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ኣገባባት ዝንታወን ነገረ መበቈላዊ ትሕዝቶታትን ኣብ ገድለ ኣዳምን ገድለ ኣብርሃምን
No full textድለ ኣዳምን ገድለ ኣብርሃምን፥ ተጋድሎኣዊ ሕይወት ኣዳምን ኣብርሃምን ዘዘንትዉ፣ ነገረ ፍጥረትን ተፈጥሮን ዝነግሩ፣ ህላወን ሕልፈትን ዓለምን ተፈጥሮኣን ዘረድኡ፣ ኣካል ብሉያት ሥነ ጽሑፍ ግእዝ እዮም። እዚ መጽናዕቲ ድማ፦ ኣብዞም ክልተ ገድልታት ንዝህልዉ መግለፅታት፥ ኣገባባት ዝንታወን ነገረ መበቈላዊ ትሕዝቶታትን ብምትንታን፦ ገድል ማኅደር ኣገባባት ዝንታወን ነገረ መበቈላዊ ትሕዝቶታትን ንዝዀነሎም ትሕዝቶታት ንምንጻር ዝዓለመ እዩ። ዓይነቱ፥ ዳህሳስ ሰነድ ብምክያድ ገለፃ ትሕዝቶ ስለ ዘቕርብ ዓይነታዊ መጽናዕቲ እዩ። ዝረኣዩ መግለፅታት፣ ኣገባባት ዝንታወን ነገረ መበቈላዊ ትሕዝቶታትን ንምትንታን፦ ገለፃዊ፣ ጽሑፋውን ፍካረኣውን ሜላታት ትንተና ኣብ ተግባር ውዒሎም። ኣገባባት ዝንታወ ንምሕባር እኒ Genette (1980 [1972])፣ Bonheim (1982)፣ Chatman (1978)፣ Toolan (2001)ን ኣብዚ ዓውዲ ዝነጥፉ ሊቃውንትን ዘሰጉምዎም ክልስ ሓሳባዊ ኣምራት ተጠቒሙ። ኣብ ንነገረ መበቈላዊ ትሕዝቶታት ንምድህሳስ በዓል Frye (1957)፣ Jung (1959)ን ኣብዚ ዓውዲ ንናይ ዝነጥፉ ምሁራንን ሓሳባት ወሲዱ። ብመሠረት እዚ፥ ኣብ ገድለ ኣዳምን ገድለ ኣብርሃምን ዘለዉ፦ ገድላዊ ዛንታታት፥ ትዕይንትን ኣኅጽሮትን ብዝብሉ መግለፅታት ኣገባባት ዝንታወ፤ ነገረ መበቈላዊ ትሕዝቶታት ድማ፦ ልደት፣ ተቀብኦ፣ ቀቢጸ ተስፋን ተነጽሎን ዝብሉ መግለፅታት ዝዝንተዉ ኰይኖም ተረኺቦም። ገድላዊ ሕይወት ተጋዳሊ፣ ተኣምራዊ ኣገባብ፣ ትእምርታዊ ኣገባብ፣ ተጋዳሊ ከም ጅግና፣ ኣሥተምህሮን ምሥራሕ ተኣምርን ዝብሉ ዛዕባታት እውን ገድል ማኅደር ኣገባባት ዝንታወን ነገረ መበቈላዊ ትሕዝቶታትን ምዃኖም ንምርግጋጽ ተፈቲኑ። ሜላታት ኣገባባት ዝንታወን ነገረ መበቈላዊ ትሕዝቶታትን ኣብ ገድለ ኣዳምን ገድለ ኣብርሃምን ኣብ ተግባር ዝወዓሉ ምዃኖም ብግዲኡ ገድልታት ከም ሥነ ጽሑፍ ክራኣዩ ከምዝኽእሉ ርካቦ እዚ መጽናዕቲ ይሕብር። ኣጠቓቕማ ቋንቋ፣ ኣገባብ ትሕዝቶ፣ ኣወዳድዳ ታሪኽ፣ እምነት ዝተቐረጸሉ መንገዲ፣ ምትእስሳር ምድራዊ ሕይወትን ሰማያዊ ዕጫን እንታይ ከምዝመስል ካልኦት ተመራመርቲ ትኹረት ሂቦም ከጽንዕዎ ተዝኽእሉ፥ ብሉያት ሥነ ጽሑፋት ንጽጽራዊ መጽናዕቲ ንክጠናኸር ይሕግዙ፤ ካልኦት ተመራመርቲ ነዚ ኣድህቦ ንክስዕቡ ድማ መጽንዓይ ይላቦ
THE LIFE EXPERIENCES OF REINTEGRATED VETERANS WITH DISABILITIES: THE CASE OF MEKELLE CITY
No full textThis study explores the post-war socioeconomic reintegration of veterans with disabilities in Mekelle City, Tigray. Following the devastating conflict that ended with the Pretoria Peace Agreement, a significant number of veterans returned with life-altering injuries to a society with a shattered economy and fractured social fabric. This research investigates the lived realities of these veterans, the efficacy of support systems, and the key barriers to their successful reintegration. Employed a qualitative, interpretive phenomenological design, this study collected data through 22 in-depth interviews and 3 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with 18 veterans with disabilities (VWDs), supplemented by 15 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with governmental and other stakeholders. Thematic analysis of the data revealed a profound crisis in the reintegration process. The findings indicate that a multifaceted socioeconomic crisis characterized by systemic barriers to employment, a skills mismatch, inaccessible credit systems, and acute housing instability. Formal support programs implemented by state and non-state actors were found to be largely ineffective, suffering from a lack of coordination, sustainability, and, most critically, a top-down, non-participatory approach that is detached from the veterans' lived realities and pre-existing vulnerabilities. The study concludes that the failure of reintegration in Mekelle is rooted in a weak, charity-based model. A fundamental shift is required towards a rights-based, participatory approach that empowers veterans as active agents in their own recovery. Recommendations focus on institutionalizing veteran participation in program design, redirecting funding to support veteran-led enterprises, establishing business related training and employment opportunities, and prioritizing housing
Effect of Sowing Methods and Seed Rates on Growth, Yield and Yield Component of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) at Endamekony district, Southern Tigray, Ethiopia
No full textBlack cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is an important medicinal and commercial crop in Ethiopia. However, its productivity remains low due to lack of appropriate agronomic practices, particularly sowing methods and seed rates. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a factorial arrangement with three replications to evaluate the effects of sowing methods and seed rates on growth, yield and yield components of black cumin. The factors were; sowing methods and seed rates (5, 7.5, 10 & 12.5 kg ha-1 for row sowing) and (12.5, 15, 17.5, 20 & 22.5 kg ha-1 for broadcasting). DE, DF, DM, PH, NBPP, NCPP, NSPC, 1000 seed weight, YPP and YPH was collected and analyzed using GenStat 18 software. Result showed that, sowing method and seed rate for row sowing was statistically significant (at p < 0.05) on most yield and yield components except in days to maturity. In addition, in broadcast sowing with different seed rates on PH, NBPP, NCPP, NSPC, 1000 SWT and YPH were significant. In row sowing, yield increased from 1383 to 2137 kg ha⁻¹ as seed rate increased from 5 to 10 kg ha⁻¹, then declined to 1647 kg ha⁻¹ at 12.5 kg ha⁻¹. In broadcast sowing, yield increased from 1232 to 1714 kg ha⁻¹ as seed rate increased from 12.5 to 20 kg ha⁻¹, but declined to 1549 kg ha⁻¹ at 22.5 kg ha⁻¹. The interaction effect was significant on NBPP, DM, NCPP and YPH. The highest yield (2137 kg/ha) was obtained from sr3 and followed by sr2 under row sowing (2122 kg/ha). The study concludes that row sowing with a seed rate of 10 kg ha⁻¹ as a main effect and interaction effect and broadcast sowing with 20 kg ha⁻¹ as a main effect are optimal for maximizing black cumin yield. These findings provide practical recommendations for improving black cumin productivity and support evidence-based decision-making for farmers, researchers, and policymakers. However, further research across different agro-ecological zones and seasons is recommended to validate and fine-tune these agronomic practices
Management of onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci L.) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) through Botanical Insecticides and Improved onion Varieties in central Tigray, Ethiopia
No full textA field experiment was conducted in 2024 under irrigated conditions in hadash tekli tabia to investigate the integration effect of botanical insecticides and improved onion varieties on the management of onion thrips. A randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications was used. Factor one includes onion varieties (Adama red and Bombay red) and factor two consists of four botanicals, namely, Lantana camara leaf, Jatropha curcus seed, Ricinus communis seed, and Phytolacca dodecandra seed, one synthetic insecticide (Karate 5% EC) and one control (spaying only water) three times spraying for each at the interval of 10 days. Data were recorded on Thrips incidence, mortality, leaf severity yield-related parameters, and yield of onion analyzed using GenStat software version 18. The highest mortality percentage (80.18%), lowest incidence (23.3%), lowest leaf severity scale (1.3), highest leaf number (17.17), wide bulb diameter (5.39 cm), maximum marketable yield (12991 kg ha⁻¹), highest avoidable yield loss (67.7%), and highest MRR (548808%) was recorded from the Bombay variety treated with Ricinus communis. The lowest mortality (-32.58%), and highest incidence (70%), highest leaf severity scale (4.93), minimum leave number (6.97), narrow bulb diameter (2.05 cm), and minimum marketable yield (3521 kg ha⁻¹) were recorded on untreated Adama red. Among botanical insecticides, Ricinus communis recorded the highest bulb weight (57.89 g), longest bulb length (4.24cm), and highest plant height (54.9cm) however the smallest bulb weight (25.19 g), shortest bulb length (2.3cm), and plant height (33.cm) were recorded from control plot. Between varieties Bombay red recorded the highest bulb weight (48.5 g), longest bulb length (3.93cm), and highest plant height (51.48cm) in comparison to Adama red. In conclusion, the Ricinus communis-treated Bombay red showed the highest mortality of onion thrips, lowest incidence, lowest leaf damage, highest marketable yield, and MRR. Thus, it can be recommended that farmers use the integration of botanical insecticides and improved onion varieties) to reduce the onion thrips damage thereby enhancing onion productivity and improving environmental safety
Securing Informal Financial Institutions “equb”: Assessment of Legal and Practical Challenges
No full textn Ethiopia in general and Tigray in particular informal financial institutions are vast and play significant roles in the socio-economy. Equbs are among the informal financial institutions that are very common throughout the country and they serve both as saving and credit institutions. Equbs have evolved from very small grouping of friends and families for saving and consumption purposes into big institutions with significant financial transactions for commercial activities.
Financial transactions of equb associations are traditionally managed through customary laws including the articles of association, guarantee agreement, attendance book and registration book.
These customary laws do not give full guarantee to the security of the financial transactions of the equbs. As result of this, a research work was initiated with an objective to investigate the customary laws, legal and practical challenges in ensuring security of financial transactions of the equbs in Kedamay weyane sub-city of Mekelle city in Tigray National Regional State.
The research methodology employed descriptive study depended more on qualitative data from the written documents of the equb, government policy, Journals and interview results from the administrators of the selected informal financial institutions, lawyers, and focal group discussions were used to collect data and information so as to enhance the findings.
Accordingly, the analysis of the results of the data and information obtained from interviews of members and leaders of 10 equb associations in kedamay weyane sub-city, relevant government officials and legal advisors from Mekelle, revealed that the customary laws including the articles of associations and guarantee agreements lack transparency and this led to abuse the money of the members by the organizers of the equbs. Besides, the equb associations inflict different kinds of social sanctions on defaulting members and leaders of the equb which led to demoralizing and alienation of the defaulters from the society.
Moreover, the research work indicated that the big equb associations like that of Rahwa have huge financial transactions which is becoming very challenging in administrating them properly and securely through the common customary laws and these associations need to be secured legally by giving legal personality to the associations through modern governing laws.
On the other hand, the small size equbs, which are very significant in number with less defaulting practices are not interested in obtaining legal personality fearing the very bureaucratic nature of the governmental laws
COMMUNITY-BASED CRIME PREVENTION IN MEKELLE CITY, THE CASE OF HADNET SUB-CITY
No full textThis paper assesses community based crime prevention in Mekelle city, Hadnet sub city. Community based crime prevention is one of the approaches to crime prevention. It arises due to the fact that the state cannot cope and prevent crime alone with help, support, and active participation of the community. This means that community has responsibility to prevent and reduce theft crime and to secure its own safety and citizens. the study has employed mixed research approach, based on primary and secondary data collected through key informants, Focus Group Discussions, in-depth interviews, both open and close ended questionnaire’s, document analysis and observation. Both probability and nonprobability sampling methods was used to select the study area and sample respondents. 60 sample respondents were used from the total population based on purposive sampling. And the data was drawn and analyzed by SPPS software to show the result, draw tables, percentage and frequency for its quantitative part and thematic analysis also used to qualitative.
The study showed CBCP has reduced Crime and fear of crime; and it has also improved police community relations in the study area. Furthermore, the role of community participation is in good shape. Likewise, some of the stakeholders are playing a good role in crime prevention. On the other hand, some factors that hinder CBCP from playing its crime prevention role are identified: the presence of poor quality of education, unemployment, poverty, fear and anxiety, poor economy, lack of transparency and accountability, the war in Tigray, lack of integrity, loyalty, and lack of responsibility are some of them. The study has also portrayed some crime types that are tough to be prevented by community, ‘’hang’’, pickpocketing, robbery, receiving stolen goods, burglary, snatching. House breaking, auto theft, petty thefts are the common one. The study showed the presence of low legal protection against community members who participate in preventing crimes. Thus, the study suggests more involvement of the community and coordination between the community, local authorities and stakeholders is important in preventing theft and maximizing legal protection
The Determinants of Institutional Credit Access of Smallholder Farmers in woreda Raya Alamta. Southern zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
No full textThis study aimed to analyse the determinants of access to formal credit by smallholder farmers in Raya Alamata Woreda. Preferences of smallholder farmers towards financial credits was scored and ranked, sources of financial credit for smallholder farmers were assessed and factors affecting formal credit access of small holder farmers were analysed and identified in the study areas. A stratified random sampling procedures were employed to select three rural Kebele administrations and 167 farm household heads were selected using probability proportional to size. Semi-structured interviews were employed for collecting quantitative data from the sampled farm households in the study area. Three Focus group discussion, fifteen key informants’ interview and field observations were held to generate qualitative data. Ranking techniques of credit sources were applied to know the preferences of all respondents and focus group participants for credit sources. Descriptive statistics and binary logit model were employed for analysing the quantitative data. STATA version 14 was used for data analysis. The results of the study were indicated that, out of 167 respondent house hold heads, 74 of the sampled farm households were formal credit users, whereas the remaining 93 of the respondents were non-users. Relatives, friends and neighbours were preferred as the best credit source for borrowers in the study area than other sources due to its interest free, low transaction cost and adjustments of repayment time. In the study areas, access to formal credit services of smallholder farmers was limited due to some-times inconvenience of group lending in which group members took responsibility of paying the defaulters risk, high interest rate charged on borrowers and some respondents having external financial supports. But, the logit model results reveal that sex of household heads, attitudes of household heads towards credit risks, preference of household heads for group lending, age of the household heads and experience of the household heads in credit using are important factors significantly affecting access to formal credit by smallholder farmers
FACTORS INFLUENCING BROADBAND SERVICE QUALITY ON KEY ACCOUNT CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
No full textThe Significance of service quality for business performance has been recognized in the literature as a matter of survival. The main objective of the study was to assess and analyze the influence of broadband service quality on key account Customers Satisfaction at Ethio Telecom Mekelle Branch. A theoretical framework was used as a guideline to test the influence of broadband service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction. The research is descriptive and casual with quantitative approach. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the researcher employed both secondary and primary data. For this study, a questionnaire was used and completed by 109 customers from key account users. Correlation analysis was tested to see the relationship between broadband service dimensions and Customers satisfaction and multiple regression analysis were also used to identify the determinant factor that mostly influence Customers satisfaction and the significant level of each variable. The findings confirm that five of the independent variables of the service dimension, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empath, and Tangibility have a positive relationship with the level of Customers satisfaction at Ethio Telecom at Mekelle Branch. In other words, service quality is strongly linked with customer satisfaction and the higher the service quality, the higher the customer satisfaction. The results further reveal that Responsiveness, Assurance, Empath dimensions contribute most towards customer satisfaction. But Reliability and Tangibility are found to be insignificant. The results of the findings also showed that the mean satisfaction is found to be moderate. Based on the summery, conclusion was drawn, the researcher has recommended based on the conclusion of the study that the Ethio Telecom should focus on the significant dimensions to improve service quality
EFFECT OF MOTHER BULB SIZE AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER RATES ON GROWTH, SEED YIELD, AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF ONION (Allium cepa L.) AT LAELAY MAYCHEW DISTRICT, CENTRAL ZONE OF TIGRAY, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
No full textInappropriate uses of bulb size and without or with very low rates of nitrogen fertilizer application are major factors constraining onion seed production in Tigray. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during 2023/2024 in Laelay Maychew Woreda Central Zone of Tigray to study the effect of mother bulb size (3-4 cm), medium (4.1-5 cm), and large (5.1-6 cm) and nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg ha-1) on growth, seed yield, and yield components of onion. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that all growth and yield components were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the main effect of bulb size and nitrogen and nitrogen only. The tallest plant heights (cm), flower stalk length (cm) and Maximum numbers of flowers talks per plant were obtained from the plant that received 69 N kgha-1 as well as those large bulb sizes (5.1-6 cm).However highest values of flower stalk diameter (mm), wider umbel diameters (mm) and number of seed per umbel (550) were found from the plant treated at the rate of 92 kg ha-1 of N and medium mother bulb size (4.1-5cm).The maximum seed weight per umbel (2.32g), thousand seed weight (3.86g) and seed yield per plant (17.20g) and seed yield per plot (1197.91g) were obtained from the combination of large (5.1-6 cm) mother bulb size with 69 kg of Nha-1.The shortest days to 50% flowering and maturity were found from the treatment combination of 69 kg ha-1 with 5.1-6 cm mother bulb size. The highest seed yield per hectare (1983.25 kg ha-1) was obtained from the treatment combination of 69 kg and 5.1-6 cm mother bulb size. As the partial budget analysis revealed that maximum net field benefits (4550120) Ethiopian Birr with Marginal rate of return (56.88) were obtained from a bulb of 5.1–6 cm size grown with an application of 69 kg N ha-1. Hence, for high yield and economically feasible seed yield of onion, the treatment combination of 5.1–6 cm bulb size and 69 kg ha-1 of N are recommended for the study area. To make a final recommendation, it is advised to conduct the experiment again in the study area, as it was conducted for only one season and one sit
ASSESSEMENT OF URBAN YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS IN KOREM TOWN, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
No full textEthiopia is one of the most populous country in Africa and in the world with the highest number of its young population as a result of the high fertility rate with the lowest human development index (HDI). The issue of unemployment in general and the youth unemployment in particular is then the most cross cutting issue at national level especially in urban areas which claims a collaborative, integrated and systematic alliance to rationalize it. The research study was conducted with an objective of assessing the driving factors of urban youth unemployment and its socioeconomic effects in the case of Korem town, southern Tigray, Ethiopia. Youth unemployment in Ethiopia, particularly in urban areas like Korem, has become a serious challenge due to rapid population growth, limited job opportunities, poor education quality and weak formal and informal sectors. This situation creates sever socio-economic and political impacts, making it an urgent issue that require effective solutions.
The research employed a mixed-method approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies and data were collected through questionnaire, interviewing and focusing group discussion methods. The primary data were collected from 283 simple randomly selected youth respondents. As far as the data analysis is concerned, the descriptive statistical analysis like simple frequencies, cross tabulation and inferential statistical analysis like chi-square and p-value tests were used to analyze the data. The logistic regression model revealed that corruption and maladministration, youth population pressure, lack of quality of education, lack of entrepreneurship and life skill training programs as well as lack of formal and informal sectors were found to be the most significant factors of unemployment. As the socio-economic effects of youths unemployment is concerned, socio-economic effects like loss of human capital, increase dependency ratio, rising migration, social evils, and psychological problems like inferiority complex, stress, depression, stigma and discrimination as well as political impacts like political unrest, uprising, and instability are the most common ones.
Based on the findings of the study promoting youth enterprises development and self-employment, attracting domestic and foreign investors that can encourage and initiate job opportunities, collaborative hard working on the quality of education, building infrastructural and social facilities etc. were recommended as some of the best solutions to resolve the youths unemployment