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The effects of hemodialysis on oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney failure
Full text linkChronic kidney failure (CKF) is a significant public health concern with increasing prevalence and serious health consequences. It is commonly accompanied by comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus, and inadequate management of these conditions can accelerate the decline in kidney function. Consequently, many patients progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requiring renal replacement therapy, among which hemodialysis (HD) is currently the most widely used method. This study aims to compare hemodialysis patients and healthy controls in terms of oxidative stress sensitivity by measuring serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione (tGSH), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The study included 50 HD patients (23 females, 27 males; 54.79±13.40 years) and 40 healthy individuals (23 females, 17 males; 52.33±9.01 years) treated at Erzurum City Hospital. Serum levels of MDA and tGSH, along with the enzymatic activities of CAT, MPO, SOD, and GPx, were measured and compared between the two groups. Serum MDA levels, a marker of oxidative stress, were significantly higher in the HD group compared to the control group (p=0.001). Serum MPO activity was found to be lower in the hemodialysis patient group compared to the control group (p<0.0001). Similarly, SOD activity (p=0.002), tGSH levels (p<0.0001), and CAT activity (p<0.0001) were all reduced in the HD group compared to controls. The findings of this study indicate that oxidative stress is increased in HD patients, as evidenced by elevated MDA levels, while antioxidant defense parameters - including MPO, SOD, tGSH, CAT, and GPx - are significantly compromised compared to healthy individuals (p<0.05)
Classification of resilience of Turkish health system to extraordinary health crises at provincial level
Full text linkThis study aimed to classify the provincial-level resilience of the Turkish health system using K-Means and Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) clustering methods, utilizing data from the Ministry of Health's 2022 Health Statistics Yearbook. Prior to clustering analysis, the 15 variables used to assess health system resilience were reduced to 9 through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Clustering analyses were subsequently performed on these remaining variables using the PAM and K-Means methods. The health systems of 81 provinces were classified into 3 distinct clusters based on their resilience. The PAM method was found to yield more optimal results compared to the K-Means method. According to the PAM method, provinces assigned to Cluster 3 demonstrated superior health system resilience compared to those in the other clusters. Based on the average values of the variables, the clusters were ranked in descending order of resilience: Cluster 3, Cluster 2, and Cluster 1. Significant disparities were observed both between and within clusters, primarily attributed to the uneven distribution of resources relative to population. Therefore, it is recommended that health system capacity be strengthened, using the highest-performing cluster as a benchmark. This approach can facilitate the construction of a more resilient and equitable provincial health system regarding service delivery supply, ultimately contributing to the establishment of a stronger national health system built upon strengthened provincial foundations
Investigation of CYP2D6 (*2,*3,*4,*7,*10,*41) gene polymorphisms in pediatric cardiology patients
Full text linkThe CYP2D6 enzyme metabolizes several antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive drugs, especially beta-blockers. CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms can change the efficacy and toxicity of these cardiac drugs. On the other hand, in pediatric cardiac patients, the practical significance of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms studied only in a few studies. This study aimed to evaluate CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms (*2, *3, *4, *7, *10 and *41) in these patients, prospectively. Blood samples (2 ml) were taken from 200 patients who applied to Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Cardiology Clinic. CYP2D6 enzyme gene polymorphisms (*2, *3, *4, *7, *10, and *41) were determined by using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification DNA Sequence Analysis methods. We found that 81.5% of the cases were normal metabolizers (NM), 16% were intermediate metabolizers (IM), and 2.5% were poor metabolizers (PM). The most common alleles were found to be *1 (61.75%), *2 (11%), *3 (10.75%), and *10 (10.25%), respectively. Of the 5 patients using beta-blockers and risperidone, 4 were found to be NM and 1 was IM. No changes in drug doses were required. The CYP2D6*3 allele with loss of enzyme function was determined as the most common mutant allele in this study. However, the frequency distributions of the PM (2.50%) and IM (16%) phenotypes in our study population differed markedly from the frequency distributions of the PM (7.5%) and IM (6%) phenotypes observed in the Caucasian population (p<0.02). The fact is that 18.5% of the cases in which changes in enzyme activity were detected in our study. It would be beneficial in terms of determining CYP2D6 gene changes in pediatric cardiac patients before treatment
Hidden lung findings in 10,000 patients presenting to anesthesia outpatient clinics for preoperative evaluation: Azygos Lobe
Full text linkThe azygos lobe is usually considered to be a continuation of the upper lobe of the right lung. The azygos vein passes over the right main bronchus and is characterized by its distinct passage. This variation is not typically considered part of the normal anatomy of the right lung and can result in various clinical conditions. The prevalence of the azygos lobe varies among different populations, but it is generally reported to be between 0.1% and 1%. From an anatomical perspective, the azygos lobe, formed by the separate continuation of the right upper lobe bronchus, is an important structure to consider in surgery and anesthesia. Diagnosis is usually made using imaging techniques, and the presence of the azygos lobe should be carefully considered when planning and performing endotracheal intubation during induction of anesthesia. In 73 out of 10,000 patients, the presence of the azygos lobe may affect the anatomical structure of the airway during anesthesia management; therefore, ventilation strategies should be adjusted accordingly. Our study aims to determine the prevalence of the azygos lobe in patients attending the anesthesia clinic for preoperative. It also aims to raise awareness of radiologically missed anatomical variants and avoid unnecessary surgical delays and consultations by differentiating the azygos lobe from bullae, masses, or abscesses
Kozadan karnavala: Absürt tiyatro geleneği ve grotesk estetiğin ‘Kozalar’ örneği üzerinden Türk tiyatrosundaki dönüşümü
No full textThis study aims to analyze Adalet Ağaoğlu’s play Kozalar by considering it in the context of the formal transformation of absurd theatre in Türkiye and the representation of grotesque aesthetics on the female body. Kozalar is a text written in the political oppression, social anxiety and individual alienation environment of the 1970s, and carries the miscommunication, fears and identity crises of petty bourgeois women trapped in the patriarchal order to the stage with an absurd language. In this context, the study opens up for discussion the process of reproducing absurd theatre in Turkish theatre literature and how grotesque aesthetics come into play in this process. The article first examines the birth of the absurd in Europe and how it changed form in historical-social conditions in Turkey; then, it theoretically analyzes the play Kozalar through basic concepts such as grotesque/carnivalesque body, norm violation, multilingualism and childishness. This analysis, based on the views of Mikhail Bakhtin and Wolfgang Kayser, makes visible the relationship between grotesque aesthetics and the female body, class criticism and the patriarchal structure. Finally, through the play Kozalar staged by Ayşenil Şamlıoğlu, how grotesque aesthetics are embodied in the stage language is analyzed. The main claim of the study is that Kozalar is not merely an extension of the Western-origin absurd theater tradition; on the contrary, it offers a new form of expression by being articulated with local cultural dynamics and the miniature and typecast aesthetics of traditional Turkish theater. Grotesque narration is not only a visual form, but also the physical representation of the repressed, the violation of social norms and the aesthetic expression of transformation. In this respect, Kozalar is a strong example of the local transformation of the absurd in contemporary Turkish theater and the unique relationship it establishes with grotesque aesthetics.
Bu çalışma, Adalet Ağaoğlu’nun Kozalar adlı oyununu, absürt tiyatronun Türkiye'deki biçimsel dönüşümü ve grotesk estetiğin kadın bedeni üzerindeki temsili bağlamında ele alarak çözümlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kozalar, 1970’li yılların siyasal baskı, toplumsal kaygı ve bireysel yabancılaşma ortamında yazılmış, ataerkil düzenin içinde sıkışmış küçük burjuva kadınlarının iletişimsizlikleri, korkuları ve kimlik bunalımlarını absürt bir dille sahneye taşıyan bir metindir. Bu bağlamda, çalışma, absürt tiyatronun Türk tiyatro yazınında yeniden kendini üretme sürecini ve bu süreçte grotesk estetiğin nasıl devreye girdiğini tartışmaya açmaktadır. Makale, öncelikle absürdün Avrupa’daki doğuşunu ve Türkiye’deki tarihsel-toplumsal koşullarda nasıl biçim değiştirdiğini ele almakta; ardından Kozalar oyununu grotesk/karnavalesk beden, norm ihlali, çok dillilik ve çocuksuluk gibi temel kavramlar üzerinden kuramsal olarak çözümlemektedir. Mikhail Bakhtin ve Wolfgang Kayser’in görüşleriyle temellendirilen bu çözümleme, grotesk estetiğin kadın bedeni, sınıf eleştirisi ve ataerkil yapı ile ilişkisini görünür kılar. Son olarak, Ayşenil Şamlıoğlu rejisiyle sahnelenen Kozalar oyunu üzerinden, grotesk estetiğin sahne diliyle nasıl somutlaştığı analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın temel iddiası, Kozalar oyununun yalnızca Batı menşeili absürt tiyatro geleneğinin bir uzantısı olmadığı; aksine yerel kültürel dinamiklerle ve geleneksel Türk tiyatrosunun minyatür ve tipleme estetiğiyle eklemlenerek yeni bir ifade biçimi sunduğudur. Grotesk anlatım, yalnızca görsel bir biçim değil, bastırılmış olanın bedensel temsili, toplumsal normların ihlali ve dönüşümün estetik ifadesidir. Bu yönüyle Kozalar, çağdaş Türk tiyatrosunda absürdün yerli dönüşümünün ve grotesk estetikle kurduğu özgün ilişkinin güçlü bir örneğidir
Dijitalleşen bankacılık sektöründe Blockchain teknolojisinin potansiyel kullanımı
No full textThe banking sector, one of the cornerstones of the global financial system, has undergone significant transformations with the emergence of digital technologies. The transition from traditional to digital banking has led to increased accessibility, operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. As the industry embraces rapid digitalization, innovative technologies such as blockchain have emerged as potential game changers, offering secure, transparent and decentralized frameworks for financial transactions. Characterized by its unique ability to eliminate intermediaries and enhance data integrity, blockchain technology holds significant potential for its applications in banking. This study examines the integration of blockchain technology into the banking sector, focusing on its potential to address critical challenges associated with traditional banking systems. In particular, the study explores how blockchain can increase operational efficiency, reduce costs and improve the security of financial transactions. By analyzing key applications such as cross-border payments, digital authentication and smart contracts, the study outlines the opportunities blockchain offers in creating a more efficient and secure banking environment. In conclusion, blockchain technology has the potential to fundamentally transform the banking sector by fostering innovation, increasing transparency and enabling a decentralized and resilient financial ecosystem. Its ability to address existing inefficiencies while creating new avenues for growth positions blockchain as a crucial element in the future of digital banking.Küresel finans sisteminin temel taşlarından biri olan bankacılık sektörü, dijital teknolojilerin ortaya çıkışıyla birlikte önemli dönüşümler geçirmiştir. Geleneksel bankacılıktan dijital bankacılığa geçiş, erişilebilirliğin, operasyonel verimliliğin ve müşteri memnuniyetinin artmasını sağlamıştır. Sektör hızlı dijitalleşmeyi benimserken, blok zinciri gibi yenilikçi teknolojiler, finansal işlemler için güvenli, şeffaf ve merkezi olmayan çerçeveler sunan potansiyel oyun değiştiriciler olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Aracıları ortadan kaldırma ve veri bütünlüğünü geliştirme konusundaki benzersiz yeteneği ile karakterize edilen blok zinciri teknolojisi, bankacılıktaki uygulamaları için önemli bir potansiyel teşkil etmektedir. Bu çalışma, geleneksel bankacılık sistemleriyle ilişkili kritik zorlukları ele alma potansiyeline odaklanarak, blok zinciri teknolojisinin bankacılık sektörüne entegrasyonunu incelemektedir. Çalışma özellikle blok zincirinin operasyonel verimliliği nasıl artırabileceğini, maliyetleri nasıl düşürebileceğini ve finansal işlemlerin güvenliğini nasıl iyileştirebileceğini araştırmaktadır. Çalışma, sınır ötesi ödemeler, dijital kimlik doğrulama ve akıllı sözleşmeler gibi kilit uygulamaları analiz ederek, blok zincirinin daha verimli ve güvenli bir bankacılık ortamı yaratmada sunduğu fırsatları ana hatlarıyla ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak, blok zinciri teknolojisi inovasyonu teşvik ederek, şeffaflığı artırarak ve merkezi olmayan ve dirençli bir finansal ekosistem sağlayarak bankacılık sektörünü temelden dönüştürme potansiyeline sahiptir. Büyüme için yeni yollar yaratırken mevcut verimsizlikleri ele alma yeteneği, blok zincirini dijital bankacılığın geleceğinde çok önemli bir unsur olarak konumlandırmaktadır
Why E-Commerce Startups Fail: can machine learning provide solution? Startups Fail
No full textE-commerce has transformed how businesses operate, providing customers with convenience and companies with access to global markets. However, despite its vast potential, many e-commerce initiatives have failed due to either external conditions such as local or global market fluctuations or internal conditions such as a mixture of poor planning, financial mismanagement, operational inefficiencies, and cybersecurity risks. Focusing on the market fluctuations which is a key component for external conditions. A simulative dataset that mimics real-world market conditions is used to present contribution of machine learning to decision making stages. The usage of informatics could help mitigate these risks by improving decision-making, security, and operational efficiency, and in turn could prevented many of the failures
“K D Y” …!?
No full textEvet evet yanlış okumadınız, ya da basım hatası falan değil… Malum mesleğimiz gereği belki de bir çoğunuz, doğrudan “KDV “olarak okudunuz ve gene bir mevzuat değişikliği mi geliyor diye merakınız uyandı, hatta aman bir bu eksikti diye geçirdiniz içinizden.
Yok, yok bu sefer KDY diyorum KDY’yi açmak, anlamak, biraz bundan söz etmek istiyorum bu buluşmamızda. İlk iki harfi zaten hepimiz vergi çağrışımı ile bulduk, tutturduk. “3 T 1 Ş “ , “C takısı” ve “C serisi” ünvanlar yazılarımı okuyanlar, benim bu harf oyunlarıma alışkındır , zaten bilirler. Peki nedir bu “Y” de nerden çıktı şimdi, verginin V’ si değilse? Bu yazımda da “Yaratmak” diyorum. Evet bu sefer Katma Değer Yaratmak üzerine biraz söyleşiye ne dersiniz? Aman ha, bazılarınızın, haşa yaratmak Allah’a mahsus falan polemiğine girmesini hiç istemem, doğadan, bir candan hayattan söz etmiyoruz. Bir iş, fayda bir değer yaratmaktan, çalışmaktan, üretmekten bahsetmek istiyorum sadece. Malum geçtiğimiz bu zorlu günlerde, yaşanan bunca zorlu süreçlerde, çalışmanın, üretmenin, bir katma değer yaratmanın önem ve değerine biraz vurgu yapalım, bir farkındalık oluşturalım hep birlikte
Taxation of agricultural emissions in combating climate change: The case of Denmark
Full text linkThe agricultural sector is responsible for approximately one-third of global warming pollution, with nearly half originating from the livestock industry. However, until now, governments worldwide have focused their emission reduction efforts more on fossil fuels than the agricultural sector. Although the idea of imposing a tax on agricultural emissions was first proposed by New Zealand in 2022, it was later canceled due to criticism from farmers and a change in government. Nevertheless, Denmark has announced that it will impose a tax on carbon dioxide emissions from livestock starting in 2030, making it the first country in the world to implement a carbon tax on agriculture. Denmark, a significant exporter of cattle, pigs, and dairy products, aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 70% compared to 1990 levels through this tax. The project creates a fresh "Eco Partnership" pact that involves the state, farming industry groups, ecological organizations, and labor unions. This pact includes various actions designed to tackle the environmental and climate effects of the nation’s farming industry, such as proposals to implement a greenhouse gas levy on animal emissions. According to the government, Denmark's new initiative will be the first in the world to impose a carbon tax on livestock starting in 2030. Under the new program, livestock producers will initially be taxed at 120 kroner (43) by 2035. The government has stated that the revenue from the livestock tax will be returned to the sector as a transition support fund to facilitate its green transformation between 2030 and 2031, with a review of the revenue allocation planned for 2032. Denmark's historic compromise tax agreement is subject to parliamentary approval. However, political experts anticipate that it will pass with broad consensus. This study will discuss climate taxation in the agricultural sector and provide insights into Denmark's agricultural and climate policies. In this context, the scope of the Green Tripartite Agreement will be examined, and this policy will be evaluated.The agricultural sector is responsible for approximately one-third of global warming pollution, with nearly half originating from the livestock industry. However, until now, governments worldwide have focused their emission reduction efforts more on fossil fuels than the agricultural sector. Although the idea of imposing a tax on agricultural emissions was first proposed by New Zealand in 2022, it was later canceled due to criticism from farmers and a change in government. Nevertheless, Denmark has announced that it will impose a tax on carbon dioxide emissions from livestock starting in 2030, making it the first country in the world to implement a carbon tax on agriculture. Denmark, a significant exporter of cattle, pigs, and dairy products, aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 70% compared to 1990 levels through this tax. The project creates a fresh "Eco Partnership" pact that involves the state, farming industry groups, ecological organizations, and labor unions. This pact includes various actions designed to tackle the environmental and climate effects of the nation’s farming industry, such as proposals to implement a greenhouse gas levy on animal emissions. According to the government, Denmark's new initiative will be the first in the world to impose a carbon tax on livestock starting in 2030. Under the new program, livestock producers will initially be taxed at 120 kroner (43) by 2035. The government has stated that the revenue from the livestock tax will be returned to the sector as a transition support fund to facilitate its green transformation between 2030 and 2031, with a review of the revenue allocation planned for 2032. Denmark's historic compromise tax agreement is subject to parliamentary approval. However, political experts anticipate that it will pass with broad consensus. This study will discuss climate taxation in the agricultural sector and provide insights into Denmark's agricultural and climate policies. In this context, the scope of the Green Tripartite Agreement will be examined, and this policy will be evaluated
Sanayileşme, demokrasi, doğal kaynak rantları ve küreselleşmenin Türkiye’de gelir eşitsizliğine etkisi: Fourier yaklaşımından kanıtlar
Full text linkGrowing income inequality is one of the fundamental problems of the 21st century. International organizations particularly consider reducing inequalities as a prerequisite for ensuring sustainable human welfare. Türkiye is one of the countries facing increasingly deepening income inequality following the neo-liberal transformation in the 1980s and currently has one of the high income inequalities. Therefore, investigating the factors affecting income inequality is of great importance. This study analyzes the factors affecting the Gini coefficient, which is an indicator of income inequality in Türkiye during the 1987-2021 period, in the context of industrialization, civil liberties, natural resource rents, and globalization. Using the Fourier-augmented ARDL approach, the main findings of the study confirm: i) the existence of a cointegrated relationship between variables, ii) increases in industrialization, natural resource rents, globalization, and individual freedoms have reducing effects on income inequality. Additionally, the results are consistent when using the FMOLS estimator for the model's robustness analysis. From a policy standpoint, in combating income inequality in Türkiye, alongside economic factors such as re-prioritizing industrialization as a main objective, ensuring fair and transparent distribution of revenues from natural resource rents, and managing globalization in a way that improves income distribution, it is also extremely important to implement institutional improvements that guarantee individual freedoms.Artan gelir eşitsizliği, 21. yüzyılın en temel sorunlarından biridir. Özellikle uluslararası kuruluşlar, sürdürülebilir insan refahının sağlanmasında eşitsizliklerin azaltılmasını bir ön koşul olarak kabul etmektedir. Türkiye, 1980’li yıllarda yaşanan neo-liberal dönüşümle birlikte giderek derinleşen gelir eşitsizliği sorunu ile karşı karşıya kalan ve bugün yüksek gelir eşitsizliğine sahip olan ülkelerden biridir. Bu nedenle, gelir eşitsizliğini etkileyen faktörlerin araştırılması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada da 1987-2021 döneminde Türkiye'de gelir eşitsizliğinin göstergesi olarak Gini katsayısını etkileyen faktörler sanayileşme, bireysel özgürlükler, doğal kaynak rantları ve küreselleşme bağlamında analiz edilmektedir. Fourier genişletilmiş ARDL yaklaşımı kullanılan çalışmanın en temel bulgularında, i) değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşik ilişkinin varlığı doğrulanmakta, ii) sanayileşme, doğal kaynak rantları, küreselleşme ve bireysel özgürlüklerdeki artışın gelir eşitsizliğini azaltıcı etkileri olduğu ortaya konulmaktadır. Ayrıca, modelin sağlamlık analizi için FMOLS tahmincisi kullanıldığında da sonuçlar tutarlıdır. Politika düzleminde de Türkiye'de gelir eşitsizliği ile mücadelede; sanayileşmenin ana hedef olarak yeniden gündeme getirilmesi, doğal kaynak rantlarından elde edilen gelirlerin adil ve şeffaf dağıtılması, küreselleşmenin gelir dağılımını iyileştirecek biçimde yönetilmesi gibi ekonomik faktörlerin yanında bireysel özgürlükleri garanti altına alan kurumsal iyileştirmelerin yapılması da son derece önemlidir