Biotechnology Journal International
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Modeling Growth of Cronobacter sakazakii IFST082014 in Reconstituted Powdered Infant Milk as Function of Temperature
No full textAims: Cronobacter sakazakii has been associated most frequently with illness in neonates. This study aims to model effect of temperature on growth of a C. sakazakii isolate (IFST082014).
Methodology: Reconstituted powdered infant milk formulas (RIMFs) inoculated with C. sakazakii were incubated at 10, 20, 30 and 40°C.
Results: The primary model showed a good fit (r2 = 0.9714–0.9821) to a Gompertz equation to obtain growth rates and lag times (LTs) at each temperature. The specific growth rate (SGR) of C. sakazakii in the RIMF increased, and the LT decreased with increasing temperature. The secondary model was “ln SGR = -0.05879+(0.00588 x temperature)+(0.00045 x temperature2).” The SGR predicted using this model increased with an increasing temperature. This secondary polynomial model was judged as appropriate based on the mean square error (MSE of the SGR model = 0.00016), the coefficient of determination (r2 of the SGR model = 0.9845), the bias factor (Bf of the SGR model = 1.0125) and the accuracy factor (Af of the SGR model = 1.0007).
Conclusion: These results will be useful for industry and regulatory agencies
Survey and Indexing of Weeds Growing around Potato Fields for Their Role as an Inoculum Source for Potato leafroll virus (PLRV)
No full textA survey and indexing studies was carried out on weeds plants growing around potato fields to identify their role as an inoculum source for Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Symptomatic and asymptomatic foliage samples of 26 weed species were collected and tested by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR. Out of 783 samples tested, 132 samples showed positive reaction with PLRV antisera. RT-PCR was performed on ELISA positive samples to confirm the results. 110 samples showed amplification of desired band revealing PLRV infection. Weed plants tested positive for PLRV in indexing studies were Amaranthus viridis (4), Chenopodium album (19), Datura stramonium (10), Physalis minima (10), Solanum nigrum (56) and Withania somnifera (12). Results of the study indicated that among the six susceptible weed host plants detected, two weed species (C. album and S. nigrum) were abundantly growing and acting as important host plants and source of PLRV inoculum in potato growing regions of the present study. These weeds were found growing frequently in vacant fields and wastelands along roadsides and railway tracks near potato growing regions. Colonies of green peach aphids responsible for transmission of virus were observed on host plants infected with virus. Eradication of weed host plants from unused/waste lands bordering potato fields would be helpful in effective management of PLRV infection in potato
Isolation and Characterization of α –Amyrin from Stem Bark of Ficus exasperata (Vahl)
No full textAims: Isolate and characterize compounds from the ethyl acetate stem bark extract of Ficus exasperata.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry and Centre for Agrochemical Technology, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria; Herbarium of the Department of Biological sciences and Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Services of Institute of Leather Research, Zaria, between May 2013 and December 2015.
Methodology: Microwave-assisted extraction was used to extract the stem bark of Ficus exasperata using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Vacuum Liquid Chromatography was used for isolation from ethyl acetate extract. Proton and Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy were used for characterization.
Results: Vacuum Liquid Chromatography of ethyl acetate crude extract gave rise to fraction N-8, a white amorphous solid a with melting point range of 225-227°C. Proton and Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra data of N-8 was consistent with those published for α-amyrin acetate.
Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of isolation of α-amyrin acetate from the plant Ficus exasperata. Alpha-amyrin acetate has been implicated in a number of studies as having broad spectrum activity against a lot of ails and may well be the leading principle behind Ficus exasperata’s various ethnomedicinal applications
Evaluation of Mutagenic Effects of Monosodium Glutamate Using Allium cepa and Antimutagenic Action of Origanum majorana L. and Ruta chalepensis Medical Plants
No full textAt the present study, Allium cepa root tips were collected during 2,6 and 24 hrs after treated with selected concentrations (1.0,3.0,5.0 and 7.0 g/L) of Mono-Sodium Glutamate (MSG) that used as flavour enhancer in foods. MSG induced mitodepression chromosomal aberrations such as bridges, fragments, disturbance, sticky chromosomes and other morphological abnormalities like enlargement cells. In this study we amid to determine the inhibitory effect of oil extract (1.25 µl/ml) from two medical plant species Origanium majorana L. and Ruta chalepensis on this food additive. Our results demonstrated that these extracts have the potency to suppress MSG by increasing of mitotic index and reduction of the chromosomal aberration and thus could be a promising antimutagenic and antigenotoxic potential
Antimicrobial Effect Induced by Fresh Ginger Root Extracts in Broilers
No full textPoultry is challenged by microbial infection owing to the restrictions in the use of synthetic antibiotic growth promoters. This study investigated the use of ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe (family Zingiberaceae) for the control of infections in poultry. Aqueous extracts of fresh ginger was administered to the birds by dispersing in water. A completely randomized experimental design using 100 day old broiler chicks distributed to two treatments having five replicate per treatment. The ginger extract was given to a set of 50 day old birds (ginger treatment 2) and was not added in a second set, which served as the control. The population of microbes (Lactobacillus, Salmonella, E. coli and coliforms) in the crop, ileum and caecum of the birds were determined 7 days before and 7 days after the administration of the fresh ginger extract. Before the administration of ginger, Salmonella population was highest at the crop 1.852 Log cfu/g and decreased afterwards being 1.744 Log cfu/g at the ileum and 1.710 Log cfu/g at the caecum. E. coli was 1.789, 1.821 and 1.727 Log cfu/g at the crop, ileum and caecum respectively. E. coli accounted for over 90% of the coliform population, hence they exhibited the same pattern was observed. Lactobacillus was highest at the crop (1.933 Log cfu/g) and declined through the ileum (1.842 Log cfu/g) to the caecum (1.705 Log cfu/g). The administration of aqueous extract of ginger resulted in a significant decline of all microbial species analyzed over the control (P<0.05). Hence, it is recommended that the use of ginger for the control of infection is plausible but its use must be modified to prevent killing of beneficial microbes in the broiler GIT. The proximate composition of the fresh ginger rhizome used in the study was also presented
Evaluation of Genetic Variability in Adansonia digitata L. by RAPD Analysis
No full textBaobab (Adansonia digitata L.) belonging to Bombacaceae family, is one of the most widely used indigenous tree species in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of the present study was to assess molecular variation among A. digitata and to determine the level of genetic similarity among them. The yield of DNA ranged from 15-40 µg/mg of leaf tissue and the purity was between 1.1- 2.9, indicating minimal levels of contaminating metabolites. The technique was ideal for isolation of DNA from A. digitata and the DNA isolated was used for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using the primer OPB07. The bands obtained ranged in size from 54-795 bp. Two clusters were observed, one group with 8 bands and the other with 11 bands. Present study could be important in domestication, conservation, management & improvement strategies of A. digitata
Investigation the Consumption of Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Anoxybacillus rupeinsis Ir3 (JQ912241) using FTIR and HPLC Analyses
No full textAims: To confirm the ability of Anoxybacillus rupiensis strain Ir3 (JQ912241) to utilize the aromatic compounds using FTIR and HPLC analyses.
Study Design: Experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University. Baghdad, Iraq, between December 2012 and April 2013.
Methodology: Anoxybacillus rupiensis strain Ir3 (JQ912241), a newly thermophilic bacterium, isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated soil in Iraq, was used. Analytical experiments include HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) were used to determine the ability of this strain to utilize the aromatic compounds.
Results: The quantitative analysis (HPLC) indicated that this bacterium showed as much as 99.62% consumption of carbazole, 99.4% of ρ-nitrophenole, 97.73% of nitrobenzene and 98.89% of naphthalene. Qualitative analysis of FTIR spectra showed that A. rupiensis strain Ir3 (JQ912241) has the ability to convert carbazole to anthranilic acid, indicating the presence of the meta cleavage enzyme, this also confirmed by using 2, 3-dihydroxybiphenyl through converting the colony color on Luria-Bertani (LB) and minimal agar plates to brown.
Conclusion: The good ability of A. rupiensis strain Ir3 to utilize the studied aromatic hydrocarbons make it a good candidate as biocatalist. Its ability to convert carbazole to anthranilic acid and to oxidize catechol to 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde is through the meta cleavage enzyme. 
Immediate Versus Delayed Dental Implants
No full textObjective: The main aim of this study was to compare immediate and delayed implants for the placement and postoperative assessment. For this purpose, dental implant were placed using the set criteria and patients were recalled for follow up for postoperative assessment.
Methods: This is a clinical study comparing the outcome of immediate placement versus delayed placement of Osseointegrated dental implants. Patients were divided in to two study groups (Group I and Group II) using the set criteria. Group I (n=12) Immediate Dental Implant and Group II (n=12) Delayed Dental Implant All patients were assessed preoperatively for complete medical and dental history and clinical examination. Surgically placement of dental implant was performed under local anesthesia. Patients were recalled for postoperative follow up for six month.
Results: Implant mobility was not reported in any case under investigation during the follow up period. Bone loss was higher in Group II at all the instances. For group I bone loss was 0.24±0.26 mm, 0.18±0.16 mm, 0.08±0.09 mm for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks respectively. The higher bone loss ~0.5 mm/week was observed for the same period in group II patients. Regarding pain assessment, at 1 week, in both the groups the mean pain score was 0.63, at 2nd week in Group I the pain score was 0.13±0.35 while in Group II it was 0.06±0.25.
Conclusion: Immediate and delayed dental implants provide excellent stability. Immediate type of implantations was comparatively better in controlling the peri-implant radiolucency, postoperative infection and inflammation. Excessive bone drilling required for delayed implants result in exaggerated bone reaction and leading to higher rate of bone resorption
Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Polluted Mangrove Swamp Soil from the Niger Delta using Organic and Inorganic Nutrients
No full textAim: To achieve bioremediation of hydrocarbon impacted mangrove soil using organic (sterile and non-sterile poultry wastes) and inorganic nutrient (NPK).
Study Design: Three treatments and the control designs were setup in three replicates and kept in the laboratory at room temperature (28±2°C) throughout the investigation period (6 weeks). Three of the set-ups designated Treatments (SPW, NSPW and NPK) were treated with sterile poultry wastes, non-sterile poultry wastes, nitrogen – phosphorus- potassium, respectively, while the fourth set – up with no treatment were designated control (CTRL). Set ups SPW, NSPW and NPK were designed to determine the effects of sterile poultry wastes, non-sterile poultry wastes and NPK in bioremediation of hydrocarbon polluted soil, respectively. However, the control (CTRL) was designed to determine the contribution made by indigenous (autochthonous) microorganisms and natural attenuation to the soil.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, between August, 2012 and June, 2013.
Methodology: A laboratory-scale study was carried out using organic (sterile and non-sterile poultry wastes) and inorganic nutrient (NPK) to achieve bioremediation of hydrocarbon impacted mangrove soil.
Results: In a 42 day study, the sterile poultry wastes (SPW) treated option had an increase in total logarithmic heterotrophic bacterial count from 5.19±0.01 to 7.64±0.08 while non-sterile poultry wastes (NSPW) increased from 5.22±0.11 to 7.65±0.06. The logarithmic heterotrophic bacterial population of the NPK set-up increased from 5.23±0.11 to 7.90±0.10. The untreated set up had its total logarithmic heterotrophic bacterial count increased from 5.14±0.07 to 6.63±0.08. The total logarithmic hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in SPW, NSPW and NPK treated options increased from 3.70±0.10 to 7.11±0.10, 3.82±0.10 to 7.20±0.10 and 3.93±0.08 to 7.73±0.07, respectively, at which time the corresponding value obtained for untreated increased from 3.63±0.06 to 5.56±0.06. Statistical analyses showed significant difference at p<0.05 level for the four conditions. Several genera of bacteria were isolated as hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria. They include Bacillus sp., Citrobacter sp., Corynebacterium, Escherichia sp., Flavobacterium, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp. and Vibrio sp. The conductivity values nitrate and phosphate concentrations in SPW, NSPW, and NPK options decreased progressively with slight decrease in the untreated. At day 42, the changes in total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) decreased to 498.14±0.01 ppm, 389.42±0.01 ppm, 285.38±0.01 ppm and 1087.00±0.01 ppm in SPW, NSPW, NPK and untreated, respectively.
Conclusion: The use of organic sources such as poultry wastes (sterile and non-sterile) and inorganic nutrient (NPK) has shown good promises in the bioremediation of hydrocarbon impacted mangrove soil
Investigation of Genetic Diversity among Medicago species Using RAPD Markers
No full textAims: Medicago is known as the Queen of forage with potential economic importance to our society. The present study aimed at the use of RAPD-PCR DNA marker to identify the genetic fingerprints affinities of six species of Alfalfa.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Genetics, Garden Campus, Hazara University, Mansehra Pakistan during February, 2011 to August, 2013.
Methodology: In this study, six species of Medicago namely TWAL (Tetraploid Wisconsin Alfalfa Line), Medicago arborea, Medicago falcata, Medicago sativa, Medicago lupulina and Medicago polymorpha were used to explore the diversity of alfalfa. Seven out of 120 decamers produced 34 polymorphic loci with 100% polymorphism to identify the different species of Medicago crop. The range of polymorphic loci was observed from 300 to 700 bp. Eleven species specific loci were generated by seven decamers. Primer B-18 generated single specific locus 700 bp against genomic DNA of M. lupulina and it is important to identify particular species of Alfalfa. The bivariate data were recorded as the presence of locus 1 and absence 0 and then this data was transferred into A and C respectively to make it suitable for DNAMAN software (version 5.2.2.0; Applied Biostatistics Inc). Moreover, cluster analysis was performed using sequence alignment and divergence function of the DNAMAN against the bivariate data collected from the products of decamers. All members clustered in a unique pattern except M. falcata and M. lupulina those shared 86% homology. Three distinct groups were observed during UPGMA (Unweighted pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean). During the phylogenetic study, TWAL was observed to have genetic diversity from other five species of Alfalfa.
Conclusion: So, the present study is enabling us to discriminate different species of Alfalfa and it could be useful to identify and authenticate different species of the same genus of medicinal important plant from the Flora of Pakistan