Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology
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Efficiency and Performance of Different Fish Marketing Channels in Raichur District of Karnataka, India
No full textAgriculture plays a pivotal role in India\u27s economic growth, with fish farming being one of the earliest and most critical methods of food production. Every year the production of fish has been increasing. When compared to the advancements made in fish production, India\u27s fish marketing system is incredibly inadequate and ineffective. Hence this study tried to found efficiency of various fish marketing channels. In various marketing channels, there are several marketing intermediaries. The net returns of fish farmers will vary depending on the number of intermediaries, distance to the marketing location and exports of the commodity. Therefore, out of all the different marketing channels available in their area, farmers must select the most effective one. Hence, to find out the effective marketing channel of Raichur District the study was formulated with 120 fish farmers as respondents who belongs to community based fish farming. Results showed that, majority of the fish producers sold their produce through channel III (69.50%) even though it is less efficient marketing channel than channel I (11.55%) and channel II (18.95%) because of their nearness and convenience. Also the quantity sold was more in the same channel which was around 2876.27 kg of the total production. This research provides valuable insights into the current state of fish marketing in Raichur and offers a foundation for future studies and policy interventions aimed at optimizing the fish farming sector in India
Impact of Muga Silkworm Culture in Augmenting Rural Income of Assam, India
No full textMugaculture is traditionally practiced by the rural population of Assam. Rearing of Muga silk worm is done by most of the villagers belonging to various districts of Assam as an additional source of income. Envisaging the prospects of Muga industry in Assam, the present work tries to study the role of Mugaculture to alleviate rural poverty. The present study was carried out in Dhemaji district of Assam during 2020 to 2022. The study focuses to examine the different aspects of Muga culture and its significance for the livelihood of local people. The parameters identified for analysis included the nature of Mugaculture practices in the study area, the contribution of Mugaculture to rural households and the economic prospects of Mugaculture. The present study finds that income from Mugaculture practices contributes significantly to the total income of the people. The Mugaculture practice in the study area is found to be an avocation that people engage in between other farming activities and people use traditional methods of Mugaculture. Income is generated through selling of cocoon, pupae and muga silk threads. Moreover, a cost-benefit ratio analysis conducted indicates that Mugaculture is a profitable venture of the people
Holistic Review on Mushroom: A Perspective on Production, Economics, Marketing and Constraints in India
No full textMushroom cultivation offers humongous potential to improve socio-economical condition of farmers and strengthen food security of world since it serves as utilization of agricultural wastes and offering mushroom and manure from used substrate. It becomes important part at global level due to increasing demand of mushroom. It provides livelihood to most of small and marginal farmers of Bihar, Maharashtra, Odisha and other temperate region of country. For Mushroom cultivation require labor on the daily basis so it provide employment in rural area and it is providing typical management and economical advantages over other allied sector in agriculture. This article provides a chronological study of different research articles published from the year 2013-2024. The present article provides a theme and pattern on which research was conducted and it can be classified into five categories that is socio-economic conditions of growers, production, economic analysis, marketing scenario & value chain and constraints face by growers. The finding indicates that mushroom entrepreneurship is to great extent a metropolitan or semi-metropolitan undertaking. Post-harvest losses can be reduced by providing training and adopting different value addition methods at production level. It requires concentration on various marketing strategies for spread awareness about nutrition content and increasing in demand. Thus, value addition and marketing strategies can help in export of mushroom to earn foreign revenue
Improving the Cardamom Marketing: Assessing the Marketing Efficiency of Cardamom in Theni District, Tamil Nadu
No full textIntroduction: The cardamom is the oldest spices and belongs to Zingiberaceae family. It is cultivated in the thick shady, rainy forests of the Western Ghats of the South India. The major growing states are Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in reference to green cardamom (Small) and its botanical name Elettaria cardamomum. The part of Theni district is constituted by thick vegetations of hills of Western Ghats and Cumbum Valley at Bodi and Uthamapalayam taluk. In these areas, the farmers are cultivating the Cardamom. This study aims to find out the socio-economic characters, marketing behavior, assess the marketing efficiency of different supply channels and ranking the major problems faced by farmers to market their agricultural product.
Methodology: The author used both primary and secondary data. The maximum area covered by cardamom was used as criteria for selecting the blocks. Purposive random sampling method was used to select the villages and the data was collected from the 60 farmers and other stakeholders using well-structured questionnaire. The descriptive statistics and percentage analysis were used for interpreting the results. For marketing analysis, marketing costs, marketing margin and price spread were estimated. For marketing efficiency, Acharya’s method (2003) was used.
Results: The 34 respondents with 56.67 percent were found to be 21-35 years of age group. It was found that 7 respondents only with 11.67 percent and 26 respondents with 43.33 percent were found to be illiterate and the annual turnover of 1-5 lakh respectively. Using Acharya’s method (2003), the marketing efficiency of the channel I, II, III were 5.92, 9.97, 7.27 respectively. The price spread in the marketing channel I, II, and III are Rs. 295.94 per Kg, Rs. 163.54 per Kg and 229.48 per Kg respectively. It was shown that channel II is efficient due to high efficiency value and less price spread. Producer in the marketing channel II had highest share (90.88) in consumer rupee. The result showed that the Lack of timely adequate funds were major problem faced by the cardamom farmers with garret mean score of 65.23. The financial problems were common in the respondents.
Conclusion: Marketing channel II was efficient because the spice auction center plays a vital role in protecting the farmer as well as consumer from the malpractices and exploitation of Intermediaries and to provide the transparency in trading operations of cardamom. The government may increase the financial assistance or technical support program to support the cardamom growers of the Tamil Nadu. The board should educate the farmers to grade or sort the cardamom before entering the e-Auction center to get better price for better quality of the commodity and to expand the pilot project of separate e-auctions for lab tested cardamom for artificial colours and pesticidal residues to potential markets of Tamil Nadu
Socio-economic Status and Challenges in Organic Farming Adoption: A Case Study of Farmers in Hamirpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India
No full textAims: 1. To study the socio-economic status of farmers. 2. To study the challenges faced by farmers in organic farming practice and suggest suitable measures to overcome the challenges faced by the farmers.
Study Design: Ex-post facto research design was used for this study and was deemed suitable for this kind of study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Hamirpur District of Uttar Pradesh. The duration of study was from 2022 to 2024.
Methodology: The research was carried out in 12 villages (4 from each block) of Sarila, Sumerpur, and Muskara blocks, which are part of the Hamirpur district in the larger region of Uttar Pradesh. The 25 farmers from each of the 12 villages were selected randomly making a total of 300 farmers participating in the research. Frequency, Percentage, Mean Score and rank were the statistical tools that was used in the analysis.
Results: The study reveals a predominantly middle-aged (65.66%) farmers demographic. The farmer demographic was largely comprised of general category (41.7%) individuals who identify as Hindu and reside in sizable joint families. Most of the farmers reside in mixed-type houses. The majority of farmers exhibited high levels of social engagement and active participation in community activities. Most of the farmers had moderate resources and widely adopt dairying farming. According to the findings, “Organic farming is too labor intensive”, “Lack of information regarding organic farming”, “Difficulty in control of weeds, pests & diseases in organic farming”, and “Undesirable behavior of conventional farmers” were the most crucial challenges that were faced by farmers. Addressing these challenges is essential for promoting sustainable agriculture, as it safeguards natural resources, enhances food security, and supports farmers\u27 livelihoods. Effective solutions can lead to a resilient agricultural system that benefits both ecosystems and communities.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the study highlights the need for practical solutions to the challenges faced by the predominantly middle-aged farmer demographic. Organizing educational workshops on organic farming techniques can enhance knowledge and skills, while partnerships with agricultural institutions can provide vital resources and information. Establishing peer support networks will foster community collaboration, and advocating for financial incentives can encourage the transition to organic practices. By implementing these strategies, farmers can overcome barriers and contribute to a more sustainable agricultural system that enhances food security and supports livelihoods
Analysis of Production, Socio-economic and Institutional Factors Affecting Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Banana Producers in Kirinyaga Central Sub-county, Kenya
No full textBanana provides food, nutrition security and income for most households and is fourth most popular food crop in the world after wheat, maize and rice. Despite its significance, full potential of banana production in Kenya remains unexploited by smallholder producers due to low technical efficiency especially in the utilization of farming inputs due to production, socio-economic and institutional issues, among other factors. In Kirinyaga County, the actual banana production is estimated at 4-18 tonnes per acre against the potential of 30-40 tonnes. Despite the limited supply of resources for production, attainment of highest possible levels of technical efficiency is key to achieving efficiency in banana farming. The study analyzed the effects of production, socio-economic and institutional factors on technical efficiency among smallholder banana producers in Kirinyaga Central Sub-County, Kenya. A cross-sectional research design was used in this study. Questionnaire was administered randomly to 402 respondents’ selected using multi-stage sampling technique. Data was analyzed using Stata version 17 and SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics described the production, socio-economic and institutional factors. A stochastic frontier analysis approach was used to model the efficiency levels using Cobb-Douglas functional form estimated using the maximum likelihood technique. The study showed that technical efficiency varied between 0.93% to 95.45% and average technical efficiency of 83.14%. The study found that manure and planting materials had positive effects on technical efficiency whereas land size had negative impact. The findings established that age of decision maker and size of the household had negative effects whereas education, experience, producer group membership and market access had positive effects on technical efficiency. The study advises people with high levels of education to get into banana farming because smallholder producers with greater levels of education demonstrated high levels of production efficiency. Additionally, to improve technical efficiencies, farmer group development and membership are encouraged and also extension services should be made more accessible
Interdependent Effects of Agro-input Node Interventions on the Adoption of Cattle milk Production Technologies among Smallholder Farmers in Kericho County, Kenya
No full textAgricultural extension service delivery system is a vital component in agricultural development initiatives of any nation. Several extension approaches are used to achieve these initiatives. Globally, many Governments and development partners in rural agricultural development initiatives have gradually transitioned away from total state control of rural community and agricultural extension service delivery into adopting and supporting a more multifaceted system built on holistic participatory approach commonly referred to as Agricultural Value Chain Extension Approach (AVCEA). This AVCEA is relatively new in developing countries, including Kenya, and specifically in Kericho County where exploration on its impact on farm-level technology adoption has yet to be undertaken. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interdependent effects of agro-input node interventions on the adoption of cattle milk production technologies among smallholder farmers in Kericho, Kenya. This study adopted an ex-post-facto research design and systematic random sampling technique to select a sample of 132 farmers who previously exposed to AVCEA. Interviews were conducted for eight (8) dairy production experts and 6 Dairy organization representatives as key informants. The primary data were collected using interview schedules, questionnaires and focus group discussion tools. The data were analyzed for descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages and inferential statistics like Chi-square tests with the aid of SPSS version 26.0. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant interdependence between some agro-input value chain node interventions and the adoption of cattle milk production technologies. There was also Interdependence between ease of access to farmers ‘groups/cooperative societies and the adoption of cattle milk production technologies by the smallholder farmers. Based on findings of this study, Agricultural experts, stakeholders, and other concerned bodies should focus on developing strategies to strengthen interventions at the agro-input node, particularly by fostering cooperation among smallholder farmers to enhance collective actions
An Analysis of Marketing Status of BT Cotton Seed in Devbhumi Dwarka District, Gujarat, India
No full textThe main objectives of the study were to assess the company’s distribution pattern of quality seed material their market share, marketing channels. Multistage sampling technique were adopted. The total 120 farmers and 20 dealers were selected from four taluka i.e., Bhanvad, Khambhalia, Kalyanpur, Okhamandal (Dwarka) of Devbhumi Dwarka district of Gujarat state. The five wholesaler/distributors were selected from district headquarters. The primary data were collected through personal interview with farmers, dealers, wholesaler/distributors using well-structured questionnaires and interview scheduled. Results revealed that most of Bt cotton growers to be middle aged farmers. The pattern of land holding distribution shows that majority of the Bt cotton growers belonged to the small and marginal land holding category. Social participation of Bt cotton growers shows that they are not members of any organization. The well was found to be the main source of irrigation water and most of Bt cotton growers were reported to attained primary level of education From the study, it was found that Rasi seed (P) Ltd. Occupied major market share in Devbhumi Dwarka district. Among different marketing channels, it was observed that marketing channel-I (MC-I) (Company→ Wholesaler/Distributors→ Dealer→ Bt cotton grower) is the most prevalent channel in the sampling area
A Study of the Role of Income, Consumption Patterns and Time in Shaping Food Expenditure in India
No full textAims: we sought to determine the key factors affecting per capita monthly expenditure on food across Indian states over time.
Study Design: This is a quantitative, cross-sectional study that uses existing data from National Sample Survey (NSS), 61st, 66th and 68th rounds.
Methodology: We compiled datasets on 10 independent variables believed to influence monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) across 17 Indian states over three distinct time periods (2004-05, 2009-10, 2011-12). These variables include household size, dependency ratio, milk availability, Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), literacy rate, a time dummy variable, poverty rate, and consumption patterns of cereals, pulses, and non-vegetarian food.
Results: The analysis of 68 observations identified key factors influencing household food consumption expenditure. milk consumption showed a positive correlation with expenditure, yielding a coefficient of 1.106 (p =0.001) as did literacy rate (coefficient = 10.018, p = 0.045), expenditure on non-food items (coefficient = 0.086, p = 0.001), and expenditure share on eggs and meat (coefficient = 29.011, p = 0.001). Time dummy variables indicated rising expenditures over time, with coefficients of 517.76 (p = 0.001) for 2009-10, 703.93 (p = 0.001) for 2011-12, and 2324.29 (p = 0.001) for 2022-23. Overall, the model accounted for 90.9% of the variance in food consumption expenditure.
Conclusion: Higher per capita milk availability leads to increased overall food spending, while the time factor indicates a trend of rising expenditures, likely linked to changing consumption patterns and incomes. literacy rate also positively affect food expenditure choices The analysis also shows that spending on protein-rich foods, such as eggs and meat, positively affects overall food expenditure
Challenges and Opportunities in Pineapple and Cabbage Cultivation in Nagaland: A Garrett Ranking Analysis
No full textIndia’s horticulture sector, a significant contributor to the nation’s economy has experienced substantial growth, particularly in states like Nagaland. This study examines the growth and challenges faced by the horticulture sector in Nagaland, with a particularly emphasis on fruit and vegetable cultivation. Despite horticulture sector being a significant component of the state’s economy, the sector has experiences periods of negative growth particularly between 2011-12 and 2017-18. Taking a sample survey of 120 farmers, the study aims to analyse the farm sizes, productivity and the challenges faced by the farmers associated with the decline. Both Pineapple and Cabbage farmers face common challenges such as pest and disease management and ineffective pricing systems. However, pineapple farmers also struggle with inadequate credit facilities, while cabbage farmers face additional issues with irrigation infrastructure. The findings suggest that targeted interventions, such as upgrading infrastructure, improving farm practices, and expanding market access, are crucial for revitalising the sector. The research provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to formulate strategies that can address these challenges, support sustainable growth, and ultimately strengthen the horticulture sector in Nagaland