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Argument Structure of Activity Verbs in Tigrinya
No full textThis study describes and examines the argument structure of activity verbs in Tigrinya, utilizing the role and reference grammar (RRG) framework. Specifically, the study analyses the semantic intricacies of activity verbs, focusing on their relationship with predicates and their arguments. The study also explores the formal representation of logical structures (LS) and predicate decomposition. Besides, the aspectual features of activity verbs, such as [+dynamic, -static], -punctual], and - telic], are examined alongside a set of operators like DO, BECOME, INGR, and SEML, which delineate the six verb types. Data collection methods include native intuitions, fieldwork with speakers from the central Tigray zone (Axum and Adwa districts), and secondary sources from Tigrinya linguistic resources. Fieldwork involved structured interviews to capture natural language usage nuances. It is attested that activity verbs in Tigrinya exhibit [+dynamic, -static], -punctual], and - telic] properties, implying events without inherent final points. The general logical structure of such events is represented as [DO’ (x, [Pred’ (x) or (x, y)])] and (X ACT (manner) pred (x), where 'x' denotes agents, effectors, experiencers, and 'y' signifies themes, patients, or stimuli. The study also explores aspectual shifts observable through linguistic manipulations, such as adding or omitting demonstratives. For instance, the addition of the proximal demonstrative 'ʔɨz-' ('this') transforms activity events into accomplishments, while the distal demonstrative 'ʔɨt-' ('that') reverses this transformation. This research enhances our understanding of Tigrinya syntax and semantics by examining the structure and interpretation of activity verbs. The study reveals the intricate relationships between predicates and arguments, shedding light on the broader linguistic patterns of Tigrinya
ልውጠት እና ቅጥለት በዳግማዊ ዐፄ ቴዎድሮስ ላይ በተዜሙ የቃል ግጥሞች፣ ንጽጽራዊ ትንትና
No full textበዳግማዊ ዐፄ ቴዎድሮስ የተዜሙት የቃል ግጥሞች በተለያዩ ጸሓፍት ከመመዝገባቸው በፊት እየተለወጡ እንደተላለፉ ቢታመንም እንዴት እና ለምን እንደተለወጡ ንድፈሐሳባዊ መላምት እንጂ ተጨባጭ ማስረጃ ማቅረብ አልተቻለም። መላምቱ መነሻ ያደረገው የቃል ግጥሞቹ በቃል ሲተላለፉ ማስታዎስ ባለመቻሉ ወይም ኾን ተብሎ ሊለወጡ ይችላሉ ከሚል የንድፈሐሳብ ግዛቤ ነው። የቃል ግጥሞቹ በቃል ሲተላለፉ ተለውጠዋል ተብሎ እንደሚታመነው ኹሉ በጽሑፍ ከተመዘገቡ በኋላም ተለውጠዋል። በጽሑፍ በተመዘገቡት የቃል ግጥሞች ልውጠት እና ቅጥለት ላይ ጥናት ባለመደረጉ ይኽንን ጥናት ማካኼድ አስፈልጓል። የጥናቱ ዋና ዓላማም በዳግማዊ ዐፄ ቴዎድሮስ ላይ የተዜሙ የቃል ግጥሞችን ልውጠት እና ቅጥለት መመርመር እና መተንተን ነው። በዳግማዊ ዐፄ ቴዎድሮስ ላይ የተዜሙ የቃል ግጥሞችን ልውጠት እና ቅጥለት ማጥናት የሚከተሉት ጠቀሜታዎች አሉት። በቃል ግጥሞቹ ምን ምን ልውጠቶች እንደ ተከሰቱ ለመገንዘብ ያስችላል፤ የቃል ግጥሞቹ የልውጠታቸውን ምክንያቶች እና ቅጥለታቸውን ለመገንዘብ ያስችላል፤ የዳግማዊ ዐፄ ቴዎድሮስ ታሪክ በቃል ግጥሞቹ ምን ያኽል እንደተንፀባረቀ ለመረዳት ያስችላል፤ የቃል ግጥሞቹን በታሪክ መረጃነት በመጠቀም ኺደት ሊደረግ የሚገባውን ጥንቃቄ ያስገነዝባል። በተለያዩ ጸሓፍት ተለዋውጠው የተመዘገቡ የቃል ግጥሞች የተመረመሩት እና የተተነተኑት ቅርጻቸውን እና ይዘታቸውን፣ የተዜሙበትን ጊዜ እና ቦታ በማነጻጸር ነው። ከጥናቱ ውጤት መረዳት እንደሚቻለው የቃል ግጥሞቹ የምእላድ እና የቃላት አጠቃቀም፣ የሐረግ እና የሥንኝ አደራደር ልውጠት ይስተዋልባቸዋል። በተጨማሪም በአንዳንዶቹ የቃል ግጥሞች የቅርጽ ብቻ ሳይኾን የይዘትም ልውጠት ይታይባቸዋል። በጥቂት የቃል ግጥሞች የሚታየው የይዘት ልውጠት በዳግማዊ ዐፄ ቴዎድሮስ የተፈጸመን ታሪክ እንደሚቃረን ለመገንዘብ ተችሏል። ስለ ዳግማዊ ዐፄ ቴዎድሮስ የተዜሙት የቃል ግጥሞች በተለያዩ ምክንያቶች ኹሉም አልተመረመሩም፣ አልተተነተኑም። በዚኽ ጥናት ያልተመረመሩትን የቃል ግጥሞች የፎክሎር፣ የሥነጽሑፍ፣ የታሪክ እና የሥነ ሰብእ ተመራማሪዎች ትኩረት በማድረግ መመርመራቸው በሙያ መስኩ ሊኖር የሚገባውን ዕውቀት ያሰፋል፤ ያጎለብታል
Relative Clause Construction in Dobbi
No full textThis article delineates the construction of relative clauses in Dobbi, a member of the Gurage language family, predominantly spoken in the western highlands of Butajira town, 135 kilometers southwest of Addis Ababa. Dobbi, being one of the less studied and documented languages within the Gurage language family, necessitates further study. In this investigation, no explicit theoretical framework is employed; rather, data analysis is guided solely by a descriptive standpoint. The data utilized for the examination was acquired through the process of elicitation from individuals who are native speakers of the language. Within the language, both headed and headless relative clauses find application. The introduction of the pronominal relativizer element, recognized as jә-, occurs in the relative clauses construction. By its positioning before the noun that is to be modified, the headed relative clause is classified as prenominal. In relation to both headed and headless relative clause constructions, it is observed that subjects, direct and indirect objects, obliques, and possessors are eligible for relativization. Dobbi employs jә- morpheme in the process of relativizing perfective structures. However, when it comes to the relativization of imperfective verbs, it does not rely on any overt morpheme, resulting in zero marking. Moreover, in negative relative verbs, the language does not utilize any overt relativizer
The Reception of the Book of Joel in Ethiopic Literary Tradition
No full textThe Book of Joel, with its vivid imagery of locust plagues and divine pronouncements, has resonated deeply within Ethiopian literary traditions. This paper explores the diverse ways in which Joel has been received, reinterpreted, and woven into the fabric of Ethiopian literary expression. Beyond straightforward commentary, Ethiopian engagement with Joel delves into literary and artistic interpretations. It examines how subsequent texts, both liturgical and homiletic, reference, allude to, and reimagine the book's themes and imagery. By analyzing these echoes, we gain insights into how Joel has inspired and shaped Ethiopian literary tradition. The paper will delve into specific examples, such as, liturgical compositions incorporating Joel's motifs into prayers and hymns; devotional and poetic works drawing inspiration from the book's imagery and messages; and Historical and philosophical writings employing Joel's themes to reflect on Ethiopian experiences. Through this exploration, this paper aims to shed light on the dynamic interplay between biblical text and Ethiopian literary creativity. A comparison between the Ethiopic Old Testament and the Hebrew or Greek versions reveals a largely faithful translation. The process of translation involves both fidelity to the original text and clarity for the new audience. By tracing the echoes of Joel, we gain a richer understanding of how this ancient text has nourished and been transformed within Ethiopian literary contexts
The State of Archaeobotanical Research in Ethiopia
No full textThis article evaluates current knowledge on the beginning of early agriculture, the study of past environment, and past human-plant interactions. In the study, the regions of Ethiopia are geographically classified into four; North, North Central, South, and East, based on previous literature on past environment and early agriculture, and the availability of sites that bear botanical remains from archaeological sites, which were investigated employing proper archaeobotanical methods. A total of 13 sites were included in this review. The highest number of sites that provide plant remains from archaeological sites and insight into the types of cultivated crops belong to the northern part, with six sites, followed by the south (4 sites), and the least representation is the eastern part of the country with only one site. What is common in the review of the results of the archaeobotanical research in almost all the sites of the four regions is the availability of introduced Middle Eastern crops like wheat and barley starting from the Late-Holocene (ca. 1600 years BCE) to the medieval and post-medieval times (14th- 18th centuries A.D). The archaeobotanical record, until very recently, was devoid of sufficient data on indigenous C-4 crops like tef (Eragrostis tef), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana). The uses of phytoliths and starch granules as an approach to recover microscopic plant remains from sediments and artefacts proved to be instrumental in recovering small seeded native cereals. This study observed that the agricultural economy of the southern half of the country was mainly on enset, fruits and vegetables, and geophytes (root crops), and, thus, for their identification from archaeological sites shall integrate the study of phytoliths and starch granules. It was also possible to see that there is still a lack of data to clearly outline the beginning and evolution of early agriculture and portray human-environment interactions in almost all the regions. Furthermore, phytolith, anthracological and palynological studies are far from being topics of specialized research in the country
የፈጠራ ግርጌማ አጠቃቀምና ፋይዳ በአዳም ረታ ”እቴሜቴ ሎሚ ሽታ” እና አፍ ልቦለዶች: Usage and Purpose of Footnotes in Adam Reta’s Prose Fictions: “Etemete Lomishita” and Afe
No full textየጥናቱ አላማ በአዳም ረታ ‹‹እቴሜቴ ሎሚ ሽታ››(2001) እና አፍ (2010) ልቦለዶች የፈጠራ ግርጌማ አጠቃቀምና ፋይዳ መመርመር ነው፡፡ ልቦለዶቹ የተመረጡት በአላማ ተኮር ናሙና ሲሆን በትኩረት ንባብ ከተደረገባቸው በኋላ የቅውድ መግለጫ (paratext) (Genette, 2001)፣ የፈጠራ ግርጌማ (Maloney, 2005) ‹‹ሃይፐር ቴክስት›› (Modir & others, 2014) እና በይነአሃዳዊ (intertextuality) (Allan, 2000) ንድፈሃሳቦችን በመጠቀም ተተንተነዋል፡፡ በትንተናው መሰረት አዳም የፈጠራ ግርጌማ በመጠቀሙ መዋቅራውያን ከሚገልጹት ከተለመደው የሥነተረክ አሠራር ልማድ ማፈንገጡ ተስተውሏል፡፡ በነባራዊው ልማድ አርታኢው ከልቦለዱ ዓለም ውጭ ነው ተብሎ ቢታሰብም በልቦለዱ ዓለም በተለያየ መንገድ ለምሳሌ ግርጌማ በመጻፍ ከአንባቢው ግኑኝነት ፈጥሯል፡፡ ተራኪ ገጸባህሪ ግርጌማ ጸሐፊም ሆኗል፡፡ በግርጌማው ምክንያት የተረኩ ቅንጅት ቀጥተኛ (linear) አይደለም፤ ወጣ ገባ ነው፡፡ ጥቃቅን ጉዳዮች ላይም ማተኮር ተችሏል ፡፡ በዚህም ሳቢያ የተለየ የልቦለድ ንባብ ቅደም ተከተል እውን ሆኖ ተገኝቷል፡፡ በጠቅላላው ግርጌማዎቹ ተጨማሪ መግለጫዎች ሳይሆኑ የልቦለዱ መሰረታዊ አካል እንደሆኑ እና ጭብጣዊ፣ መዋቅራዊ፣ ኪናዊ ፋይዳ እንዳላቸው ማረጋገጥ ተችሏል፡፡ በሁለቱ ልቦለዶች መካከል የተስተዋለው ልዩነት በ‹‹እቴሜቴ ሎሚ ሽታ›› አንዳንድ ግርጌማዎችን አርታኢው እንደጻፈው መመላከቱ እና በአፍ ግርጌማ አጠቃቀሙ ወሰብሰብ ያለ መሆኑ ነው፡፡ በመጨረሻም አዳም በሁለቱም ልቦለዶች ሀገርኛውን ይትበሃል ከድህረዘመናዊው አቀናጅቶ ነባር-አዲስ ስልት በመጠቀም ልቦለዱን እንደጻፈው መረዳት ተችሏል፡፡
This study examines the usage and purpose of footnotes in two Amharic fictional works by Adam Reta, entitled “Etemete Lomishita” and Afe., a novella and a novel, respectively. The texts have been selected based on purposive sampling. They were thoroughly read and analyzed using various conceptual frameworks: Genette’s ‘paratext’ (2001), Maloney’s ‘fictional footnotes’ (2005), Modir and others’ ‘hypertext’ (2014), and Allan’s ‘intertextuality’ (2000). The findings show that Adam deviated from conventional narratology practices in using fictional footnotes. The conventional thinking is that the editor is outside the fictional world; however, in Adam’s fiction, the editor employs various techniques, such as footnotes, to communicate with the readers. The character-narrator is also involved in writing footnotes. These have resulted in twisting the storyline and making the reading non-linear. The fictional footnotes draw the attention of the reader to focus on minor issues. The use of the footnotes has created an unusual reading order of fiction. In general, it has been found that the footnotes were used not as descriptions external to the story but rather as basic parts of the story having thematic, structural, and aesthetic contributions. Differences have been observed in the employment of fictional footnotes in the two texts. In “Etemete Lomishita” there are clear indications that the editor has written some of the footnotes, whereas in Afe, the application of the fictional footnotes is complex. It could be concluded that in both novels, Adam has integrated traditional and postmodern fictional narrative techniques and created a ‘traditional-new style’ in writing the stories
Determinants of Tax Morale in Ethiopia with Emphasis on the Moderating Roles of National Pride and Fiscal Exchange on the Effect of Trust: Evidence from Taxpayers in Addis Ababa City Administration, Ethiopia
No full textThis study examines the determinants of tax morale in Ethiopia with emphasis on the moderating roles of national pride and perceived fairness of fiscal exchange in the relationship between trust in government and tax morale. By employing a correlation matrix, PROCESS Macro, and hierarchical regression analyses, we examined the association between the independent variables and the dependent variable as well as the moderating roles of national pride and fiscal exchange on the effect of trust on tax morale. The correlation matrix revealed that the empirically documented relationships between tax morale and such independent variables as gender, corruption, and religiosity did not hold in this study as the correlations were found to be insignificant. More importantly, however, we found support for our hypotheses that posit that national pride and fiscal exchange moderate the effect of trust on tax morale. Nonetheless, the moderating effects are opposite in that national pride moderates the effect of trust on tax morale when it is at its high level, whereas fiscal exchange does the moderation when it is at its low level. The findings imply interesting theoretical and policy inputs with data from a typical developing country, Ethiopia
Public-Private Partnership Financing Framework for Housing Development in Addis Ababa: Evidence from Planning and Implementation Phase
Get PDFHousing development financing faces significant challenges in Addis Ababa City Administration. Among others, inadequate planning, insufficient risk management, and lack of transparency in procurement constituted the gaps. These challenges undermine the effective implementation of Public-Private Partnership as a viable financing approach. This study employed a mixed methods design to investigate the planning phases of Public Private Partnership housing development of the city. Results indicated that planning dimensions such as integration of various components, defining the scope, and resource allocation demonstrated remarkable successes so far. However, inadequacy of institutional capacity, limited stakeholder engagement, and imbalanced risk identification and allocation comprise dimensions that seek further attention. The values for the path coefficients of procurement and resource allocation were found to be 0.99 and 0.66, respectively, highlighting the presence of correlation with institutional capacity. The findings further suggest the need to balance private sector incentives with deliverables, affordability, and transparency
Trends of Climate Change and Variability in Different Agroecological Zones of Sidaama Region, Ethiopia: Application of Innovative Trend Analysis
Get PDFThis paper analyzes climate change trends and variability in the Sidaama region, comparing three agroecological zones (AEZs). The dataset, covering 1981 to 2020, was sourced from the National Meteorological Institute of Ethiopia using a 4x4 km grid. The trend in precipitation and temperature was assessed using Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA), the MK test, and Sen’s slope, while the variability was analyzed through the Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI), Coefficient of Variance (CV), and Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI). Results showed mean annual rainfall of 942.4 mm, 1101.2 mm, and 757.0 mm for the highland, midland, and lowland zones, respectively, with 2020 being the wettest year and 2015 the driest across all zones. Rainfall demonstrated a decreasing trend, while both maximum and minimum temperatures increased. The midland zone experienced the most significant changes, with a rainfall decrease of approximately 12.1 mm/year and a mean annual maximum temperature increase of 0.063°C/year. Most results across tests were consistent, except for a few instances. PCI indicated moderate intra-annual and inter-seasonal rainfall variability, while RAI results highlighted varying drought conditions, particularly affecting the lowland zone. Without timely interventions, these climatic changes could worsen poverty, malnutrition, and migration in the region, necessitating adaptive strategies like enhanced water conservation, climate-resilient agricultural practices, and afforestation to counteract deforestation-induced precipitation declines
Employment Challenges: Key Influential Factors in the Higher Education-To-Work Transition Experiences of Graduates in Sebeta Town, Oromia Region
Get PDFTransitioning from school to work is a critical period in young people’s lives, marking their entry into the labor market and the pursuit of economic independence. However, in Ethiopia, a growing number of higher education graduates, coupled with limited job growth, have made this transition nonlinear, challenging, and increasingly complex. This study aimed to explore the key factors influencing the entry of higher education institution graduates to work and their success of transition to work in Sebeta Town, Oromia Region. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to enhance the depth and breadth of the research findings. A total of 146 survey respondents were selected from 378 higher education institution (HEI) graduates, using Taro's (1967) formula at a 95% confidence interval. Participants for the qualitative approach were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection utilized a multi-source approach, incorporating primary data and secondary data sources. The findings reveal that graduates' transition to work is influenced by multiple structural and institutional factors, such as the nexus between education and the labor market, collaboration among key sectors, the competency and integrity of service providers, ethnicity and cultural proximity, and access to finance and infrastructural facilities. Furthermore, individual-level factors, including job preferences, entrepreneurial mindsets, and social networking, contributed to difficulties in the transition to work. The key factors identified are not mutually exclusive; rather, they are interwoven and mutually reinforcing. The findings suggest a comprehensive, multi-stakeholder approach to address the complex and contextual nature of the key factors influencing the education-to-work transitions of graduates