the bullwhip effect through sustainable supply chain practices benefits academics, researchers, practitioners, politicians, and business groups by providing comprehensive knowledge and decision-making support
Dynamic Capabilities for Sustainable Competitiveness of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Mediating Role of Innovation Capabilities and Product Quality
Get PDFThe role of internal capabilities in the competitiveness of Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) is not well documented in the literature from the perspective of an emerging economy, nor is the role of dynamic and innovation capabilities in their competitiveness conclusive. Therefore, this research examines the impact of dynamic and innovation capabilities, and product quality on SME competitiveness. Data were collected using a survey from 459 SMEs, operating in the manufacturing sector. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the proposed model's research hypotheses and path relationships. The result of the study revealed that a firm’s innovation capabilities, product quality, and competitiveness are significantly and positively affected by its dynamic capabilities. Moreover, the path between dynamic capabilities and competitiveness is partially mediated through innovation capabilities. However, product quality failed to mediate the path between dynamic and innovative capabilities and competitiveness. The research findings provide practical implications for policymakers in designing strategies that focus on internal capability developments. In addition, it draws some managerial attention to investing in internal capability focusing on continuous learning and internal and external resource integration to drive customer satisfaction for the sustainable competitiveness of SME