Canadian Review of Comparative Literature (Journal)
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Social Presence in the Web-based Synchronous Secondary Classroom
No full texthe purpose of the study reported on in this paper was to explore how teachers and students manifest social presence in the web-based synchronous secondary classroom (WBSSC). Data were collected using structured and unstructured observations of twelve online recordings of web-based synchronous classes in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Structured observations were guided by an instrument developed by Rourke, Anderson, Garrison and Archer (2001) for identifying and measuring social presence in an online context. Findings revealed that teachers and students relied on different tools when providing affective, interactive and cohesive responses related to social presence. Manifestations of social presence by the teachers occurred through use of two-way audio whereas students relied on text-based Direct Messaging. Expressions of social presence by the students and teachers occurred most often in a context of digressions that drew attention away from the delivery of content. In addition, students demonstrated social presence using discourse conventions transferred from informal social contexts of instant messaging such as ICQ and MSN.
Résumé : L’objet de la présente étude consistait à examiner de quelle façon les enseignants et les étudiants font preuve de présence sociale dans les salles de classe synchrones en ligne du secondaire. Des données ont été recueillies au moyen d’observations structurées et non structurées provenant de douze enregistrements en ligne de classes synchrones accessibles par Internet dans la province de Terre-Neuve et Labrador, Canada. Les observations structurées ont été dirigées au moyen d’un instrument développé par Rourke, Anderson, Garrison, et Archer (2001) afin d’identifier et de mesurer la présence sociale en ligne. Les résultats démontrent que les enseignants et les élèves utilisent des outils différents pour offrir des réponses affectives, interactives et homogènes liées à leur présence sociale. Les manifestations de présence sociale par les enseignants se sont produites au moyen de l’utilisation d’un système de transmission audio bilatéral où les étudiants comptaient sur la messagerie texte directe. Les expressions de présence sociale des étudiants et des enseignants se produisent la plupart du temps dans un contexte de digressions qui fait en sorte qu’on s’éloigne du contenu. De plus, les étudiants ont fait preuve de présence sociale au moyen de conventions sur le discours provenant de contextes sociaux informels de messagerie instantanée comme ICQ et MSN
A review of Catching the knowledge wave? The knowledge society and the future of education
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Mathematics, Science, and Technology in Secondary Schools: Do Gender and Region Make a Difference?
No full textThis study examines possible interaction effects of gender and region (urban vs. rural) on student beliefs about women in math and science, their attitudes towards math and science, and their confidence in the use of technology. A secondary purpose of this study is to examine possible differences in confidence of using technology between high school students who consider math-related or science-related careers and those who do not. The data collected from an anonymous survey of 450 secondary students were analyzed. The results showed interaction effects of gender and region on student beliefs and attitudes. First, the gender differences in students’ beliefs about women in math and science changes significantly depending on the location of the school. Second, when region was considered, significant effects on students’ choice of mathematics- and science-related careers were identified. Urban students, regardless of their gender, were more likely to consider careers related requiring knowledge of science or mathematics than rural students.
Résumé : Cette étude examine les effets d’interaction possibles du genre et de la région (la ville ou la banlieue) sur les croyances des étudiants à propos des femmes dans le domaine des mathématiques et des sciences, leurs attitudes envers les mathématiques et les sciences et leur confiance en l’utilisation de la technologie. Un objet secondaire de cette étude consiste à examiner les différences possibles en la confiance en l’utilisation des technologies entre les étudiants du secondaire qui envisagent des carrières dans le domaine des mathématiques ou des sciences et entre les étudiants pour qui ce n’est pas le cas. Nous avons analysé les données recueillies dans le cadre d’un sondage anonyme effectué auprès de 450 étudiants du secondaire. Les résultats ont indiqué des effets d’interaction du genre et de la région sur les croyances et les attitudes des étudiants. Tout d’abord, les différences de genre chez les croyances des étudiants relatives aux femmes en mathématiques et en sciences changent grandement selon l’emplacement de l’école. Ensuite, lorsqu’on tient compte de la région, nous avons observé des effets importants sur le choix par les étudiants de carrière en mathématiques ou en sciences. Les étudiants des villes, peu importe leur genre, envisagent plus souvent des carrières dans les domaines des sciences ou des mathématiques que les étudiants des banlieues
Wicked ID: Conceptual Framework for Considering Instructional Design as a Wicked Problem
No full textThe process of instructional design has parallels in other design disciplines. Software design is one that has experienced intense attention in the last 30 or so years, and many lessons learned there can be applied to ID. Using software design as a springboard, this concept paper seeks to propose a new approach to ID. It suggests that instructional design is almost always a Wicked Problem. The connection is formed between Wicked Problems as first described by Rittel and Webber in 1973, and the models in and processes of instructional design. The areas of social planning, organizational management and software design all posses some accepted and tested approaches to the solution of Wicked Problems. These will be described, and how they can be applied to ID will be explained. Finally, this paper will propose a meta-model for ID and explain how it can be used in the current context.
Résumé : Le processus de conception pédagogique a des similitudes avec d’autres disciplines. La conception de logiciels a fait l’objet d’une grande attention dans les trente dernières années et de nombreuses leçons tirées peuvent s’appliquer à la conception pédagogique. En se basant sur la conception de logiciels, cet article cherche à proposer une nouvelle méthode à la conception pédagogique. Il laisse entendre que la conception pédagogique constitue presque toujours un problème épineux. Le lien est formé entre les problèmes épineux tels que décrits par Rittel et Webber en 1973 et les modèles et processus de la conception pédagogique. Les secteurs de l’organisation sociale, de la gestion des organisations et de la conception de logiciels comptent des méthodes acceptées et validées à la résolution de problèmes épineux. Nous les décrirons et expliquerons comment ils peuvent servir à la conception pédagogique. Enfin, l’article proposera un meta-modèle de la conception pédagogique et expliquera comment il peut servir dans le contexte actuel
Off with their heads! Copyright infringement in the Canadian online higher educational environment
No full textIssues of copyright infringement are contentious for academia in the online environment. The educational community on campus must carefully consider how digital materials are used, created and disseminated online given that present laws that regulate these actions are not well developed. It can seem like anyone’s guess on how to proceed in order to avoid copyright infringement. This paper offers current descriptions of intellectual property, copyright laws, infringements, and plagiarism in a Canadian context with a view on creating, using and disseminating digital works. The impact of copyright infringement on students and faculty in higher education is explored and some suggestions are made for protective practice
Finding space for technology: Pedagogical observations on the organization of computers in school environments
No full textWith the large-scale acquisition and installation of computer and networking hardware in schools across Canada, a major concern has been where to locate these new technologies and whether and how the structure of the school might itself be made to accommodate these new technologies. In this paper, we suggest that the physical location and organization of computer technologies, whether in the lab, classroom, library, or even school hallway, delimits and shapes the ways in which teachers talk about and make use of computers in their schools. As with the distribution of and access to any kind of resource, the distribution and organization of computers has an impact on the frequency and quality of teachers’ integration/implementation efforts. We focus on three case studies that highlight how the structuring and re-structuring of space in schools can be a significant factor in whether and how this technology is used by teachers and students
Creating appropriate online learning environments for female health professionals
No full textIn this study, the experiences of seven female health professionals learning online are examined and, in this context, the implications for online course designs and future research are discussed. The instruments of data collection include individual telephone interviews, journals written by the participants during online courses, and e-mails exchanged by the participants and researcher. The principles of qualitative research are integrated into the process of collecting and analyzing the data. Participants identified lack of face-to-face interaction and overload of work as major challenges to learning online. Increase in confidence and the opportunity to belong to a community of learners were cited as rewards of learning online. In addition, the participants identified preferences for contextual and experiential learning, and for learning environments that foster collaboration. Participants agree that interacting with other classmates, building local support, and developing a mentoring relationship with instructors are key aspects of a successful learning experience