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Field evidence for the role of plant volatiles induced by caterpillar-derived elicitors in the prey location behavior of predatory social wasps
Get PDF1. One assumed function of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) is to attract natural enemies of the inducing herbivores. Field evidence for this is scarce and often indirect. Also, the assumption that elicitors in insect oral secretions that trigger the volatile emissions are essential for attraction of natural enemies has not yet been demonstrated under field conditions.
2. After observing social wasps removing caterpillars from maize plants in an agricultural field, we hypothesized that these wasps use HIPVs to locate their prey. To test this, we conducted an experiment that simultaneously explored the importance of caterpillar oral secretions in the interaction.
3. We found that Spodoptera caterpillars placed on mechanically damaged plants treated with oral secretion were more likely to be attacked by wasps compared to caterpillars on plants that were only mechanically wounded. Both of the the latter treatments were considerably more attractive than plants that were only treated with oral secretion or left untreated. Subsequent analyses of headspace volatiles confirmed differences in emitted volatiles that likely account for the differential predation events across the treatments.
4. These findings highlight the importance of HIPVs in prey location by social wasps and provide evidence for the role that elicitors play in inducing attractive odor blends
Measuring the semantic headedness of English blends with token-based semantic vector space modeling: a corpus-based study
No full textThis article analyzes the semantic headedness of English blends with distributional semantics methods. The semantic head of a blend is the source word that transfers its semantic information to the blend as a whole. For example, a sitcom is a kind of comedy. But is FedEx a kind of express, and is wi-fi a kind of fidelity? We use corpus data and token-based semantic vector space modeling in order to address these questions. Specifically, we investigate whether Plag’s ternary division of endocentric, exocentric, and coordinative compounds based on semantic headedness can also be applied to English blends, and whether the general tendency of semantic right-headedness can be observed for all three subtypes. We analyze a dataset of fifty-five blends and their respective source words, using data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the English Web Corpus 2021. We measure the degree of semantic similarity between each blend and its two source words. The results show that for most endocentric blends, the hypothesis of semantic right-headedness holds true. At the same time, exocentric blends and coordinative blends are shown to behave differently. We conclude that Plag’s classification offers a useful point of departure for the semantic analysis of blends and that distributional semantics methods can provide new insights into their semantic behavior
Cowpea volatiles induced by beet armyworm or fall armyworm differentially prime maize plants
Get PDFExposure to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) is known to enhance the defense responses in plants. This so-called priming effect has only been marginally studied in intercropping systems. We tested whether HIPVs from cowpea, which often serves as an intercrop alongside maize, can prime herbivore-induced volatile emissions in maize. Conventional volatile collection assays and real-time mass spectrometry revealed that maize plants that were exposed to HIPVs from cowpea infested with Spodoptera exigua caterpillars emitted more than control plants when they themselves were subsequently damaged by the same pest. The enhanced emission was only evident on the first day after infestation. Maize plants that were exposed to HIPVs from cowpea infested by S. frugiperda larvae showed no priming effect and released considerably less upon S. frugiperda infestation than upon S. exigua infestation. The latter may be explained by the fact that S. frugiperda is particularly well adapted to feed on maize and is known to suppress maize HIPV emissions. Our results imply that HIPVs from cowpea, depending on the inducing insect herbivore, may strongly prime maize plants. This deserves further investigation, also in other intercropping systems, as it can have important consequences for tritrophic interactions and crop protection.tru
When Platforms Challenge Professions: A Clash Between Models of Professionalism Among Swiss Hoteliers?
No full textThe sociology of professions has begun to study how digital platforms impact the status and skills of professionals. Our article expands on this line of research by exploring how platforms challenge professions and how professionals react by advocating different types of professionalism. Based on a case study of hoteliers in Switzerland, we look at how the rise of online travel agencies (OTAs) has affected this professional group. Drawing on an analysis of data gathered through interviews with hoteliers (owners, managers, representatives of associations), our findings identify divergent responses to how platforms have undermined the jurisdiction built up by hoteliers. They highlight impacts on the capacity for self-regulation and customer service skills. The article contributes to the literature by showing that platforms foster divisions within occupational groups. Some members use platform tools because they fit their model of management-oriented professionalism. Others distance themselves from them, adopting a defensive professionalism.</jats:p
Co-occurrence of modal markers in the Latin sentence: a quantitative and qualitative approach
Get PDFUniNE, FLSH, Institut des sciences du langage et de la communication, soutenue le 28 mai 2024Cette thèse vise à étudier la cooccurrence des marqueurs modaux au niveau de la phrase dans un corpus de textes en latin classique. L’absence d’analyses systématiques de ce phénomène en latin, par rapport aux études existantes sur quelques autres langues, souligne l’importance de cette recherche pour combler une lacune notable dans la littérature. En combinant des méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives, cette étude déterminera l’étendue et les principales caractéristiques de ce phénomène en latin dans un corpus nouvellement créé.
La méthodologie consiste à représenter les cooccurrences sous forme de matrices symétriques et à utiliser des métriques d’attraction spécifiques pour calculer l’attraction entre les marqueurs et les types de modalité en cooccurrence. Ensuite, en se basant sur les données quantitatives, l’accent est mis sur une analyse qualitative des passages, visant à discerner les types de relations établies entre les différentes modalités et/ou marqueurs, en fonction de la structure syntaxique hébergeant la cooccurrence.
Les résultats révèlent que la cooccurrence des marqueurs modaux en latin est rare, ce qui est en accord avec les observations faites dans des études parallèles sur des langues comme l’anglais, le français, le néerlandais et le japonais. Deux types distincts de cooccurrence émergent de cette étude : hiérarchique, où un marqueur englobe l’autre, et non hiérarchique, où les deux marqueurs conservent des portées distinctes. Alors que les cooccurrences hiérarchiques ont été abordées dans des études antérieures, les cas non hiérarchiques ont été largement négligés dans la littérature.
Cette thèse contribue en fournissant des données de corpus et des perspectives sur la cooccurrence des marqueurs modaux dans une langue historique, ouvrant la voie à de futures analyses diachroniques et typologiques de ce phénomène. De plus, elle explore et détermine les principales caractéristiques des cooccurrences non hiérarchiques, éclairant l’utilisation de différentes combinaisons de valeurs modales dans le discours. La méthodologie développée dans cette étude, qui combine méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives, a une applicabilité plus large pour divers sujets de recherche impliquant la combinaison d’unités linguistiques.This thesis aims to investigate the co-occurrence of modal markers at the sentence level within a corpus of Classical Latin texts. The absence of systematic analyses for this phenomenon in Latin, compared to existing studies across a few other languages, underscores the significance of this research in addressing a notable gap in the literature. Employing a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, this study will determine the extent and the main features of this phenomenon in Latin within a newly created corpus.
The methodology involves representing co-occurrences as symmetric matrices and utilising specific attraction metrics in order to calculate the attraction between markers and types of modality in co-occurrence. Subsequently, and based on the quantitative data, the focus shifts to a qualitative analysis of the passages, aimed at discerning the types of relationships established between different modalities and/or markers, contingent upon the syntactic structure hosting the co-occurrence.
The findings reveal that the co-occurrence of modal markers in Latin is infrequent, aligning with observations in parallel studies on languages such as English, French, Dutch and Japanese. Two distinct types of co-occurrence emerge from this study: hierarchical, where one marker scopes over the other, and non-hierarchical, where the two markers maintain separate scopes. While hierarchical co-occurrences have received attention in previous studies, non-hierarchical instances have been largely overlooked in the literature.
This thesis contributes by providing corpus data and insights into the co-occurrence of modal markers in a historical language, paving the way for future diachronic and typological analyses of this phenomenon. Additionally, it investigates and determines the main features of non-hierarchical co-occurrences, shedding light on the use of different combinations of modal values in discourse. The methodology developed in this study, combining quantitative and qualitative methods, holds broader applicability for diverse research topics involving the combination of linguistic units
Three essays in macroeconomics with applications in textual analysis
Get PDFL'analyse textuelle en économie consiste à examiner des données textuelles non structurées afin d'en extraire des informations sur les variables économiques. Cette approche se distingue de la lecture traditionnelle par sa capacité à traiter des volumes importants de texte et à générer des résultats reproductibles, révélant souvent des modèles que les lecteurs humains pourraient manquer. Avec l'essor des données numériques et des « large language models », l'analyse textuelle est devenue pertinente en économie, où elle aide à mesurer des variables difficiles à quantifier, à suivre les cycles économiques et à identifier des relations causales.Cette thèse contribue à cette littérature en pleine expansion avec trois essais qui utilisent l'analyse textuelle pour répondre à des questions de macroéconomie.Le premier chapitre développe un indicateur quotidien des cycles économiques pour la Suisse. En utilisant des données des marchés financiers et des articles de journaux, une « courbe de fièvre » est créée, offrant des prévisions plus précises de l'activité économique que les indicateurs existants.Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur le démêlage des effets des différents chocs de politique monétaire américaine sur le taux de change, en s'appuyant sur une nouvelle méthodologie qui identifie les chocs à partir des changements dans la matrice de variance-covariance des variables financières.Le troisième chapitre construit un indicateur historique des cycles économiques pour la Suisse de 1821 à aujourd'hui. En utilisant des données textuelles telles que des archives d'entreprises et des journaux, une chronologie des fluctuations économiques est proposée, en phase avec les événements bien connus.ABSTRACT:Textual analysis in economics involves examining unstructured text data to extract meaningful insights about economic variables. This approach differs from traditional reading in its ability to handle extensive amounts of text and to generate reproducible results, often uncovering patterns that human readers might miss. With the rise of digital data and large language models, textual analysis has become increasingly relevant in economics, where it helps measure hard-to-quantify variables, track business cycles, and identify causal relationships.This dissertation contributes to this growing literature with three essays that utilize textual analysis to address questions in macroeconomics.The first chapter develops a daily business cycle indicator for Switzerland. Using financial market and news data, a timely “fever curve” is created, offering more accurate nowcasts of economic activity than existing indicators.The second chapter focuses on disentangling the effects of different U.S. monetary policy shocks on the exchange rate based on a new methodology that identifies shocks based on changes in the variance-covariance matrix of financial variables.The third chapter constructs a historical business cycle indicator for Switzerland from 1821 to the present. Using textual data from company records and newspapers, a chronology of Swiss economic fluctuations is provided, aligning with well-known events and offering new insights into historical business cycles
Have the Olympics outgrown cities? A longitudinal comparative analysis of the growth and planning of the Olympics and former host cities
Get PDFThis paper examines the growth of the Olympic Games against that of former host cities to understand whether this mega-event may have ‘outgrown’ its hosts. The increasing hosting requirements and governments’ expansive use of mega-events as tools for urban development would suggest that the ‘Olympic city’ – a term we use for describing the size of the Olympics as hosted in different cities over the decades – has grown at a faster rate than former host cities. The analysis contrasts historical indicators that capture the evolving size of planning for the event based on four dimensions – sport, spectators, marketing and costs – as well as the urban dimension of hosting experiences (venues and infrastructure) with city trajectories based on demographic and economic indicators. This is done through a longitudinal analysis of former Olympic host cities from the 1960s and 1970s and from which continuous longitudinal data are available: Tokyo, Munich, and Montreal. The findings indicate that the Olympic city has grown more strongly than these former host cities, although not uniformly across trajectories. This gives evidence for the need to review the size of mega-event impacts if they ought to continue to generate interest in hosting them in the future
La date de réception du congé en cas d’envoi anticipé par fax
Get PDFRésumé et analyse, Tribunal fédéral – 4A_32/2024, Ire Cour de droit civil, Arrêt du 1er octobre 202
A Minimax-Bayes Approach to Ad Hoc Teamwork
Get PDFLearning policies for Ad Hoc Teamwork (AHT) is challenging. Most standard methods choose a specific distribution over training partners, which is assumed to mirror the distribution over partners after deployment. Moreover, they offer limited guarantees over worst-case performance. To tackle the issue, we propose using a worst-case prior distribution by adapting ideas from minimax-Bayes analysis to AHT.
We thereby explicitly account for our uncertainty about the partners at test time. Extensive experiments, including evaluations on coordination tasks from the Melting Pot suite, show our method's superior robustness compared to self-play, fictitious play, and best response learning w.r.t. policy populations. This highlights the importance of selecting an appropriate training distribution over teammates to achieve robustness in AHT