Biotechnology Journal International
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Immunogenicity Studies of Various Experimental Vaccines in Chickens
No full textIn this paper, the main objective was to raise chickens’ antibodies against three crucial public health microorganisms: the human immunodeficiency virus-1, Salmonella spp, and Staphylococcus aureus. Immunogens were prepared from the said microorganisms. Chickens were vaccinated either orally or intramuscularly. After a booster immunization, mostly eggs were collected and assess for the presence of specific antibodies. The most important results were the production of a large amount of anti-HIV antibodies in chicken’s eggs, and also the synthesis of anti-protein a antibodies with the ability to inhibit the growth of S. aureus in vitro and to serve as anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies with the capacity of neutralizing the original antigen. Enzyme- linked immune absorbent assays detected the presence of these antibodies as anti-Salmonella antibodies that were critical in reducing the bacterial load in the stomach and caeca compared with a control group. The vaccines were effective and safe, but more laboratory work, and economics have to be carried out to start a human trial
Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Callus Induction of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
No full textAims: Black rice of Manipur is known for its aroma and nutritional quality. As per the reports on tissue culture of rice, callus induction response of traditional cultivars was much lower than the modern high yielding varieties. Considering the importance of the black rice, and effort was taken to standardized callus induction protocol of black rice of Manipur.
Study Design: Complete Randomized Design.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar 736165, West Bengal, India, between June 2020 and July 2023.
Methodology: Mature seeds of two black rice varieties used in this work. The seeds were dehusked manually, washed with running tap water. Then sterilized with 1% bavistin and again washed with running tap water. Seeds were surface sterilized with 0.2% HgCl2 for 15 minutes. Sterilised seeds were rinsed with sterile distilled water inside laminar air flow hood. The seeds were blotting dry using autoclaved tissue paper and sterile seeds were cultured with the scutellum pointing up wards on callus induction medium fortified with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators.
Results: MS medium fortified with 2,4-D was found to be better than picloram and TDZ to induce callus and the 2,4-D @ 1.00 mg/L and 2,4-D 2.00 mg/L was found to be the best concentrations. Callus health was also good when MS medium invigorated with 2,4-D.
Conclusion: An efficient embryogenic callus induction and plantlet regeneration protocol for black rice was established by using mature seeds. In callus induction studies, with different concentrations of PGR, 2,4-D, higher callus induction frequency was observed with 1.00 mg/L 2,4-D and 2,4-D @ 2 mg/L for both rice varieties
Comparative Effect of Spent Mushroom Compost and NPK Fertilizer on the Growth of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench and Zea mays L. Using Fodder Hydroponics Techniques
No full textThe grains of maize and sorghum were converted to grass in the screenhouse for eight days. The treatments evaluated were control (water), spent mushroom compost (SMC), NPK fertilizer, and SN (combination of SMC and NPK). Each treatment was replicated thrice in a complete randomized block design. Growth parameters and nutrient analysis were determined. The effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer was tested on proximate, minerals and digestibility of hydroponics maize fodder (HMF) and hydroponics sorghum fodder (HSF). The study showed significant difference (P < 0.05) in all the compositions and parameters except pH values. SN application gave the highest proximate compositions (%) of maize-crude-protein (23.66±0.05), maize-moisture (14.62±0.01), maize-CHO (57.86±0.03), maize-NFE (43.96±0.02), maize-fibre (2.44±0.03), sorghum-ash (1.28±0.02), and sorghum moisture (12.56±0.01). NPK gave the highest result of sorghum-crude-protein (18.51±0.04); while SMC gave the highest results of maize maize-crude-fibre (27.71±0.02), maize-fibre (2.22±0.01), maize-ash (3.21±0.01), sorghum-CHO (61.00±0.03) and sorghum-NFE (54.87±0.02). SN gave the highest mineral compositions (mg/100g) of maize-P (155.20±0.02), maize-Ca (34.95±0.08); sorghum-Fe (11.35±0.13), sorghum-P (153.20±0.87), sorghum-Ca (30.00±0.30). NPK gave the best results of maize-Fe (8.00±0.26), maize-Mn (1.55±0.08), and sorghum-Mn (3.40±0.15). There was significant difference in plant heights, fresh weight, dry weight, digestibility, dry matter. The comparative effects of SMC and NPK showed that utilization of SMC, NPK and SN could serves as nutrient supplements for fodder hydroponics used as feed supplements for dairy animals
Precipitation Using Organic Solvents for Purifying Lipase from Preussia africana
No full textAims: The present study aimed to purify a new lipase from the endophytic fungus Preussia africana (P. africana).
Study Design: Lipases were produced through fermentation and precipitation using different organic solvents and characterized at optimal temperature and pH conditions.
Place and Duration of Study: Assays were carried out at the Laboratory of Bioprocess at the Federal University of Alfenas between January and August, 2023.
Methodology: Enzymes were produced via submerged fermentation. After fermentation, the broth was filtered and lyophilized so that enzymes were concentrated. Organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetone) were used at 10 and 25°C for lipase precipitation. A second precipitation step was investigated in a supernatant: solvent ration ranging from 1:3 to 1:2 (v/v) and temperatures between 10°C and 25°C. Optimal temperature and pH conditions for the hydrolytic activity of precipitated lipase were also found.
Results: Acetone and isopropanol were more efficient in precipitating lipase while maintaining its catalytic activity, as specific activities of 211.34 ± 0.05 and 179.50 ± 0.08 U/mg were achieved, respectively. For the second precipitation step, acetone in a supernatant: solvent ratio of 1:2 (v/v) at 10°C achieved optimal performance, as purification factor of 1.89 ± 0.01 and recovered activity of 93.45% were found. Maximum hydrolytic activity of 72.80 ± 1.29 U/mL was observed using olive oil as substrate at pH between 7 and 8 and 37°C.
Conclusion: The use of acetone at 10°C in two precipitation steps proved to be a more robust strategy for P. africana lipase precipitation in the purification process
Optimization of Growth Parameters for Enhancing the Production of Biosurfactants from Pediococcus pentosaceus S-2
No full textNumerous Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been found to be capable of synthesizing surface-active compounds i.e biosurfactants. These are amphiphilic compounds produced by microorganisms on their cell surface or secreted extracellularly that have a tendency to reduce surface and interfacial tension. In the present study, different process parameters including nitrogen and carbon source, pH, temperature, aeration and agitation were optimized to maximize the production of biosurfactants from Pediococcus pentosaceus S-2. Xylose (1.5%) and yeast extract (1.5%) act as better carbon and nitrogen sources respectively for the production of biosurfactants. Maximum biosurfactant yield was observed at pH 6, a temperature of 35o C, an agitation rate of 200 rpm and with inoculum size of 3%. The high yield of biosurfactants produced from Pediococcus pentosaceus S-2 by utilizing media supplemented with whey under optimized conditions
Isolation and Identification of Fungal Strains from Fresh and Smoked Fish from the Sassandra River in Côte d’Ivoire
No full textIntroduction: Fresh and smoked fish are widely consumed in Côte d\u27Ivoire as everywhere in West Africa. However, these foodstuffs, due to certain processing conditions, are likely to be contaminated by molds that produce dangerous mycotoxins.
Objective: This study aimed to isolate and identify fungal strains contaminating fresh and smoked fish from the Sassandra River in Côte d\u27Ivoire.
Place and Date of the Study: Sampling was carried out in various processing sites around the Sassandra River, particularly in the towns of Soubré and Guessabo. The microbiological analysis was carried out at Jean Lorougnon Guédé University in Daloa (Ivory Coast).
Methods: A total of 108 samples of fresh and smoked fish were collected. Isolation and purification of fungal strains were carried out on Sabouraud medium with chloramphenicol. The identification of isolated strains was made on the basis of morphological and cultural criteria.
Results: A total of 126 fungal strains were isolated, including 87 from the Guessabo samples and 39 from the Soubré samples from 54 fresh fish and 54 smoked fish. The predominant species were Aspergillus of the Glaucus group (39%), Aspergillus niger (36%) and Penicillium sp. (25%).
Conclusion: This study shows that fresh and smoked fish from the Sassandra River in Côte d\u27Ivoire are contaminated by several strains of molds, some of which produce mycotoxins that can cause illness in consumers depending on their concentrations. It would therefore be appropriate to improve processing techniques
Effect of Cyanobacterial Combinations on Peanut Yield
No full textThe characteristics of two cyanobacterial strains, Anabaena oryzae and Nostoc muscorum, were studied in order to use them as biofertilizers in a field experiment conducted in the two winter seasons of 2021 and 2022 at the Ismailia Agricultural Research Center Station to study the effect of both strains on peanut plant in sandy soil. Cyanobacterial strains were used individually by coating seed, soil drench, and foliar applications, as well as mixed applications of two strains in various ways. Both cyanobacterial strains morphological examination revealed that they both have heterocysts, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in their culture filtrate, and they were able to produce chlorophyll a and phosphatase enzymes. The results of an agricultural experiment showed that using Nostoc muscorum and Anabaena oryzae separately had a positive effect on peanut plants in a variety of applications, but combining both of these applications with 75% nitrogen increased the growth traits, nutrient contents, and soil biological activities in both peanut plants and their rhizosphere soil. The soil drench treatment with A. oryzae and Nostoc muscorum plus 75% nitrogen produced the highest growth results and peanut yields in a single application. The A. oryzae Soil Drench Application (S) + N. muscorum Foliar Application (F) with 75% N reported the best outcomes in mixed treatments. However, compared to single applications, all blended applications displayed better growth and yield characteristics. The results of the study suggest that employing cyanobacteria in a mixed application will enhance its advantages over a single use
The Effect of Jingdusha on Cucumber Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters under Corynespora cassiicola Stress
No full textAims: The paper aimed to clarify the effect of Jingdusha on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of cucumber seedlings under Corynespora cassiicola stress.
Study Design: We applied the method of artificial inoculation in the pot and analyzed the changes in the content of chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.
Place and Duration of Study: In 2018, these experiments were conducted in the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology of Shenyang Agricultural University (Lab 240).
Methodology: The seedlings in the two-leaf period were induced by 2.0 mL·L-1 of Jingdusha, then inoculated C. cassiicola for 24 h. Cucumber seedlings of each treatment group were randomly selected for the content of chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters determination. The leaves of cucumber seedlings in each treatment group were randomly collected at 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d and 9 d after inoculation for the determination of the content of chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.
Results: When C. cassiicola infects cucumber, Jingdusha can effectively increase the energy conversion efficiency of the PSII central response and the potential activity of PSII, besides, the photosynthetic reaction activity did not change significantly in the early stage, but increased significantly in the later stage and rescure the degree of photosynthetic structural damage.
Conclusion: In conclusion, under C. cassiicola stress, plant immune resistant inducer Jingdusha can effectively increase the capacity of PSII and the efficiency of PSII operation under the light in cucumber seedlings, reduce the damage of photosynthetic structure, increase the ability of PSII to accept and transfer electrons, as well as reduce the degradation of chlorophyll and the dissipation of light energy under C. cassiicola stress
The Effect of Mutagenesis on the Production of Mycelia Growth of Auricularia Species in Nigeria
No full textAuricularia species is a jelly-like edible mushroom belonging to the class Basidiomycete, Family Auriculariacea. It has many medicinal properties and is widely consumed in Nigeria. Not much research effort appears to have been conducted on its domestication and commercial production in Nigeria. This study evaluated the use of sawdust and rice bran as potential substrates for its cultivation. Two strains of Auricularia species were collected from the wild and identified as Auricularia polytricha and Auricularia subglabra by genetic DNA extraction. Pure cultures of the species were screened for strain improvement by mutagenesis using UV light and ethyl methyl sulfonate mutagens. Spawn of the wild species and the mutants were produced using sorghum grain. The produced spawn was used for the production of the mushroom fruit bodies using sawdust supplemented with rice bran. The biological efficiencies of both wild and mutant were 197% and 90% respectively. A combination of sawdust and rice bran supported the growth of both species of Auricularia. The Rate of spawn running during spawn production was also negatively affected by mutagenesis in mutants
Protecting Genetic Genealogical Databases from Identical-by-State Probing Attacks: A Machine Learning-Based Approach
No full textIdentical-by-state (IBS) probing is a way of attacking a public genealogy database to discover the identities of people who share specific qualities. The attacker creates an IBS-inert DNA sequence (IBS-inert-DNA-sequence) and combines it with a sequence containing the trait of interest. The final sequence matches people with genomic areas similar to the trait. To prevent attacks, it was hypothesized that the design of IBS-inert-DNA-sequences is based on the principle that they are susceptible to detection by skilled machine learning systems, because the attacker purposely creates an IBS-inert-DNA-sequence which is structurally dissimilar to real DNA sequences. The dataset consisted of real DNA (from the UCI Machine Learning Repository\u27s splice junction gene sequences dataset) and computer-generated sequences. Eighteen non-identical Random Forest classifier models (RF-models) were created to determine the best configurations for discriminating between real and computer-generated sequences. The findings revealed that an optimized RF-model combined with k-mer and n-gram values of 2 each, resulted in the most performant model, with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, false positive rate, Matthew’s correlation coefficient, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 88.3%, 84.8%, 91.8%, 8.2%, 0.768 and 0.958, respectively. A decline in performance was linked to an increase in k-mer size