Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology
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Analysis of Livelihood Systems of Small and Marginal Farmers in Rainfed Ecosystem
No full textThe present study was conducted in Gadag and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka state during 2022-23. This paper emphasises the analysis of livelihood systems of small and marginal farmers in rainfed ecosystem in north Karnataka by employing “Ex-post facto” research design and by using random sampling technique in Gadag and Bagalkot districts constituting 80 small farmers and 80 marginal farmers there by making a total sample size of 160 farmers. A high per cent of small farmers (32.50%) and marginal farmers (18.75%) engaged in \u27Agriculture + Livestock\u27 system as the major source of their livelihood. agriculture constitutes the most important source of income for small farmers (96.25%) and marginal farmers (93.75%) followed by livestock (71.25% and 53.75%, respectively). Rainfed agriculture is particularly vulnerable to unpredictable weather conditions, which may explain why small and marginal farmers prefer agriculture mixed with livestock as the primary livelihood strategy in rainfed environments. Farmers protect themselves against crop losses by adding livestock into their agricultural practices
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on India\u27s Sectoral and Regional Economic Growth: An Analytical Study
No full textThe research investigates how Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) affects Indian development by studying its sectorial and geographical placements. The research evaluates how FDI affects GDP growth, industrial expansion, and employment generation and establishes what draws investors to India. The research uses data from the DPIIT Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade and secondary sources to conduct statistical assessments of FDI movements and their economic impact. The highest inflow of foreign direct investment segments between services, computer software, hardware, and trading, but the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Gujarat receive the most investments because they offer robust infrastructure and supportive policies. The available investment capital mainly flows toward sections of India that already possess adequate development, which produces unequal distribution throughout the country. The tax treaties between Mauritius and Singapore make them dominant sources of FDI in the country. The report advises implementing new policies because it suggests establishing updated regulations with infrastructure initiatives alongside special incentives for upcoming technology sectors. The Indian economy needs to solve investment inequality and administrative bottlenecks to improve its appeal to worldwide investors. Ministerial and investor groups can use the findings to develop strategies that maximize their FDI-mediated economic expansion
From Local Threads to the Formation of Ilocano Identity: The Socio-cultural Relevance of Panagabel in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur
No full textThis ethnographic study explores the intricate symbolism, socio-cultural significance, and preservation efforts surrounding Panagabel, the traditional loom weaving of Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. Through participant observation and in-depth interviews with seven experienced local Abel weavers determined through purposive sampling, this study documents the rich narratives embedded within diverse Abel patterns, including tanap abel and abel-a-sumileng, following the framework outlined by Braun & Clarke. The Abel Vigan serves as a tangible expression of Ilocano beliefs, cultural history, and communal identity. The study reveals a critical challenge in the transmission of Panagabel techniques, highlighting the potential loss of traditional knowledge. Furthermore, it demonstrates the profound connection between weavers and their crafts and the Ilocano socio-cultural identity, thus reflecting core values such as kinakired (strength), kinagaget (industry), kinalaing (skill), and kinakermet (thrift). The research underscores the vital role of collaborative initiatives between weavers and local government in ensuring the sustainable preservation of this cultural heritage. Ultimately, this study documents Abel Vigan and its embedded socio-cultural relevance to safeguarding this knowledge against potential loss, as it also advocates for a culturally sensitive approach to preserving Abel weaving in Vigan, emphasizing the need to empower traditional weavers economically while safeguarding the craft\u27s authenticity and intrinsic cultural value
Assessing Financial Literacy Levels and Determinants among Farmers in Punjab, India
No full textAbstract: The study aims to assess the level of financial literacy and the factors influencing the financial literacy of the farmers in Punjab.
Study Design: The study collected primary data from 400 farmers in three districts of Punjab, namely, Gurdaspur, Bhatinda, and Ludhiana, through an interview schedule using a multistage sampling technique.
Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in three districts of Punjab, namely Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, and Bhatinda, from August 2023 to December 2023.
Methodology: The study validated the financial literacy scale using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with tetrachoric correlation. Furthermore, to identify factors influencing financial literacy, we employed an ordinal logit regression model.
Results: The findings revealed that 47.5% of the farmers had low, 20% had moderate, and 32.5% had high levels of financial literacy. Farmers performed relatively well in terms of financial behavior and financial knowledge, whereas the poorest performance was found in the case of financial attitude. Significant disparities in financial literacy were also observed across socio-economic groups. The results of regression analysis revealed that marital status, social category, age, education, income, and size of landholding are significant predictors of financial literacy.
Conclusion: The study showed that overall, the financial literacy among the farmers in the study area is low. It found that most of the farmers lacked a positive financial attitude. Additionally, the descriptive analysis showed that farmers engaged in both farming and non-farming occupations have higher financial literacy than farmers engaged solely in farming occupations
Influences of Independent Variables on the Adoption of Recommended Coffee Production Practices in Siha District, Kilimanjaro Region
No full textAims: The adoption of recommended coffee agricultural practices is critical for enhancing the productivity and sustainability of smallholder coffee farmers. This study explores the influences of independent variables on the adoption of these practices.
Study Design: A quantitative method was employed, utilizing structured questionnaires administered to the sample size of 198 smallholder farmers.
Methodology: Data were analysed using SPSS version 20 with descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) to assess adoption levels. The Probit regression model was applied to evaluate the likelihood that a farmer adopts a given practice based on a set of explanatory variables. The regression examined the association between adoption decision and independent variables, including access to loan, annual income, gender, access to training, number of coffee plants, farm size and educational level.
Results: The findings revealed that adoption rate varied across different coffee practices, while some practices like shade adoption and weeding are widely adopted, others like Integrated pest management (IPM) and pesticides use need more support to be widely implemented. Income, land size and access to training were found to significantly affect the adoption of many practices. Income and access to training were associated with the adoption of more advanced practices suggesting farmers with greater financial resources and knowledge are more likely to implement these practices. On the other hand, marital status and gender has no significant influence on adoption of most practices.
Conclusion: The study concludes that addressing access to credits and education challenges among smallholder farmers can significantly improve the adoption of these practices, thereby increasing productivity and farmers income. Based on these finding practical training program to improve farmers knowledge, financial support to farmers and targeted interventions for younger farmers should be emphasized
Constraints Faced in Adopting Climate-Smart Agriculture among Coastal Farmers in Southern Bangladesh
No full textClimate-smart agriculture (CSA) offers an effective approach to tackling food security, enhancing agricultural productivity, and adapting to the challenges posed by climate change. The objectives of the study were to determine and describe the extent of constraints faced by coastal farmers in adopting climate-smart agricultural practices and also to examined the relationships and contributions of selected socio-economic characteristics of the farmers to the extent of constraints they faced. The research was conducted at Kalapara Upazila (Sub district) of Patuakhali District, where data were collected from a sample of 310 coastal farmers using pre-tested interview schedule and selected through multi-stage random sampling technique. The constraint scores of the coastal farmers ranged from 47 to 87, against the possible range of 20 to 100. The mean and standard deviation were 67.16 and 8.83 respectively. Majority (59.03%) of the coastal farmers faced medium level of constraints, while 22.26% faced low and 18.71% faced high levels of constraints in adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices. Correlation analysis revealed that agricultural knowledge, training exposure, communication exposure and cosmopoliteness were significantly and negatively associated with the constraints faced. Conversely, innovativeness and economic motivation had significant positive associations with the level of constraints faced. Regression analysis showed that 18.7% of the variance in the constraints faced by the coastal farmers could be explained by four variables: agricultural knowledge (9.8%), cosmopoliteness (3.4%), economic motivation (3.9%) and training exposure (1.6%). These findings suggest important directions for future initiatives. Effort should focus on designing targeted interventions that enhance farmers access to agricultural knowledge, training program and effective communication channels, as these factors were found to significantly reduce the constraints faced in adopting climate-smart agricultural practices. Additionally, policies should also aim to foster positive attitudes toward innovation and improve socio-economic conditions, thereby reducing the constraints faced in adopting climate-smart agricultural practices in vulnerable coastal regions
Role of Community Participation on Sustainability of Donor Funded Food Security Projects in Tharaka South Sub County, Kenya
No full textParticipatory approach has been embraced globally for most development projects including food security projects implementation in many communities. However, many food security projects lack sustainability and the projects collapse following the exit of the donor funding. This study sought to examine the role of community participation on the sustainability of donor funded food security projects in Tharaka South Sub County, Kenya. Using a descriptive survey design, a sample of 227 respondents was purposively but randomly selected and data on community participation on project sustainability collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. The data collected was analyzed using correlation analysis, frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation. The findings showed that community participation and sustainability of donor funded food security projects correlated positively. The community involvement especially in at project implementation and monitoring stage enhanced sustainability of donor funded food security projects. It was observed that 85% 9.7% and 5.3% of the respondents contributed manual labour, monetary and technical support, respectively to the donor funded food security projects. Based on the findings, the study recommended that community members be involved in generating project ideas as well as considered in monetary contribution and technical support for the donor funded food security projects. It is necessary to train and empower the community project members on project sustainability. The donors should also consider to continue playing their role in the operation and maintenance of the donor funded food security projects
Impediments Faced by Farmers Apropos ICT-based Agro-met Advisory Services
No full textInformation related to weather becomes very crucial to farmer attributed to its highly variable nature. ICT based Agro-met advisory services hold the capacity to reduce the vulnerability of farmers to extreme weather and climatic fluctuations by providing need based timely information to farmers. Although there exist a number of ICT based initiatives to provide the farmers with needed information, several constraints pose threat in bridging this information gap. This study was conducted during the year 2021 in Darrang District of Assam to study the impediments faced by farmers in effective use of agro-met advisory services provided by various stakeholders. Data to study constraints were collected from 100 beneficiaries of agro-met advisory services using semi-structured schedule. To rank the constraints indicated by the respondents, Garret ranking technique was used. Result of the study reveals that inability to update ICT expertise regularly, lack of updated information and lack of skills to use the ICT were some of the major constraints as indicated by the beneficiary farmers. The study concluded there is a need to provide training to enhance skills in using ICT tools. Location specific updated information should be made accessible to farmers via various ICT based platforms
Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices in the Indo-gangetic Plain: A Micro-level Cost-benefit Perspective
No full textAims: This study assesses the economic rationality of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices implemented by cultivators in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region of India. Despite the growing body of international literature, the economic feasibility of CSA practices in the Indian IGP context remains underexplored.
Methodology: The analysis is based on primary data collected in 2024, from a survey of 400 randomly selected farmers across five districts in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
Results: The findings indicate a high level of awareness and widespread adoption of CSA practices among the respondents. The empirical estimates derived from the Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Net Present Value (NPV) analyses suggest that, with the exception of conventional fertilizer application and Site-Specific Integrated Nutrient Management (SSINM), all assessed Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) interventions exhibit positive net economic returns and satisfy the threshold criteria for financial viability.
Conclusion: These findings underscore the critical role of CSA in enhancing farm-level resilience and agricultural productivity under changing climatic conditions
Students’ Perceptions of Agricultural Studies in Higher Education
No full textAgriculture is a prominent subject in Bangladesh. This study examines the perception of selected university students on agricultural studies in Bangladesh. Mixed methods approach used to collect data from 100 randomly selected students. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that, most of the students came from urban areas. It was observed that, while students opined that agricultural studies have wide career prospects and understandable, but many expressed highly dissatisfaction regarding the practical book writing. Students expressed that career flexibility and personal choice influenced them to consider studying agriculture while parents background had lower impact. Students also expressed that if they were taught properly, all students could learn agricultural topics more effectively. Open form of question revealed that students were mainly concerned about the education system of agriculture in higher education being highly theoretical rather than practical and tiring practical work. So, the study emphasized the need for curriculum development and effective teaching strategies for better student participation in agricultural studies