World Journal of Experimental Biosciences
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Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from an infected wound in Iraq
Get PDFThe infected wound with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria represents one of the big issues for public health. Klebsiella pneumoniae, especially MDR, is responsible for infecting different human organs, particularly wound infections. This current study aims to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of K. pneumoniae isolates that are responsible for wound infection. In the present study, the samples were collected from Al-Fallujah General Hospital, Al-Anbar, Iraq. A total of 89 wound swabs were collected from patients aged 15 to 65 years, following ethical standards. The microbiological methods were followed for isolation and identification of K. pneumoniae, e.g., culture on selective media, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used to evaluate susceptibility against eight antibiotics, and results were interpreted using CLSI 2024 guidelines. From 89 wound swabs, 12 isolates of K. pneumoniae were identified, with an infection incidence rate of 13.48%. The antibiotic susceptibility analysis showed a high prevalence of MDR in the isolates. The highest resistance rate was observed against ceftriaxone, followed by cefepime and aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin). Imipenem showed high antibacterial efficacy, with four isolates showing susceptibility and one intermediate response. Levofloxacin also showed high effectiveness, with five sensitive isolates. Several isolates exhibited extensive drug resistance, with susceptibility to only one or two antibiotics. The study is highlighting the alarming emergence of MDR K. pneumoniae in wound infections, emphasizing the need for continuous surveillance and rational antibiotic use. Imipenem and levofloxacin remain among the most effective agents that need gene molecular characterization.
 
Antibacterial effect of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil against Ceftazidime-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis
Get PDFEnterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. It is associated with biofilm-related infections and increasing resistance to various antibiotics, including cephalosporins. In this study, eleven E. faecalis isolates were obtained from 101 catheter samples collected from patients with severe urinary tract infections (UTIs). All isolates were tested for susceptibility to ceftazidime and Thymus vulgaris essential oil using the microdilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using microtiter plates. Biofilm formation was quantified with a crystal violet-based spectrophotometric method. The results showed high-level resistance to ceftazidime (MICs: 1000–4000 µg/mL). Conversely, T. vulgaris essential oil exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with MICs ranging from 1/40 to 1/640 (v/v). All isolates produced biofilms to varying extents, with isolate Ef1 generating the highest biomass. The study confirmed that E. faecalis produces a substantial amount of biofilm and is resistant to ceftazidime. Additionally, the findings highlight the promising antibacterial effects of T. vulgaris essential oil against ceftazidime-resistant E. faecalis.
 
A review of problems of bacterial biofilm on contact lenses
Get PDFContact lenses are a widely used and effective means of vision correction, offering relief to around the world use contact lenses. But these lenses can sometimes get colonized by microorganisms, which might lead to infections and inflammation on the eye’s surface. A major concern in this context is the formation of bacterial biofilms on contact lenses, which can cause significant complications, including ocular discomfort and more serious eye conditions. This study aims to discuss how bacterial biofilms can cause eye infections related to contact lenses. Without proper treatment, these infections can lead to vision loss or, in severe cases, loss of the eye. In conclusion, biofilms are a key factor contributing to contact lens-related ocular infections and inflammation.
 
Antagonism and Antibiofilm Activity of Sterile Microbiota Growth Medium against Klebsiella pneumoniae In Vitro
Get PDFThe metabolic bacteria extraction, Sterile Microbiota Growth Medium (SMGM), may play a role as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent, reducing the virulence of pathogenic bacteria in vitro and in vivo. These extracts can be used to treat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates. The present study aims to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of SMGM extracted from non-Staphylococcus aureus growth media on the virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae, as assessed by biofilm formation and bacterial growth rate. In the current study, 25 skin swabs were collected from healthy volunteers to isolate non-S. aureus isolates (S. epidermidis). From these isolates, SMGMs were prepared aseptically from 10 isolates of S. epidermidis by collecting the overnight growth (Nutrient broth) and preparing cell-free growth media after centrifugation and passing through Millipore filters. The microdilution method on a microtiter plate was used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of SMGM. Moreover, the microtiter plate and crystal violate method was used to assess the antibiofilm effect of different dilution of SMGM on the ability of K. pneumoniea to form biofilm in vitro. The results showed that all dilutions of SMGM ½, ¼, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, and 1/64 reduced biofilm formation of K. pneumoniae (P<0.05). The study also demonstrated that SMGM reduced the growth rate of K. pneumoniae (P<0.05) at different time intervals (up to 48 h). It can be concluded from the current study that SMGM reduces the ability of K. pneumoniae to form biofilms and decreases the growth rate of planktonic cells
Relationship between methicillin resistance and the presence of femA and mecA genes in coagulase positive and negative staphylococci isolated from milk and cheese
Get PDFThree hundred milk and cheese samples were collected from Baghdad markets. Two hundred staphylococcal isolates were isolated from milk and cheese samples. Staphylococcus aureus was predominant species (97 isolates (48%)) followed by S. chromogenes (82 isolates (41%)) and S. epidermidis (21 isolates (11%)). The antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase positive staphylococci (COPS) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) isolates to 3 antibiotics (Methicillin, Tetracycline and Vancomycin) was determined using disc diffusion method. The results revealed that 80 isolates of S. aureus (82.47%) were resistant to methicillin (MRSA), while 8 isolates (8.24%) were resistant to vancomycin (VRSA) and 18 isolates of S. aureus (19%) were resistant to tetracycline. Sixty four CONS isolates (62.13%) were resistant to methicillin, 28 CONS isolates (27.18%) resistant to tetracycline, and 5 CONS isolates (4.85%) resistant to vancomycin. Deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from staphylococcal isolates. The genetic determinants of methicillin resistance genes (femA and mecA) were amplified using monoplex PCR technique to identify methicillin-resistant (mecA+) and susceptible (lacking mecA) staphylococci and to identify S. aureus (femA+) and coagulase negative staphylococci (lacking femA). Ninety-six S. aureus isolates (98.96%) were attributed as harbour femA gene. The mecA gene was detected in 91 (93.81%) MRSA isolates, while it was detected in 70 (67%) CONS isolates.
Variations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation Influence Virulence and amoxicillin Resistance
Get PDFInhibition of adherence pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to the surfaces is one important approach that is employed by antibiotics against bacterial infectious diseases. The present study is aimed at determining the involvement of sub-inhibition concentrations of amoxicillin (AMX) in the modulation of P. aeruginosa capacity to produce the biofilm. The approach was to expose the P. aeruginosa to various sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin (AMX) and thereafter test the resultant biofilm formation by the bacteria under these exposure conditions. The research also determined the effect that sub-MICs of AMX have on surface hydrophobicity and bacterial aggregation. The findings were that sub-MICs of AMX influenced varying forms of biofilm formation. High sub-MIC of AMX (½ MIC) lowered the formation of the biofilm, while low sub-MICs enhanced the capacity for the bacteria to develop polystyrene microtiter plate biofilms. The influence that sub-MICs of AMX have on surface hydrophobicity and bacterial aggregation detection were similar to what they showed on the production of the biofilm. Low level sub-MICs concentrations of AMX (1/16, 1/32, and 1/64) enhanced surface hydrophobicity, while on the other hand ½ MIC AMX lowered the surface hydrophobicity of the bacteria. Sub-MICs of AMX (1/8, 1/16, 1/32, and 1/64) also enhanced the rate of bacterial aggregation for P. aeruginosa. The study concludes that sub-MICs of AMX improve the capacity for P. aeruginosa to produce biofilms by enhancing surface hydrophobicity and bacterial aggregation
From Definition to Therapy: A Comprehensive Article Review of Galactosemia
Get PDFGalactosemia is a medical disorder that affects the body\u27s ability to metabolize galactose. After infants ingest galactose from breast milk or formula, those with the condition can develop a life-threatening illness accompanied by feeding problems. Infants with galactosemia can be identified through newborn screening programs (NBS) or by symptoms that appear in the first weeks after birth. If untreated, infants may suffer kidney and liver damage, develop cataracts, and experience severe infections. Some countries offer newborn screening programs to help with the early detection and treatment of galactosemia. This article review aims to define galactosemia, its types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and ways it can be prevented or managed
Study the level of microbial and chemical pollutants in the soil of some densely populated areas of Baghdad
Get PDFThe problem of environmental pollution with heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms, especially soil contamination, is considered one of the most important public health threats. The current study aims to evaluate the levels of soil contamination in densely populated areas of Baghdad with heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms and evaluate the incidence of skin infection with different microorganisms in the study areas. Fifty soil samples were collected from different regions of Al-Sadr City and the areas east of the canal. The atomic absorption spectrometer was used to measure the level of heavy metals [Cooper (cu), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (cd), and Mercury (Hg)]. Routine microbiological techniques were used to evaluate the levels of soil contamination with different microorganisms, and the same methods were used to isolate and identify the microorganism causing skin infection in 75 skin swabs collected from outdoor patients of the same study\u27s area. The results of the current study showed that heavy metal levels in the soil samples were below the permissible limits by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) document. The study also showed that most soil samples were contaminated with microorganisms, particularly normal flora bacteria, at high levels, followed by actinomycetes, whereas contamination with coliform bacteria was very low. The results of microbial examination of the skin showed that the fungal infection was followed by a bacterial infection (Staphylococcal infection), whereas infection with Escherichia coli was the lowest. The current study concludes that soil contamination levels in densely populated areas of Baghdad are within acceptable limits. The study also showed that microbial contamination with fecal microorganisms was low
Long-term impacts of Newcastle disease virus infection on fertility and clutch viability in racing pigeons (Columba livia domestica)
Get PDFThis study investigated the impact of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on the reproductive efficiency of racing pigeons (Columba livia domestica). A total of 160 pigeons (1–3 years old, 400–550 g) were selected based on clinical signs of NDV, confirmed by RT-PCR. Birds were divided into four groups: G1 (control, 20 healthy females and 20 healthy males), G2 (20 recovered females and 20 recovered males), G3 (20 healthy females and 20 recovered males), and G4 (20 recovered females and 20 healthy males). Behavioral analysis revealed significant differences in reproductive parameters. Hatchability rates were 95%, 20%, 65%, and 55% for G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively, with incubation periods of 18 ± 1.2 to 18 ± 2.1 days. Squab acceptability among parents remained stable (~75% in all groups), and squab survival and flight ability were unaffected. However, parental care ability was significantly lower in recovered groups (55% in G2 vs. 100% in G1). Mating efficiency in G1 (100%) was significantly higher than in recovered pigeons (30%–85%). Histopathological examination of the reproductive organs in recovered pigeons revealed degeneration of ovarian follicles, including shrinkage, necrosis, and granulosa and theca cell disintegration. Testicular tissue exhibited seminiferous tubule collapse and detachment of spermatogonia from the basement membrane, compromising sperm production. These findings indicate that NDV infection causes long-term histopathological damage to reproductive tissues, reducing fertility in recovered pigeons. Further research is needed to explore potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate these effects. diseases.
 
Bacteriocin Produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus Exhibits Antagonistic Activity Against Uropathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae
Get PDFAntibiotic resistance in bacteria is a major problem facing the health system worldwide. The ability of bacteria to form biofilms enhances their resistance to antibiotics. Finding alternative antimicrobial agents is a crucial approach in the global fight against infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, yogurt samples were cultured on Man–Rogosa–Sharpe agar (MRS) to isolate Lactobacillus acidophilus. Fifty urine samples were collected from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI). Eleven isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were obtained from these samples. The bacteriocin was extracted from L. acidophilus grown in MRS broth. Ammonium sulfate at 70% saturation was used for the partial purification of the bacteriocin. The gel diffusion method evaluated the antibacterial effect of both crude and partially purified bacteriocin on MDR-K. pneumoniae, which produced the highest level of biofilm. The ability of the 11 isolates of K. pneumoniae to produce biofilm was assessed using the microdilution method in a polystyrene microtiter plate. The results showed that out of eleven isolates, eight were MDR. All isolates produced biofilm at different levels. Both crude and partially purified bacteriocin (at dilutions 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32) inhibited the growth of Kp9. The partially purified bacteriocin was more effective than the crude form in inhibiting Kp9 growth. Sub-MICs (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 MICs) of both crude and partially purified bacteriocin inhibited biofilm formation of Kp9. The bacteriocin from L. acidophilus has the ability to inhibit MDR-K. pneumoniae and its capacity to prevent biofilm formation in vitro.