Dataverse World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
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The genus Phylloporus (Boletaceae, Boletales), from Mekong river basin (Yunnan Province, China)
No full textThe genus Phylloporus is a gilled bolete and a typical ectomycorrhizal mushroom which forms mycorrhizal associations with woody Fagaceae or Pinaceae. Collections of Phylloporus were made from Xiaozhongdian (Shangri-La), Haitang (Baoshan) and Mengsong (Xishuangbanna) from May to October 2012. Morphology and sequence analysis revealed that the Phylloporus collections belonged to seven groups and five species: P. imbricatus (Xiaozhongdian, Shangri-La), P. pachcystidiatus and P. yunnanensis (Haitang, Baoshan), P. rubiginosus (Mengsong, Xishuangbanna) and P. megacystidiatus sp. nov (Mengsong, Xishuangbanna). In this paper we introduce one new Phylloporus species: Phylloporus m
egacystidiatus sp. nov., and new record P. rubiginosus for the first time in Yunnan Province, China. The new species and the new record are described and illustrated with drawings and color photos. Also the species and new record are compared with similar taxa
Evaluating heterogeneity in agroforestry adoption and practices within smallholder farms in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya
No full textWe hypothesize that understanding the structure and densities of tree populations in these agricultural landscapes is useful
in determining the viability of trees for tree diversity conservation and in determining the dominant tree species influencing the agroecosystems. The study investigated the dominant agroforestry practices in agricultural landscapes of Trans Nzoia, Kenya. The study used ground based methods and semi structured questionnaires to enumerate tree species present in each farm. Tree basal area mensuration (tree cross-sectional area measured at breast height) was undertaken. All trees greater than or equal to 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were enumerated. DBH’s was measured using calibrated tree diameter tapes. Local names of tallied trees were recorded from farmer interviews. All enumerated trees were identified to the species level according to Beentje (1994) or Maundu and Tengnäs (2005). Tree inventories during farm walks involved simultaneous recording of species presence counts and DBH readings. Key informants’ interviews were conducted at each of the selected settlements. The key informants were elderly people, village/settlement heads and other knowledge holders who had lived in the area for a period greater than 40 years, selected after informal discussions with the inhabitants. The information from key informants’ survey was used to classify farmers into different wealth categories. Wealth ranking was carried out by adapting the technique of Crowley (1997). The purpose of wealth ranking in relation to current study was to investigate whether differences in household’s income levels have an influence on the adoption and management of tree species. At every settlement, the key informants were requested to list wealth indicators in their order of importance in classification of social classes. The main indicators identified were; 1) land area owned, 2) house status (quality and size, permanent, semi-permanent or grass thatched), 3) form of employment; formal or casual employment (off-farm employment) and also the frequency of seeking casual employment, 4) amount of annual crop production; yield and ability to purchase inputs such as fertilizer and, 5) cow; quantity and quality(improved or local breeds), and 6) children remittance or external source of income. A combination of two key approaches was used to group farmers. First, the information or characteristics obtained from questionnaire about each farmer was used against the wealth indicators taking into account the importance of indicator in the wealth categorization list. This was by an independent researcher who allocated each farmer into one of the 3 established categories; wealthier, moderate or poor category. Second, at each settlement, the chairman and the key informants were requested to rank the farmers according to their own criteria and also taking into account previously list of wealth indicators ordered by importance. The two criteria were merged to obtain the final list. Since the key informants were from the area, farmers were grouped using their local knowledge. This was in an effort to avoid an overly strict interpretation of the data
Replication data for: Yield and household consumption of Rhododendron arboreum as a fuelwood species in Eastern Nepal
No full textContribution of R. arboreum to total annual fuelwood consumption quantitatively assessed. Removal of biomass of R. arboreum was f
ound to be higher than biomass addition, threatening the species distribution. Growth ring analysis revealed very slow increment in diameter and hence in biomass. Fuelwood harvesting, slow increment and slow growth identified as main causes of declining biomass
Replication data for: Bringing stakeholder values into climate risk management programs: decision aiding for REDD in Vietnam
No full textThe United Nations (UN) Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) program offers incentives for developing countries to reduce CO2 emissions and to invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. In designing and deploying REDD programs, the UN is asking that participating nations go beyond focusing just on technical issues associated with carbon management and also include a range of social considerations; for example, program managers are being asked to undertake stakeholder-based processes aimed at incorporating community concerns in program design, implementation, and management. The research reported here discussed the application of structured decision making to the design of REDD programs in Vietnam. The goal of structured decision making is to place the values, objectives, and concerns of stakeholders squarely in front of managers so that they may lend maximum insight to decisions that require trade-offs across environmental management options
Smallholders Profile in the Peruvian Amazon
No full textSmallholders profile in the Peruvian Amazon. It contains biophysical data of the Peruvian Amazon, and socioeconomic data at the district level for each of the altitudinal classes defined for the study: Yunga Fluvial, Selva Alta, Selva Baja
Gender, Species Priorities, and Domestication in South and Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
No full textTree domestication includes any activities that brings trees into wider cultivation to provide people food, building material, medicine, other tree products, or income from the sales of tree products. It may also positively influence the conservation of endangered species or the provision of environmental services. Research on tree domestication is not merely focused on integrating trees on to farm or community land, but also most consider socio-cultural-economic factors and institutional aspects that influenced the domestication process. Gender is an important factor in tree domestication that has not been sufficiently researched to date. Women and men have different set of knowledge, experiences, and strategies in addressing tree propagation, management, utilization and marketing. This study investigated gender roles on selecting priority species and its domestication of economically important species in South and Southeast Sulawesi. Women are keen to domesticate vegetables and other annual crops that contribute directly to household food security and nutrition. Women focus those domestication activities on land near the home. Men and women give priority to tree species with high economic value; the management of those species is a priority for men but shared by women. Identifying gender roles and knowledge related to tree domestication is important in the planning program on tree-based livelihood enhancement and sustain
able environmental management. The discussion will arrive on the issues how the domestication by including women has positive impact on women empowerment but in some cases will lead to burde
Phylogenetic diversity of Russula from Xiaozhongdian, Yunnan, China, inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer sequence data
No full textIn this study, we provide the first diversity assessment, based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequence data, of the ectomycorrhizal genus Russula in an important alpine ecosystem. The area studied, a remote sustainable farmland/forestry habitat on the south of Tibetan Plateau, located in Xiao-Zhongdian, Northwest Yunnan, China, is critical to the east and southeast Asian ecosystem balance. Twenty Russula species were recovered, with Russula cyanoxantha being most common species. Conifer forests (Picea likiangensis and Pinus densata) and birch forests (Betula platyphylla) have sim
ilar species diversity, which is higher than in mixed forests (Picea likiangensis, Betula platyphylla, Lyonia and Rhododendron decorum), suggesting the preferred hosts of Russula are Picea likiangensis, Pinus densata and Betula platyphylla
Replication data for: Developing indicators of economic value and biodiversity loss for rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna, southwest China: A case study from Menglun township.
No full textXishuangbanna has been largely transformed from biodiverse natural forests and mixed-use farms into monoculture rubber plantations in just twenty years. This conversion has expanded into forests previously protected by the community and onto marginal sites at high-elevation. Market-based ecosystem payments, especially carbon financing, are potential tools to prevent further forest loss in China. Here, we compare rubber net present value (NPV), carbon sequestration, and seed-plant species diversity for Xishuangbanna given three land-use scenarios: Business-As-Usual (BAU), Economic Oriented Scenario (EOS) and Conservation Oriented Scenario (COS) using a previously published spatial map of rubber profitabilit
y. The EOS achieved the greatest rubber profit but caused substantial reductions in natural forest area, biodiversity and carbon stocks. The EOS also requires substantial immigration of workers into a remote and ecologically important region with little social infrastructure for basic security, food security, health-care and education, causing frequently ignored costs. As expected, the COS will maintain the highest levels of natural forest area, sequester 57% more carbon, and 71% more biodiversity than EOS. Given the conservation value of the carbon stores and rich biodiversity residing in Xishuangbanna's natural forests, reducing rubber NPV only marginally would probably cost less than attempting to recover these resources. We recommend that rubber plantations be limited to established, productive lowland areas whilst protecting intact high-elevation forest and reforesting low-productivity plantations. These actions will enhance carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. Management policies focused solely on profits, like the EOS scenario, will fail to sustain the entire range of natural resources and ecosystem services. The prices in the carbon market would have to be considerably larger than they are currently to compete with the profitability of rubber
Improving Measurements of Agricultural Productivity through Methodological validation and Research (LSMS-ISA)
No full textN/
Kuantifikasi jasa lingkungan air dan karbon pola agroforestri pada hutan rakyat di wilayah sungai Jeneberang
No full textAgroforestri sebagai salah satu bentuk tutupan vegetasi yang menyerupai hutan memiliki potensi untuk mengatur tata air. Sistem agroforestri juga memiliki potensi yang lain yaitu menambat karbon melalui proses produksi biomassa. Tulisan ini merupakan hasil penelitian yang dilaksanakan di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Balantieng, yang secara administratif berada di tiga kabupaten, yaitu: Kabupaten Bulukumba, Kabupaten Bantaeng, dan Kabupaten Sinjai, namun sebagian besar wilayahnya berada di Kabupaten Bulukumba. Lokasi yang merupakan salah satu lokasi kegiatan Proyek AgFor ini juga mewakili daerah dengan tutupan lahan hutan yang masih relatif terjaga. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah mengkaji potensi agroforestri dalam menambat karbon dan menjaga fungsi DAS. Tingkat deforestasi kawasan hutan alam di DAS Balantieng mencapai 3,9 ha/th pada kurun 1989-1999 dan 98,3 ha/tahun pada kurun 1999-2009. Sistem penggunaan lahan agroforestri Balangtieng cukup berkembang, mencapai 57 % dari total luas DAS Balangtieng. Dengan total luasan ini, agroforestri mampu menyer
ap 1.481.101 ton karbon atau 76 % dari cadangan karbon total di seluruh wilayah DAS Balangtieng. Namun demikian perubahan penggunaan lahan secara keselurahan di wilayah ini menyebabkan terjadinya emisi karbon sebesar 20.164 ton CO2-eq/th pada kurun waktu 1989-1999 dan 136.193 ton CO2-eq/th pada kurun waktu 1999-2009. Berdasarkan hasil survei pengetahuan ekologi lokal, penurunan tingkat produksi kebun coklat akibat serangan hama penyakit menyebabkan petani tertarik untuk menggantinya dengan pola sistem cengkeh (Syzygium Aromaticum (L.) Merrill
& Perry) dan karet (Hevea braziliensis). Berdasarkan temuan ini disusun skenario perubahan penggunaan lahan: Skenario I: Perubahan 50% AF coklat dan kopi menjadi AF cengkeh di hulu dan monokultur karet di tengah dan hilir DAS; Skenario II: Perubahan 25% AF coklat dan kopi menjadi AF cengkeh di hulu dan monokultur karet di tengah dan hilir DAS; Skenario III: Perubahan 50% AF coklat dan kopi menjadi AF cengkeh di hulu dan monokultur karet di tengah dan hilir DAS dengan penurunan laju deforestasi s
ebesar 50%; Skenario IV: Perubahan 25% AF coklat dan kopi menjadi AF cengkeh di hulu dan monokultur karet di tengah dan hilir DAS dengan penurunan laju deforestasi sebesar 50% dan Skenario Business as Usual (BAU) yang merepresentasikan kondisi perubahan penggunaan lahan yang sama seperti periode tahun 1999 to 2009. Hasil pemodelan dengan menggunakan model hidrologi GenRiver menunjukkan hasil yang sama untuk semua skenario (I, II, III dan IV). Kemampuan DAS meredam aliran puncak (buffering peak indicator) pada skenario I, II. III dan IV lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan skenario BAU, yang menunjukan perubahan sistem coklat menjadi sistem cengek di bagian hulu DAS meningkatkan kemampuan menyimpan air pada saat musim hujan, Temuan ini perlu diverifikasi dengan data lapangan di tingkat plot. Dari sisi penambatan karbon, seluruh skenario (I, II, III dan IV) menurunkan tingkat emisi dan penurunan terbesar terjadi apabila diimbangi dengan pengurangan laju deforestasi skenario III dan IV). Dengan demikian perubahan sistem agroforestri coklat menjadi cengkeh dan kopi seperti yang diinginkan masyarakat diprediksi tidak akan memberikan dampak negatif pada fungsi tata air dan memberikan efek positif yaitu penurunan emisi karbon di DAS Balantien