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L’opposition au congé : des conditions supplémentaires à sa validité
Get PDFRésumé et commentaire, Tribunal fédéral – 4A_59/2023, Ière Cour de droit civil, Arrêt du 28 mars 2023 (f)tru
Les technologies intelligentes et les réseaux sociaux : implications sur les relations humain-technologie
No full textCette thèse explore les dynamiques évolutives des relations humains-technologie à travers trois articles distincts, mettant l'accent sur les implications des technologies intelligentes et des médias sociaux. Le premier article évalue de manière critique l'anthropomorphisme dans l'IA, en explorant sa conceptualisation théorique et son application dans des domaines tels que l'informatique, la robotique, la psychologie et le marketing. Malgré l'utilisation généralisée de caractéristiques humanisées dans les technologies, une compréhension globale de l'anthropomorphisme dans l'IA fait défaut. Pour pallier cela, cet article propose un cadre conceptuel et recommande les meilleures pratiques pour les recherches futures, en particulier dans le domaine du marketing et du comportement du consommateur. Le deuxième article adopte une perspective relationnelle pour analyser les impacts des assistants IA anthropomorphiques, tels qu'Alexa, sur les consommateurs. Les résultats des enquêtes et des expérimentations de terrain révèlent que si l'anthropomorphisme de l'IA peut enrichir l'expérience utilisateur, il peut également susciter des menaces à l'identité humaine, renforcer les préoccupations liées à la confidentialité des données et diminuer le bien-être. Cependant, la recherche dévoile également trois interventions pratiques pour atténuer ces effets indésirables. Le troisième article contemple les changements sociétaux induits par les réseaux sociaux. Il souligne que ces plateformes amplifient les valeurs individuelles de l’accomplissement et de la conformité. Cette affirmation est soutenue par une analyse de données secondaires, d'enquêtes consommateurs approfondies et d'expériences. De manière générale, cette thèse vise à éclairer les complexités des relations consommateur-technologie et leurs implications.ABSTRACT:This dissertation explores the evolving dynamics of human-technology relationships, emphasizing the implications of intelligent technologies and social media. The dissertation encompasses three distinct articles. The first article critically evaluates anthropomorphism in AI, exploring its theoretical conceptualization and application across fields like computer science, robotics, psychology, and marketing. Despite the widespread use of humanlike features in technologies, a comprehensive understanding of anthropomorphism in AI is lacking. As a remedy, this piece offers a conceptual framework and recommends best practices for future exploration, particularly in marketing and consumer behavior. The second article adopts a relationship-centric lens to analyze the impacts of anthropomorphic AI assistants, such as Alexa, on consumers. Findings from surveys and field experiments reveal that while AI anthropomorphism can enrich the user experience, it can also elicit identity threats for the users, intensify data privacy concerns, and diminish overall well-being. However, this research also unveils three practical interventions to mitigate these adverse outcomes. The third article contemplates the profound societal shifts induced by social media. It underscores that platforms like these amplify individual values of achievement and conformity. This assertion is backed by an analysis of a large set of secondary data, a consumer survey, and an experiment. In essence, this dissertation seeks to illuminate the complexities of consumer-technology relationships and their implications
Corpus parallèles et apprentissage des langues anciennes: les Évangiles comme corpus multilingue pour apprendre le grec ancien et le latin (avec un focus sur la modalité)
Get PDFCes dernières années, l'importance de la traduction dans la classe de langue moderne a été redécouverte. De plus, les nouvelles technologies permettent un accès plus facile à des corpus de traduction, bilingues ou multilingues (corpus parallèles), qui peuvent avoir des applications dans l'enseignement. Dans cette contribution, après avoir présenté brièvement l'avènement du ”translation turn” dans l'enseignement des langues, je me penche sur le cas de l'enseignement des langues anciennes, en particulier le grec ancien et le latin. Je présente un nouvel outil, un jeu de données parallèles grec ancien - latin - langue moderne contenant les Évangiles et, pour le grec ancien et le latin, des passages modaux annotés. Je montre également comment il peut être utilisé en classe en proposant quelques exercices.
/ In recent years, the importance of translation in the modern language
classroom has been rediscovered. Moreover, new technologies allow for easier access to bilingual or multilingual translational corpora (parallel corpora) which can have applications in teaching. In this contribution, after briefly presenting the advent of the "translation turn" in language teaching, I look at the case of the teaching of ancient languages, in particular Ancient Greek and Latin. I present a new tool, a parallel Ancient Greek - Latin - Modern Language dataset containing the Gospels and, for Ancient Greek and Latin, annotated modal passages. I also show how it can be used in the classroom by suggesting some exercises
L’eau en conflit. Implications du proche dans les trajectoires militantes des opposant · e ·s aux méga-bassines prévues sur le bassin versant de la Sèvre Niortaise
Get PDFDepuis 2017, une mobilisation écologiste se manifeste contre l’installation de bassines de
stockage d’eau pour l’irrigation des grandes cultures, dans les Deux-Sèvres, sur le bassin versant de la Sèvre Niortaise. Depuis 2021, la mobilisation a pris de l’ampleur à hauteur de milliers de personnes se retrouvant pour empêcher ces projets de méga-bassines, réunissant des membres de Bassines non merci, des Soulèvements de la Terre et de la Confédération paysanne. Cette mobilisation a porté deux enjeux au-devant de la scène : l’agriculture est mise en dispute entre un modèle agro-industriel défendu par le syndicat agricole majoritaire (FNSEA) et l’État, pour qui le secteur de l’agro-industrie est un secteur prioritaire de croissance économique ; de l’autre, une paysannerie de subsistance est défendue par la Confédération paysanne, les Soulèvements de la Terre et Bassines non merci. Deuxièmement, l’usage de l’eau est débattu, car le pompage dans les nappes phréatiques en hiver pour la stocker a des conséquences sur la modification du cycle de l’eau et ses usages. Dans ce mémoire, je me suis intéressée aux trajectoires des opposant·e·s aux projets de bassines, par le concept de proche (Dechézelles et Olive 2019b), en m’inscrivant dans le champ d’étude des conflits de lieux – vulgarisé par la notion de « luttes locales » (Vacher 2021). Plus largement, j’ai pris appui sur des travaux menés en sociologie et en géographie de l’engagement. Par un travail de terrain mêlant observations participantes, entretiens formalisés et discussions informelles, j’ai analysé les enjeux spécifiques de l’engagement dans, par et pour le proche. J’ai documenté les implications spatiales du proche sur l’engagement, en démontrant comment les attachements aux lieux (Sébastien 2022), quand les lieux sont menacés d’altération et que la situation fait écho à des enjeux écologiques globaux, deviennent des mobiles d’engagement. Le conflit et l’engagement modifient ensuite l’attachement aux lieux des militant·e·s, en créant d’autres gammes d’affect aux vivants dans le proche et par conséquent des relations modifiées aux territoires. J’ai décrit la dimension particulière de l’eau, qui se retrouve dans ce conflit dans un quotidien accordé à l’action collective. J’ai également démontré comment la connaissance des lieux était une ressource de l’engagement et se développait aussi par l’engagement, intensifiant les relations aux lieux qui importent aux militant·e·s. Puis je me suis concentrée sur les implications sociales du proche sur l’engagement, en détaillant les dimensions de ressources, de soutien mais également de désengagement que comportent les dimensions sociales du proche.Since 2017, environmentalists, peasants and inhabitants have been protesting the installation of big water storage basins in the Deux-Sèvres region, in the Sèvre Niortaise watershed. Since 2021, the mobilization has grown to thousands of people meeting to prevent these mega-basin projects, bringing together members of Bassines non merci, Soulèvements de la Terre and the Confédération paysanne. This mobilization brought two issues to the forefront: firstly, agriculture is in dispute between an agro-industrial model defended by the majority farmers' union (FNSEA) and the State, for whom the agro-industrial sector is a priority sector for economic growth; on the other, a subsistence peasantry is defended by the Confédération paysanne, Soulèvements de la Terre and Bassines non merci. Secondly, the use of water is debated, as pumping groundwater in winter to store it has consequences for the modification of the water cycle and its uses. In this research, I focused on the trajectories of opponents to the basin projects, through the concept of proche – near – (Dechézelles and Olive 2019b), fitting into the field of study of conflicts of place - popularized by the notion of "local struggles" (Vacher 2021).
More broadly, I drew on work carried out in the sociology and geography of mobilizations. Through fieldwork combining participant observation, formalized interviews and informal discussions, I analyzed the specific stakes of engagement in, by and for the near. I documented the near’s spatial implications for engagement, demonstrating how attachments to place (Sébastien 2022), when places are threatened with alteration and the situation echoes global ecological issues, become motives for engagement. Conflict and engagement then modify people’ attachment to place, creating other ranges of affect to the living in the immediate vicinity and consequently modified relations to territories and places. I've described the particular dimension of water in this conflict, in a daily life given over to collective action. I also demonstrated how knowledge of place was a resource for engagement and was also developed through engagement, intensifying the relationships to place that matter to activists. Then I focused on the social implications of the near on engagement, detailing the resourceful, supportive but also disengaging dimensions that the social dimensions of the near entail
Blockchain Dispute Resolution for Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: The Rise of Decentralized Autonomous Justice
No full textFor the past twenty years, the use of the Internet has facilitated international commercial relations between people who do not know each other and who are geographically distant. Disputes resulting from e-commerce have undermined the supremacy of state courts, which have proved unable to provide an appropriate response to small claims arising in an international context and raising delicate questions as to jurisdiction and applicable law. The length, cost and complexity of the procedure, as well as the risk associated with the international enforcement of the judgment are deterrent factors that led e-commerce platforms to develop online dispute resolution (ODR).
Thanks in part to the removal of intermediaries, the transfer of cryptocurrencies and other crypto assets using blockchain technology has further facilitated international commercial relations. The decentralized and distributed characteristics of blockchain technology and the pseudonymity of its transactions has led to a new economy growing independently from nation states. This technology has brought an additional degree of complication in the application of private international law (PIL) rules by removing the illusion that online transactions can be linked to the territory of a state. Smart contracts also allow the creation of digital entities that can enter into commercial relations. The first decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) was the source of a resounding dispute between parties with diverging interests, which had to be urgently resolved without any access to state courts or a dispute resolution mechanism. This case revealed the risk of disputes in the blockchain environment and the resulting legal uncertainty, and led to the emergence of various models of blockchain dispute resolution (BDR) mechanisms (BDRs) inspired by the solutions developed in e-commerce.
This chapter deals with the application of PIL rules to the resolution of disputes involving DAOs. The authors first analyze what is a DAO and whether DAOs legally qualify as companies. What is at stake is the legal personality of DAOs and their capacity to conduct legal proceedings. The authors then examine whether disputes involving DAOs may be brought before state courts. This analysis highlights the problems related to the location, pseudonymity, and uncertainty regarding the legal personality of the participants of the blockchain environment, which challenge the jurisdiction of state courts in case of a dispute. The authors then draw on the experience acquired in the field of e-commerce to examine the advisability of setting up alternative dispute resolution mechanisms available to the actors of the blockchain environment. Based on an analysis of existing BDRs, the authors examine whether and how BDRs are likely to avoid a denial of justice and bring legal certainty to disputes related to contractual relationships with DAOs formalized through smart contracts as well as disputes related to the governance of DAOs. The authors find that a BDR decision which can be directly enforced through smart contracts confers effective justice to the actors of the blockchain environment. Finally, the authors address the more delicate issue of the enforcement of a BDR decision on non-crypto assets. This approach shows that a type of justice based on cryptoeconomic incentives challenges the concept of fair justice. This could be an impediment to obtaining the assistance of state authorities for the enforcement of a BDR decision outside of the blockchain environment as this type of decision could be considered contrary to public policy.
The analysis is mostly based on Swiss private international law and major private international law conventions. In this chapter, the authors outline the contours of a new private justice system designed to provide decentralized autonomous justice to the actors of the crypto economy.tru
Soil salinization disrupts plant–plant signaling effects on extra-floral nectar induction in wild cotton
No full textPlant–plant interactions via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have received much attention, but how abiotic stresses affect these interactions is poorly understood. We tested the effect of VOCs exposure from damaged conspecifics on the production of extra-floral nectar (EFN) in wild cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum), a coastal species in northern Yucatan (Mexico), and whether soil salinization affected these responses. We placed plants in mesh cages, and within each cage assigned plants as emitters or receivers. We exposed emitters to either ambient or augmented soil salinity to simulate a salinity shock, and within each group subjected half of the emitters to no damage or artificial leaf damage with caterpillar regurgitant. Damage increased the emission of sesquiterpenes and aromatic compounds under ambient but not under augmented salinity. Cor- respondingly, exposure to VOCs from damaged emitters had effect on receiver EFN induction, but this effect was contingent on salinization. Receivers produced more EFN in response to damage after being exposed to VOCs from damaged emitters when the latter were grown under ambient salinity, but not when they were subjected to salinization. These results suggest complex effects of abiotic factors on VOC-mediated plant interactions
Very long chain ascarosides and their biogenesis in "Caenorhabditis elegans"
No full textPhD thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry
Dissertation committee:
Prof. Stephan H. von Reuss, University of Neuchâtel, Thesis director
Prof. Bruno Therrien, University of Neuchâtel, Internal examiner
Prof. Chuanfu Dong, Beijing Normal University, External examiner
Defended on the 23rd of May 202
Diaries as Technologies for Sense-making and Self-transformation in Times of Vulnerability
No full textDiaries have been generally understood as “windows” on sense-making processes when studying life ruptures. In this article, we draw on Michel Foucault’s conceptualization of self-writing as a “technology of the self” and on sociocultural psychology to propose that diaries are not “windows” but technologies that aid in the sense-making. Concretely, we analyzed three non-exhaustive and non-exclusive uses of diary writing in times of vulnerability: (1) imagination of the future and preparation to encounter difficulties; (2) distancing from one’s own experience; and (3) creating personal commitments. Our longitudinal data comprised three public online diaries written over more than twenty years, belonging to three anonymous individuals selected from a database of more than 400 diaries. We analyzed these three diaries by iterating between qualitative and quantitative analysis. We conclude that: (1) beyond their expressive dimension, diaries are technologies that support the sense-making process, but not without difficulties; (2) diaries form a self-generated space for dialogue with oneself in which the diarist also becomes aware of the social nature of her life story; (3) diaries are not only technologies for the Socratic “know thyself” but also technologies to work on oneself, especially in terms of the personal perspective on the past or the future; and (4) the practice of diary writing goes beyond sense-making towards personal development and the desire to transform one’s life trajectory.tru