Journal of Science Innovations and Nature of Earth
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Assessment of Carbofuran-Induced Changes in Hepatic Lipid Parameters of Clarias batrachus over Progressive Exposure Durations
No full textAquatic ecosystems are facing increasing threats from pesticide pollution, especially from carbofuran a carbamate pesticide known for its high solubility and persistence, commonly used in farming. In this study, we looked at how carbofuran impacts the liver function of Clarias batrachus, a freshwater fish often used in toxicity studies. We exposed these fish to various sublethal doses of carbofuran over different time periods (1, 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days) and measured changes in their lipid profiles, specifically cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The results showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, while HDL levels consistently dropped. This suggests that lipid metabolism was disrupted, leading to oxidative stress and liver problems. These changes can be linked to the reactive oxygen species produced when carbofuran is metabolized. Our findings indicate that Clarias batrachus is a sensitive indicator of aquatic pollution. This study highlights the urgent need for tighter environmental monitoring and regulations regarding pesticide usage to safeguard aquatic health
Applications of Tensors and Differential Geometry in Relativity and Cosmology
Get PDFIn this paper we have discussed about the application of tensor calculus and differential geometry in the field relativity and cosmology. Tensor and differential geometry provide the mathematical foundation for relativity and cosmology, describing gravity as the curvature of space-time. In general relativity, the metric tensor defines space-time\u27s geometric structure and is central part of the Field Equations given by Einstein, which link curvature to presence of mass and energy. This framework explains phenomena like gravitational lensing, black hole behaviour, and the expansion of the universe
A Comprehensive Study: Seasonal Variation of BTEX in Ambient Air of Aligarh, Uttar Predesh, India
Get PDFVolatile organic control of the air quality in the cities is becoming an issue especially when referring to BTEX- Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene as a result of rapid growth of cities and high traffic and industrial engagements in ambient air of Aligarh. The current research paper determines the seasonal variability of the ambient BTEX concentration in Aligarh, an urban expanding province in western Uttar Pradesh, India. Passive diffusion and complementary active air samples were conducted in one-year period and BTEX levels were analyzed in summer and monsoon seasons and winter seasons. Meteorological parameters were also measured at the same time as the BTEX concentrations of the gas phase was determined by gas chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID). The findings suggest that moderate concentrations of BTEX were the most popular finding at the presence of all the compounds, winter was the highest in both seasonal exceedances. The greatest rate of exceedance was 36% of benzene followed by toluene (30%), xylene (26%), and ethylbenzene (18%). It can be predicted seasonally with the colder months being of higher risk since the atmospheric mixing is less, and increased combustion emissions during colder months increase the health hazard. The study indicates that consistent air quality surveying is vital in tier-2 cities such as Aligarh and offers the much-needed fundamental information to make specific intervention actions and guidelines on environmental health in Aligarh City
From Nature to Treatment: Unraveling the Healing Potential of Phytotherapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) - A Comprehensive Review
Get PDFInflammatory Bowel Disease is an idiopathic, refractory disease that causes chronic inflammation of the entire alimentary canal. It is associated with two major disorders, namely, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Ulcerative Colitis,is responsible for long-term inflammation and soreness in the innermost lining of the colon and rectum. In Crohn’s disease, the entire lining of the digestive tract becomes inflamed, especially the terminal ileum of the small intestine. For the treatment of IBD, medical prescriptions include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, topical and systemic corticosteroids, 5-aminosalicylates, etc. However, all these medications have major side effects on human health. Besides these chemical treatments, phytotherapy can also be used as an alternative treatment. Some medicinal plants used to treat IBD include Curcuma longa, Vacciniummyrtillus, Pistacialentiscus, Aloe vera, Boswelliaserrata, Triticumaestivum (wheatgrass), Hordeumvulgare (germinated Barley foodstuff) , Commiphorawightii, Matricariachamomilla, Glycyrrhizaglabra, Althaea officinalis, Plantagopsyllium, etc. Nowadays, phytotherapy is gaining more attention for the treatment of various diseases owing to its being safer and cheaper than conventional drugs. This paper highlights the competence of phytotherapy in the treatment of IBD by shedding light on its efficacy and adequacy
Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Toxicity on Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Levels in Vigna radiata L. Seedlings
Get PDFRapid industrialization and urbanization have resulted in the contamination of natural resources, particularly water bodies and agricultural soils. This pollution has severely disrupted ecological balance and agricultural productivity, posing a serious threat to global food security. Among the various pollutants, heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) are of particular concern due to their high toxicity, persistence in the environment, and tendency to accumulate in plant tissues. This study examines the effects of these heavy metals on the photosynthetic pigments of Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings, a nutritionally important legume crop. Seedlings were exposed to different concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Ni, and their total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were measured. The results showed that all three heavy metals significantly reduced pigment levels, with the degree of reduction increasing alongside concentration. At 1000 ppm, cadmium caused the greatest decline in both chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, followed by lead and then nickel, establishing a toxicity order of Cd > Pb > Ni. The substantial decrease in photosynthetic pigments indicates impaired photosynthetic activity, leading to reduced plant growth and productivity. These findings underscore the urgent need for effective monitoring and management of heavy metal pollution to safeguard agricultural systems and promote sustainable food production
Assessing The Feeding Ecology And Breeding Behaviour of House Sparrow In Patna Pakshi Vihar, Uttar Pradesh, (India)
Get PDFThe house sparrow (Passer domesticus), is closely associated with human habitation and is widely distributed bird.This bird once a ubiquitous avian species across India, has experienced significant population declines in recent decades. This trend is largely attributable to intensified urbanization and habitat alteration.The aim of the study was to investigate the feeding ecology and breeding behavior of House Sparrows within Patna Pakshi Vihar, a protected avifaunal habitat in Uttar Pradesh, India. Field observations were systematically conducted over a 6 month period to document dietary preferences, foraging patterns, selected nesting sites, clutch size, and overall reproductive success. Our findings indicate that sparrows predominantly consumed grains, diverse seeds, anthropogenic food waste, and small invertebrates. Breeding activity was most pronounced from March to July, with nest construction primarily occurring in the crevices of older structures and within provided artificial nest boxes. The mean clutch size ranged from 3 to 5 eggs. These results highlight the adaptability of Passer domesticus to semi-urban environments. This study contributes to a more profound understanding of sparrow ecology and emphasizes the critical importance of effective habitat management in sustaining local avian biodiversit
Comparative Efficacy of Different Trichoderma Species in Suppressing Soil-Borne Pathogens of Major Food Crops
Get PDFSoil-borne pathogens cause severe yield losses in many economically important crops. In the search for sustainable and eco-friendly plant protection strategies, Trichoderma species have emerged as prominent biocontrol agents. This review compares the efficacy of various Trichoderma species, including T. harzianum, T. viride, T. asperellum, and T. atroviride, against major soil-borne pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria brassicae, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium sclerotium, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Pythium spp. The review looks at antagonism mechanisms like mycoparasitism, antibiosis, enzyme production, and induced systemic resistance. It also investigates the role of species-specific characteristics in pathogen suppression, focusing on host specificity, rhizosphere competence, and environmental adaptability. Field trial data and laboratory studies are combined to determine the comparative effectiveness and applicability of these biocontrol agents
DNA Barcoding of Indian Reptiles for Species Identification and Conservation
No full textIndia, with its vast and diverse ecosystems, is home to a rich array of reptilian species, many of which are endemic or threatened by habitat loss and other anthropogenic pressures. Accurate species identification is critical for effective conservation, but traditional morphological methods often face challenges due to cryptic species, overlapping features, and the vast diversity of reptile species. DNA barcoding, a molecular technique that uses a short, standardized DNA marker (typically the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene), has emerged as a powerful tool for species identification, particularly in complex and poorly understood groups like reptiles. This study explores the use of DNA barcoding for identifying and classifying reptiles in India. By analyzing DNA sequences from a wide range of reptilian species across the Indian subcontinent, we aim to resolve taxonomic ambiguities, uncover hidden species diversity, and contribute to more accurate biodiversity assessments. The results highlight the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in distinguishing between cryptic and morphologically similar species, such as certain snakes, lizards, and turtles. Additionally, we discuss how DNA barcoding can enhance conservation efforts by providing reliable species data that are crucial for monitoring population health, protecting endangered species, and informing management decisions. The study also emphasizes the need for expanding India’s molecular reference database to improve species identification accuracy and strengthen conservation strategies. This research underscores DNA barcoding as a valuable tool for understanding and preserving India’s rich reptilian biodiversity, offering potential solutions to the growing challenges of reptile conservation
A review of toxicological effects of heavy metals on Clarias batrachus
No full textMo, Cu, Ni, Fe, and Zn are essential heavy metals, whereas Cd, Ni, As, Hg, and Pb are non-essential heavy metals. In humans, essential metals like copper play a key role in regulating metabolism, including the production of hemoglobin and the breakdown of carbohydrates. On the other hand, cells might be damaged by their presence in excess. Heavy metals serve similar purposes in plants, activating enzymes, providing cellular conductivity and ductility, and stabilizing intracellular cations. Some metals are toxic when present in high enough concentrations. Negative effects on human health and decreased agricultural production are associated with essential heavy metal shortages. Even in trace amounts, non-essential metals can cause harm due to their toxic effects. They don\u27t break down or transform into other molecules in the environment\u27s intermediate state. Natural processes such as rock weathering and volcanic eruptions aren\u27t the only ways heavy metals can seep into ecosystems; human activities in the home, workplace, farm, and hospital also contribute. Dangerous, non-biodegradable, and persistent, these metals are everywhere. To put it simply, they wreak havoc on living things. The introduction of heavy metals into the environment sets in motion a cascade of contamination that impacts numerous sectors, including agriculture, urban areas, drinking water, and people\u27s health. Breathing catfish are members of the genus Clarias of the order Siluriformes and the family Clariidae. Because of its ability to go for long periods of time without water, this fish is named after the Greek word for "live," *chlaros*. The genus extends westward to Asia Minor and India, in addition to Southeast Asia, East Asia, Africa, and South and Southeast Asia. In terms of variety, these catfishes are most abundant in Africa.
Soil Quality Degradation Due To Heavy Metal Concentration in Contaminated Soil and Its Remediation
Get PDFHeavy metals are important soil pollutants that have a major impact on soil quality and plant health. These elements include cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). These naturally occurring metals can build up in soils as a result of a variety of human activities, such as industrial operations, agricultural practices, and inappropriate waste disposal. Heavy actions raise the amounts of heavy metals in the soil, which hinder plant growth by interfering with physiological and biochemical processes. The study examines several heavy metal contamination sources and highlights how soil metal accumulation is affected by the continuous application of inorganic fertilizers and other agricultural inputs. One effective and affordable way to mitigate soil contamination is through the use of phytoremediation. This research integrates information from several sources, such as books, internet databases, and national and international periodicals. It offers a thorough understanding of the fundamental chemistry of heavy metals, their origins, and their effects on soil and plant health. With an emphasis on sustainable agricultural practices and cutting-edge remediation techniques, the findings highlight the need for efficient remediation strategies to manage and reduce heavy metal contamination in soils