Ethiopian Journals Online (EJOL)
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The Impacts of Public Expenditure on Sustainable Environmental Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
Full text linkThis study examined the impacts of public expenditure on sustainable environmental development (SED) in sub-Saharan African countries using the annual data of 35 countries during the period of 2008--2022. This study is needed because previous studies failed to consider a significant share of sustainable environmental development goals, and their findings were inconsistent. The study employed Dynamic Panel, two step-System-Generalized method of Moments (GMM) estimation techniques to test the effect of military, agricultural, health, and education expenditure on the sustainable environmental development. The results indicate that changes in public spending in the military, health and agriculture positively and significantly affect sustainable environmental development in SSA, whereas education expenditure has a positive but insignificant effect. For agricultural, health and education expenditures, sustainable development theory is valid, whereas for military spending expenditure, ecological modernization theory is valid, and sustainable development theory is not supported. To realize SED development in sub-Saharan Africa, policy makers in sub-Saharan African countries have suggested increasing expenditures on defense technology to improve environmental development sustainability; investment in sustainable farming practices, promoting organic agricultural practices that reduce waste, pollution, and the use of renewable energy using technologies; and incentivizing programs that increase public awareness of ecological quality and upsurge investment in the health sector to improve the health status of people by so doing enhance SED
Pastoralist Women’s Roles, Livelihood Risks and Resilience among Borana Oromo, Southern Ethiopia
Full text linkPastoralist women’s active role in the household economy and livelihood diversification cannot be overestimated despite their marginal position in terms of access to basic health and education services, and decision making. This study is, therefore, aimed at exploring women’s livelihood risks, roles, and resilience among the Borana Oromo pastoralist community in the Yabello district of the Oromia National Regional State. The study employed a qualitative-ethnographic research method. Participants were selected purposively and data was collected using in-depth and key informant interviews, observation, and focus group discussions (FGDs). The study participants include pastoralist women, men, community elders, experts from Woreda sector offices and NGOs implementing projects in the study area. The field data was analyzed thematically and data quality has been maintained through triangulation, peer debriefing and presentation of the preliminary finding at a stakeholders’ workshop. The findings of the study showed that pastoralist women play a key role in the socioeconomic, political and cultural lives of Borana Oromo parallel with experiencing challenges related to poverty and job burden. The coping strategies include engagement in self-help social support systems, sharing tasks during difficult times, the moral incentive, courage and motivation they earn from the communities. Borana women also have opportunities for getting primacy, such as their engagement in petty trade, women empowerment activities of local organizations, and promising prospects of supportive policy in education and healthcare services. The study recommends research on strengthening indigenous community practices in support of women
Determinants of households’ membership in rural savings and credit cooperatives: An analysis of South Achefer district in Northwest Ethiopia
Full text linkMicro-level rural saving and credit cooperatives in Ethiopia's South Achefer District, Western Amhara region, have not received much attention. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the variables that affect the likelihood of rural households in the South Achefer District participating in saving and credit cooperatives. Three Kebeles and 194 households were selected using simple random sample procedures and stratified sampling. Data were collected using focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and surveys. The collected data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The socioeconomic, demographic and other relevant aspects impacting participation in these cooperatives were examined using a probit regression model. Sex, age, income, land size, tropical livestock unit, household distance from rural saving and credit cooperative, and household participation in local leadership all had a significant impact on savings and credit cooperative membership. This research finds that joining rural saving and credit cooperatives will gradually spread from RUSACCO members to non-members. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Cooperative Promotion Agency in Ethiopia can start introducing cooperative membership from households that have the household demographic, socioeconomic, and other characteristics of households that are more likely to be cooperative members. It is suggested that the Cooperative Promotion Agency in Ethiopia should start by focusing on and giving priority to households with the following household characteristics: women, young people, higher income levels, higher TLU, households that are involved with other financial institutions, households that have better participation in local leadership, and households that are close to RUSACCO
የአርጐባ ብሔረሰብ የወሊድ ስነ ስርዓት ክዋኔ ትንተና: An Analysis of the Birth Rite of the Argobba Ethnic Group
No full textይህ ጥናት የአርጐባ ብሔረሰብን የወሊድ ስነ ስርዓት ክዋኔ የመተንተን ዋና ዓላማ ያለው ነው፡፡ የጥናቱን ዓላማ ለማሳካት ካልዓይና ቀዳማይ መረጃዎች ተሰብስበዋል፡፡ ካልዓይ መረጃ ቀደም ብለው የተሰሩ የጽሁፍ ምንጮችን በማንበብ የተገኘ ሲሆን ቀዳማይ መረጃ ለማግኘት የመስክ ስራ ተከናውኗል፡፡ በመስክ መረጃ የተሰበሰበባቸው ዘዴዎች ምልከታ፣ ቃለመጠይቅና ቡድን ተኮር ውይይት ሲሆኑ መረጃ ሰጪዎች በዓላማ ተኮርና ጠቋሚ የንሞና ዘዴዎች ተመርጠዋል፡፡ የተሰበሰበው መረጃ ከዓይነታዊ የመረጃ መተንተኛ ዘዴ ውስጥ የኢትኖግራፊ ጥናት ሞዴልን በመጠቀም ተተንትኗል፡፡ የጥናቱ ግኝት እንደሚያሳየው የአርጐባ ብሔረሰብ የወሊድ ስነ ስርዓት ክዋኔ በሶስት ደረጃዎች ሊከፈል የሚችል ነው፡፡ በክዋኔው ስነቃል (ዱዓዎች፣ ዝኪሮች፣ መማፀኛዎች፣ መልካም ምኞትን መግለጫዎች፣ ምሳሌያዊ አነጋገሮች፣ ዝየራዎች)፣ ቁሳዊ ባህል (ባህላዊ ምግብና መጠጥ፣ አልባሳት፣ የማዋለጃ ቁሳቁሶች፣ የእንግዴ ልጅ መቅበሪያ ቁስ)፣ ማህበራዊ ልማድ (እምነቶች፣ ባህላዊ ሕክምና፣ ስም አወጣጥ፣ የፀጉር አሰራር፣ ጭስ መሞቅ) ፎክሎሮች ተለይተዋል፡፡ ቃላዊ (የዱዓ ቃላት)፣ ቁሳዊና (ገንፎ) ድርጊታዊ (ጣትን በገበታ ዙሪያ ማድረግ፣ ገበታን ከፍ ማድረግ፣ ድፍን ቅል አጥቦና አልጋ ላይ ማድረግ፣ የወላድ ቡና መጨበጥና ቡናን ምጣድ ላይ አድርጐ መጠበቅ) ትዕምርቶች ተለይተው ፍቺዎቻቸው ቀርበዋል፡፡ ስነ ስርዓቱ ማህበራዊ፣ ስነ ልቡናዊና፣ እሴቶችን የመትከል ፋይዳዎች አሉት፡፡ ዘመናዊ የህክምና ተቋማት ማዋለጃዎቸቸውን በባህሉ መሰረት ማስተካከል ቢችሉ፤ የነፍሰጡር የምግብ ክልክሎች ነፍሰጡር ልታገኝ የሚገባውን ንጥረ ነገር የሚያሳጣ መሆን አለመሆኑና አንዳንድ የወሊድ ክዋኔዎች (ለምሳሌ፣ መነቅነቅ፣ ሆድ ማሸት) ከጤና አንፃር የሚያስከትሏቸው የጤና ጉዳቶች ካሉ በወረዳው የጤና ጽ/ቤት ጥናት ተከናውኖ ጉዳቱ ቢለይ ጥሩ ነው፡፡
This study has the main objective of analyzing the performance of the birth rite of the Argobba ethnic group. Secondary and primary data were collected to achieve the objective of the study. Secondary data was obtained by reading earlier written sources, and fieldwork was conducted to obtain primary data. The methods of field data collection are observation, interview, and focus group discussion, and informants were selected by purposive and snowball sampling methods. The collected data were analyzed using an ethnographic research model from a qualitative data analysis method. According to the findings of the study, the performance of the Argobba birth rite can be divided into three stages. In the performance, oral traditions (prayers, Zəkiroč, supplications, expressions of good wishes), material culture (traditional food and drink, clothing, birthing materials, placenta burial material), and social custom (beliefs, Ziyarawoč, traditional medicine, naming, hairstyles, getting smocked Azəgaro and Wäyəba smokes) folklores have been found. Verbal (words of prayer), material (porridge), and action (putting fingers around a plate, raising a plate, washing a calabash and putting it on a bed, holding coffee and keeping it on a pan) symbols and their interpretations are presented. The rite has social, psychological, and justification benefits. It would be good if modern medical institutions could adjust their delivery rooms according to the tradition if the district health office conducts a study to determine whether or not pregnant food habits are depriving the pregnant of the nutrients they should be getting and if there are any health risks caused by certain performances (e.g., shaking, belly rubs) in terms of health
“Am I not a king’s son?” A Previously Unpublished Letter Sheds New Light on the Manner in which Prince Alämayähu faced the Dilemma of his Ambiguous Status as an Exile in Britain in 1879
No full textContrary to popular assumptions, Däjazmač (or, as he was known internationally, Prince) Alämayähu, exiled son of Emperor Tewodros (r. 1855-1868), and heir to the Ethiopian throne, had no difficulty adjusting to the life of the British aristocracy. Despite the trauma of the siege of Mäqdäla, the death of his father, the loss of his birth-right as a result of inglorious British military plunder, and the untimely and tragic death of his mother on the unremittingly cold and damp trek to the coast shortly afterwards, Alämayähu’s resilience was remarkable. His capacity and determination to maintain his princely status was manifest just a few weeks later, when General Robert Napier, who had commanded the British troops at Mäqdäla, thought to amuse the young boy by throwing him a ball to catch while on the deck of troop carrier HMS Urgent, en route from Alexandria to Malta. Asked by Napier why he had not run for the ball, Alämayähu explained that it was below his dignity: “Am I not a king’s son, why should I go and fetch it?” And a few weeks later, at the suitably grand manor house on the Isle of Wight where he lived and rode to hounds, the seven year-old reprimanded his adoptive grandparents for suggesting that they should drop the term ‘Prince’ when they addressed him. “A king’s son is always a prince”, he solemnly reminded them
Aspects of Classical Greek Tragedy in Tsegaye Gebremedhin’s Oda Oak Oracle
No full textThis paper explores some salient features of classical Greek drama reflected in modern Ethiopian drama through the analysis of Oda Oak Oracle, a play by Tsegaye Gebremedhin. The parallels between the two dramatic works that are remotely related in spatio-temporal setting have been studied by examining the striking similarities between Sophocles’ Oedipus the King (5th century B.C.) and Tsegaye’s Oda Oak Oracle (1965). The temporal gap can be bridged by arguing that great literature is timeless in its appeal. Comparative textual analysis has been used as a basic method in the paper. Primary data that substantiate the central arguments of the paper have been drawn from the plays under study through close reading. Secondary data have been gathered from related literature on the subject. Theory has been drawn from the principles underpinning classical Greek tragedy. Through close reading and analysis, it has been established that the two plays demonstrate striking parallels in terms of plot construction, thematic preoccupation, character delineation and dramatic techniques
Konso Indigenous Knowledge and Social Institutions: the Crux and Kernel of Environmental Adaptation
No full textThis article delves into the place and role of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) and social institutions in human environmental adaptation. It has explored how Konso social institutions shaped and sustained a culture of environmental adaptation in the face of natural and anthropogenic adversities. A qualitative research approach has been employed to carry out the research. Longitudinal observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions constituted the major data-gathering tools, while ‘Situated Learning Theory’ provided an essential framework for exploring modes of knowledge acquisition and transmission. The study revealed that the Konso people have devised complex and mutually reinforcing indigenous institutions that prop up a culture of environmental adaptation. While efficient methods of labor organization ensured mobilization and coordination of the needed manpower to build terraces and water ponds, neighborhood and clan organizations, together with the “Poqalla” institution, have nurtured the youth to observe and uphold established norms, ancestral values, and work ethics. It was also found that in light of the demographic shift and socio-political changes that have transpired through time, Konso traditional environmental wisdom exhibited both resilience and exceptional dynamic agility. Embedded in and mediated by indigenous social institutions, skillful adaptation to environmental challenges has become the hallmark of Konso survival strategy
Effects Of Bank Activity Restriction and Stringent Capital Regulation On Bank Stability In Sub-Saharan Africa
No full textThis study investigates the effect of bank activity restrictions and stringent capital regulation on bank stability in commercial banks from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. Secondary data for this study are collected from the Global Financial Development Database, Bank Regulation and Supervision Database, World Development Indicators Database, the Global Economy Database, and Worldwide Governance Indicators for the period 2003–2021. The dependent variable is bank stability, and the independent variables are stringent bank capital regulation and bank activity restrictions. The lag of the dependent variable, gross domestic product, inflation, bank concentration, and corruption are added as control variables. The purposive sampling method is employed to select the sample from the SSA population and the data analyzed using the dynamic model two-step General Method of Moment (GMM) estimation techniques. Bank activity restrictions and capital stringency are indexed based on the bank regulation and supervision survey of 2003- 2021. The empirical findings suggest strict capital regulation has negative effect and activity restriction has positive effect on bank stability. It was recommended that central banks and commercial bank management in the Sub-Sahara Africa economies work on enhancing the degree of strictness on capital regulations to attain a more stable banking sector so as to build shock resistant financial industry
The Antecedents of Board Task Performance at State-Owned Enterprises in Ethiopia: Empirical Evidence from a Developing Country
No full textThis study investigates the effect of board processes on the performance of the board control and service tasks in State-Owned Enterprises of Ethiopia. Based on analysis of primary data collected through a questionnaire from a sample of 100 respondents from 33 SOEs using structural equation modelling, we found that effort norms have significant positive effect on board control and service task performance whilst use of knowledge and skills and cognitive conflict have significant positive effect on board control task performance. The results add empirical evidence to the extant lite