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EDITORIAL
No full textThis is the 17th issue, no. 1 of Styles of Communication, the international journal which is published annually by the Faculty of Journalism and Communication Studies (University of Bucharest, Romania) in cooperation with the Committee for Philology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław Branch, Poland. From 2009 to 2014, Styles of Communication was published by the “Danubius” University of Galați, Romania
A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF BUSINESS CONVERSATIONS AMONG TRADERS AND BUYERS IN SELECTED MARKETS IN YENAGOA
No full textThis research work is a sociolinguistic study of business conversations among traders and buyers in selected markets in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 50 business persons, both male and female, are observed during business transactions to collect primary data from their conversations, while secondary data are obtained from textbooks, journals, and the internet. The observations are conducted at the Swali, Kpansia, Tombia, Agudama, and Igbogene markets in Yenagoa. The researcher uses a conversation analysis (CA) approach to interpret the data and such findings as the ones below are evident: Traders and buyers adopt conversation strategies such as the use of pleading, request, promise, explanation, repetition, code-alternation and questioning/answering bearing in mind factors such as purpose of the speech, setting and participants while choosing them during business transactions. Some sociolinguistic significance of the appropriate choice of conversation strategies by traders and buyers in Yenagoa is to create an environment for peaceful business transactions, prevent conflict/crises, and maximize profits. Equally evident in the study is that conversational participants are very aware of when, where, and how to organize, allocate, and take turns coherently. Again, features of adjacency pair structures such as question/answer, request/decision, offer/acceptance, pleading, and acceptance/consideration/rejection abound in business conversations. Turn allocations are observed to be through prosodic turns, yielding eye-gaze and hand signals by the current speaker, thus resulting in minimal overlapping of talk-turns. The researcher also recommends that traders and buyers should consider the setting, participants, and purpose of the talk while choosing a conversation strategy. It is also recommended that further studies be conducted on business conversations in formal settings. 
ONE STEP PRE SET FIGHTING EXERCISES WITHIN KARATE DO PHYSICAL EDUCATION LESSONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST
No full textBackground. In the third year of study at Bucharest University, the students will include in their current practice of physical educational, lessons in Karate-do, the practice of one step fighting exercises (in japanese: Ippon Kumite or Kihon Ippon Kumite). This is also a requirement for the green belt examination or 6 kyu. Sparring (Kumite) is the form of practice that has the most direct appeal not only to the beginner student but to everyone who has any interest in karate. Everyone wants to start sparring practice as soon as possible, and for this reason the students practice the fundamentals assiduously.Objectives. To learn correctly a group of exercises of Sabaki (stepping and dodging), different positions and basic techniques of attack and defence (Kihon). To perform the techniques correctly with proper breathing and correct posture, otherwise techniques, power, and correct spirit cannot be achived. A correct posture relaxes the body, has distinction and dignity as well as esthetic appeal and elegance for maximum efficiency.Methods. The method used for this presentation concerning the specific Ippon Kumite exercises, practiced in Japan universities by the Japan Karate Association, will also be used by the students of the University of Bucharest in their third year of studies.Conclusions. In sparring training, each student practices this type of Kumite (Ippon Kumite) according to his own level of progress. It is therefore necesssary to fully understand the distinctive features of the various types and to practice with the objectives clearly in mind. Ippon Kumite is for studying offensive and defensive techniques, training in body movements and learning Maai (distancing). Mentally, the same like in another forms of Kumite exercise, the student will look for controlling emotions, fighting spirit, self esteem and determination The more advanced students will improve the finer points of Zanshin (awarness), Saho (etiquette), and Yomi (perceptivity)
PRE-ESTABLISHED FIGHTING EXERCISES IN THREE STEPS FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION LESSONS, SPECIFICALY KARATE-DO, BUCHAREST UNIVERSITY
No full textPremises: During the physical education in Karate-Do lessons and also regarding the grade examination for the orange belt at the end of the second year of study at Bucharest University, the students will include in their current practice the pre-established three steps fighting exercises (in japanese: Sanbon Kumite). Progress in Karate-Do will be established in the same way as in others physical education disciplines, following the principle of accessibility, by applying the three classical rules of didactic practice: from easy to difficult, from simple to complex and from known to unknown. The first step of Karate-Do is to correctly learn the fighting techniques by exercising alone, without a partner (in japanese: Kihon). The second step is learning how to apply the fighting techniques by fighting with one or more adversaries (in japanese: Kumite). In the case of Sanbon Kumite, the difference between this kind of exercise and Gohon Kumite (the pre-established five steps fighting exercises) lise in the number of steps. In this situation of fighting with a parter, three insted of five. Also, another difference lies in the possibility of continuous attacks with different techniques at different levels. By repeating practice in the Sanbon kumite fighting exercises the students can also attain the specific principals of physical education, by bettering physical development and motric capacities. Likewise in the practice of Gohon Kumite, a very important factor during practice of Sanbon Kumite it is represented by mental attitude, in a short matter of time the student will understand what it means the value of mutual respect between practitioners, the full implication in one activity, the control of emotions and techniques, the will power, mental concentration, fighting spirit etc.Objectives: Learning varying basic techniques for attacking and defense, controlling the breathing techniques, moving the body in the right sequence. Mentally, the same like in Gohon Kumite exercise, the student will look for controlling emotions, fighting spirit, self esteem and determination.Methods: The method used for this presentation concerning the specific Sanbon Kumite exercises, practiced in Japan universities by the Japan Karate Association, will also be used by the students of the University of Bucharest in the second year of studies. As in Gohon Kumite, the attacker must always aim for developing motric qualities, in particular speed in execution and in body movement, the force in action („Kime”) and coordination. From the defence position he warns the defender „jodan, chudan, mae geri!”, then concentrating his mind on the lower abdomen, attacks successively with forcefulness and with concern for accuracy. He must always possess the fighting spirit and make it explode in each attack.Conclusions: During the lessons with the students of the University of Bucharest, one specific method of training it is represented by the exercise of Sanbon Kumite - fighting one one person with pre-arranged techniques in three steps. By exercising these techniques, students will develop mental capacity, motric qualities, rhythm, breathing control and also emphasize the training of basic techniques. The advantage of this kumite lies in its effectiveness as a complete training method to maintain the balance during a continuous movement. It should be executed from both sides. Corectly practiced, the Sanbon Kumite exercises will form a strong fighting spirit, a strong, focused mind and a solid base for the next fighting techniques needed in superior levels of instruction and knowledge. 
LOCOMOTOR TRAINING AND GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS FROM SECONDARY CYCLE
No full textThrough this study we aimed to contribute to finding answers in regards needles cee poor physical preparation of students, early decrease their interest for sports activities and practical ways to solve them, hoping that they will contribute to improve the methodology rugby in school.Objectives. The strategy that we propose to focus, initially, on the development of psychomotor skills through exercises diversified priority nature created and in the second phase, to proceed with acquisition actual actions technical specific tactical Rugby in accordance with the methodology described in the literature and adapted to the level of training students and didactic existing materials.The aim of the paper is to improve the instructional-educational process in the physical education discipline, in the lyceum cycle, by creating and applying specific exercises for playing rugby for the formation and development of psychomotor skills, in accordance with the pupils\u27 age peculiarities and the existing material conditions.Methods. Information and bibliographic documentation, research method curriculum documents and other school documents, data investigation into the school population and schools, in high school, investigations on the basis of existing material in school for rugby school, high school, observation method, the questionnaire survey method, metota statistics.Results. Searching and finding answers to some of the problems caused poor sports training of students, reducing some early interest in physical education, high school and practical ways to solve them through games.Conclusion. The physical exercises applied with the experimental classes are effective and contribute to the development of psychomotor skills. By comparing the results to the experimental classes, it has been observed that advances in the development of skills are all the more positive as the attitude of the subjects towards the activity is more positive and the higher the personal significance for them
INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL
No full textHarmonization of the relationship between intellectual development and physics is done in mutual dependence and increasingly interested in multidisciplinary research, especially those with an important impact on health. The practice of physical education from the youngest age favors the development of the particularities of manifestation of the modern man\u27s behavior and improves the quality of life.Objectives. At the level of the primary cycle a study was carried out on the issue of strengthening the health status of students by harmonizing the motor and intellectual components and informing the decision makers about the motor and somato-functional state of the school population.Methods. The following methods were used in the study: study of specialized literature, school documents, questionnaire method, survey method, statistical method, graphic method.Results. Research on primary school pupils confirms the correlation between the physical, intellectual and health development components, so children with better levels of motor-based indicators have greater stability against the adverse environmental factors that are manifested by lower illness.Conclusion. The determination of physical and intellectual skills of the group is insufficiently developed in the students of the group tested, which recommends practicing physical exercise both in physical education lessons and in extra-curricular activities
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND CREATIVITY THROUGH DANCE GROUP CHOREOGRAPHY AT THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES
No full textBackground. The development of the informational means led to the diminishing of communication skills between people. These useful means of information are needed in the conditions of the current life but they also contribute substantially to the self-isolation by working from home, by distance communication, and this fact can be noticed in the antisocial behaviour of teenagers.Objectives. By approaching this matter at the dance classes we have the possibility to develop the human relationships and to determine the possibility of collaboration and the development of creativity through the specifics of the discipline and the suggested subjects. In achieving the objectives we pursued in this research 3 categories of: aptitude factors, intellectual factors and personality factors. All these categories of factors were capitalized in the context in which the subjects had to make cha-cha-cha choreography on the basis of the acquired, physical and methodological knowledge.Methods. Teaching – learning – consolidation – improvement were the working methods at first.The observation method: we used the formative-participatory methods.The modeling method: we used creative exercises and exercises of body expressiveness in relation with the nature of the movements and the music.Results. The evaluation took place under competition conditions in order to stimulate the collaboration between the members of the groups. The results showed that the 2nd, the 3rd and the 5th group, where the subjects managed to collaborate, to socialize and to form a common idea and a common aim, had better structured choreographies and had more creativity, as they got 7 points out of 10. For the 1st, 4th and 6th group, where the subjects didn’t collaborate much, the creativity couldn’t develop.Conclusion. By working in groups, all subjects have made progress regarding their social abilities. In groups where the emulation was faster, there were better executions, the members of the group synchronized and the choreographies were more creative. In the dance classes for groups of students it’s about a creative potential which have developed through the learning process but also through other activities which took place independently
THE PREVALENCE OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY IN PUBLIC VERSUS PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN ROMANIA - A COMPARATIVE STUDY
No full textChildhood obesity is an alarming public health issue in many countries worldwide, with over 41 million overweight children under the age of five, according to WHO (1). In 2013, in Romania, 26.75% of 8-years old children have been diagnosed as overweight and 11.64% as obese, according to Romanian National Institute of Public Health (2).Study Objective & Methods. Considering these data, the aim of the current investigation was to study whether the type of school (public or private) has an impact on childhood obesity. For this purpose, we analysed the Body Mass Index (BMI) of 209 children from four different Romanian schools (three public schools and one private school). The BMI is a body weight measure based on the mass and the height of an individual.Results. Our results indicate that the children from public school have an increased tendency towards obesity compared to children who attend a private school. The main factors identified to contribute to these differences are diet, schedule overload and the personal preference towards organized physical activities. Specifically, children from the public school have a more disorganized eating program, a high-carbohydrate diet and a lower preference towards organized physical activities whereas the children attending the private school have a more balanced dietary program and a higher preference towards organized physical activities.Conclusions. From this study we conclude that more refined national guidelines concerning diet and physical activities for children from both public and private schooled children would have beneficial long and short terms effect
VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE IN YOUTH VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS: AN OPTOJUMP-BASED ANALYSIS
No full textBackground. Vertical jump performance is a critical component in volleyball, directly involved in technical actions such as spiking and blocking. In youth athletes, understanding the neuromuscular and anthropometric determinants of jump efficiency is essential for optimizing training. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the biomechanical parameters of vertical jump performance (Tflight, Tcontact, Elevation, Power) in female volleyball players aged 12 to 14, and to examine their associations with anthropometric characteristics (body height and weight).Purpose: The purpose of this research was to identify the dominant physical determinants of jump efficiency in junior female volleyball players, and to provide objective support for the development of age-specific physical training programs focused on enhancing explosive strength and reducing contact time.Methods: Twenty-one athletes from the CTF Mihai I Volleyball Club participated in standardized jump testing using the OptoJump Next system. Each athlete performed three vertical jumps without arm swing. The parameters recorded were: flight time (Tflight), contact time (Tcontact), jump height (Elevation), and estimated power (Power), along with body height and weight. Spearman correlationcoefficients were used to analyze the relationships between variables.Results: Strong negative correlations were found between power and Tcontact (rs = –0.84), and moderately strong positive correlations between power and jump height (rs = 0.51). A very strong correlation was also observed between Tflight and Elevation (rs = 0.95). Anthropometric variables showed weak or moderate associations with jump performance.Conclusions: Vertical jump performance in this age group is primarily influenced by neuromuscular efficiency, rather than anthropometric characteristics. Training programs should prioritize explosive strength development and rapid force generation in volleyball-specific contexts. 
LEISURE MOTOR ACTIVITIES AMONG PREADOLESCENTS – CHARACTERISTICS OF AFFECTIVE LEADERS
No full textBackground. The motivation for this research stemmed from my interest in understanding the role of leisure motor activities in shaping social interactions and leadership roles among preadolescents. Considering the increasing influence of informal physical activities performed outside the school setting, it becomes important to analyze which sports are most frequently preferred by students and how these preferences correlate with their affective status within the group. The study focused on middle schoolstudents and aimed to identify the types of sports they commonly practice during their free time.Objectives. The main objective of this research was to determine the types of sports preferred by preadolescents during leisure time, emphasizing the differences between affective leaders and their peers in terms of these choices.Methods. The research methods used were: bibliographic study, observation, experimental, and statistical-mathematical analysis. These methods helped in the interpretation of the experimental results. Results. The results showed that affective leaders tend to prefer individual and non-contact sports (such as swimming, athletics, cycling, or fitness), while the rest of the group displayed a more diverse orientation that included team sports (football, basketball, handball). The analysis highlights that affective leaders are inclined towards sports involving self-discipline, creativity, and autonomy, as opposed to those requiring direct confrontation or physical contact.Conclusion: The study underlines that leisure sports preferences differ depending on students’ affective roles within their group. Affective leaders mainly orient themselves toward individual, heuristic, and non-contact sports, reflecting a tendency toward independence and self-regulation. These results may serve as a valuable reference for teachers, coaches, and parents in supporting leisure motor activities adapted to the socio-emotional characteristics of children