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Dorsal Urethrocutaneous Fistula Following Hypospadias Repair: A Case Report
No full textObjectives: Hypospadias is a common congenital urethral anomaly requiring surgical correction. Urethrocutaneous fistula (UCF) is a frequent complication; however, dorsal urethrocutaneous fistulas (DUCF) are rare and poorly documented. Their occurrence is often linked to surgical trauma, ischemia, or improper suture placement, which poses unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
Case Presentation: A 14-year-old male presented with urinary leakage from a dorsal penile opening, four years after post-hypospadias repair. Diagnostic evaluation confirmed the presence of DUCF. Surgical intervention included complete fistulectomy and multilayered closure with prolonged catheterization. The patient recovered without complications, and no recurrence was observed after eight months.
Conclusion: This case highlights the rarity of DUCF and emphasizes the importance of meticulous surgical planning and advanced closure techniques to prevent recurrence. Further studies are required to establish standardized management protocols
Prophylactic Operative Procedures and Recurrence Rates in Pediatric Intussusception at Herat Regional Hospital : A Retrospective Case Series
No full textObjectives: Intussusception is a common pediatric emergency. The role of specific operative procedures to prevent its recurrence remains a subject of clinical debate, particularly in resource-limited settings where data is scarce. This study aims to analyze the outcomes of different surgical management strategies for pediatric intussusception at Herat Regional Hospital.
Methods: This study is conducted as a retrospective study of pediatric patients treated for intussusception between May 2022 and March 2023 at Herat Regional Hospital. Data on demographics, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, operative procedures, and outcomes were extracted from patient records. The examind outcome was reopening. Statistical analysis, including Chi-square and T-tests, was used to compare factors between recurrent and non-recurrent groups.
Results: Sixty-three patients were included (male 70.9%; mean age 30.5 ± 35.2 months). Ileo-colic intussusception predominated (69.0%). Prophylactic methods with reduction was the commonest procedure (39.7%). Eight children (12.7%) returned electively for the planned second stage of a two-step operation; none represented treatment failure. True recurrence occurred in only two patients (3.2%). Overall mortality was 6.3%.
Conclusion: In this study, true intussusception recurrence was only 3.2% (2 / 63) after primary surgery. Prophylactic maneuvers—such as ileocecal angle tightening or cecopexy—showed superiority in preventing recurrence. Accordingly, additional steps beyond simple reduction should be selective and dictated by intra-operative findings rather than routine practice
Low Back Pain During Pregnancy: A Review Study
No full textObjectives: Low back pain (LBP) during pregnancy is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition with significant physical, psychological, and clinical implications. This systematic review aimed to assess the prevalence, associated risk factors, and impact of pregnancy-related LBP across diverse populations to inform evidence-based prevention and management strategies.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2010 and May 2024. Eligible studies included observational research (cross-sectional, cohort, or case-control) focusing on LBP prevalence or risk factors in pregnant women. Study selection followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed independently by two reviewers using a standardized form and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Due to heterogeneity, a qualitative synthesis was performed.
Results: Seventeen eligible studies with over 174,000 participants were included. The prevalence of LBP during pregnancy varied from 15.6% to 75.3%, with the highest rates observed in the third trimester. Consistent risk factors included a prior history of LBP (OR up to 5.4), increased BMI, advanced gestational age, multiparity, low physical activity, and poor posture. Social determinants such as rural residence and lack of support were also associated. LBP was linked to disability (mild in 60%, severe in 10%), impaired quality of life, elevated anxiety/depression scores, and higher cesarean section rates. Despite this burden, one-third of affected women did not seek medical care.
Conclusion: Pregnancy-related LBP is a common and disabling condition. Routine screening and targeted prenatal interventions are essential. Further standardized, longitudinal research is recommended
Assessment of women\u27s knowledge, perspectives, and practices regarding physical activity, and their correlation with the risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases, Kabul, Afghanistan
No full textObjectives: This study aimed to assess women\u27s knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding physical activity in Kabul, Afghanistan, and evaluate their correlation with CVD risk factors, such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and fasting blood sugar levels.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2023 to March 2024 at Watan Hospital, involving 425 women aged 20 years and above. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire, including demographic and lifestyle-related sections. Physical activity awareness, attitudes, and performance were categorized into weak, moderate, and good levels. Participants\u27 health parameters, including blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose levels, were measured and analyzed using SPSS v.27 to explore associations between physical activity levels and CVD risk factors.
Results: Good awareness of physical activity was reported by 58.8% of participants, while 32.9% demonstrated good performance. Regular exercise was significantly associated with healthier fasting blood sugar levels (86.7% ≤ 100 mg/dL) (p < 0.001), cholesterol levels (83.3% ≤ 200 mg/dL) (p < 0.001), and blood pressure (83.3% ≤ 140 mmHg) (p < 0.001). However, the frequency of exercise showed no statistically significant impact on these parameters.
Conclusion: Despite moderate-to-good awareness, a considerable gap exists in women\u27s actual physical activity performance. Regular physical activity is strongly associated with improved metabolic and cardiovascular health outcomes. Interventions targeting behavioral change, addressing sociocultural barriers, and promoting sustainable physical activity practices are critical to reducing the CVD burden among women in Afghanistan
Microplastic Contamination in the Global Food Supply Chain: Detection, Implications, and Regulatory Recommendations
No full textObjectives: Microplastic contamination of the global food supply chain poses serious risks to food safety and human health. This narrative review evaluates the contamination levels in various food products, detection methods, associated health risks, and existing regulatory measures.
Methods: This review, conducted per PRISMA guidelines, assessed global microplastic contamination in the food supply chain from 2007–2022. A comprehensive database search identified 32 eligible studies. Data were synthesized narratively across themes: contamination levels, detection methods, health risks, and regulations. Quality assessment followed SANRA and Newcastle-Ottawa guidelines to ensure transparency, reproducibility, and methodological rigor.
Results: Microplastics have been found in seafood, dairy, meat, bottled water, and packaged foods, with concentrations varying based on processing and storage conditions. Common detection methods include Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Seafood exhibited the highest contamination due to marine plastic pollution, whereas bottled water samples showed 93% contamination. Packaged foods stored in plastic containers also had significant microplastic content. Reported health risks include oxidative stress, gut microbiota disruption, inflammation, and toxin bioaccumulation. The lack of standardized detection protocols has contributed to the variability in the reported contamination levels.
Conclusion: Microplastic contamination of food is widespread and has significant implications for human health. While detection methods are improving, regulatory measures remain inconsistent. Urgent action is needed to establish standardized protocols, stricter policies, and further research to assess long-term health risks and mitigate contamination
سیاست تهاجمی روسیه به اوکراین: خوانشی سازهانگارانه از ساختارهای هویتی و معنایی
No full textRussia’s aggressive policy toward Ukraine—particularly evident in the developments of recent years, including the annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the full-scale war launched in 2022—reflects a redefinition of Russia’s national and international identity that cannot be fully explained by military or security considerations alone. Drawing upon constructivist theory, this study seeks to demonstrate that Russia’s foreign policy is deeply rooted in discursive transformations, identity crises, and semantic representations. The significance of this research lies in its departure from materialist explanations, offering a deeper understanding of Russian foreign policy behavior in the post-Soviet context. The central research question is: How is Russia’s aggressive policy toward Ukraine influenced by the semantic and identity structures represented in its foreign policy discourse? In response, the main hypothesis posits that Russia’s aggressive posture toward Ukraine reflects an attempt to reconstruct the identity-based and semantic order of its imperial past and to reaffirm its civilizational role in the global order. This study employs an analytical–explanatory methodology and relies on library-based tools and authoritative academic sources. The findings reveal that concepts such as the "Russian World" and "lost greatness" play a central role in guiding Russia’s foreign policy, and that the conflict with Ukraine is not merely a geopolitical competition but a semantic confrontation over the representation of the “Self” and the “Other.”سیاست تهاجمی روسیه نسبت به اوکراین، بهویژه در تحولات سالهای اخیر، از جمله الحاق شبهجزیره کریمه (۲۰۱۴) و آغاز جنگ تمامعیار در سال ۲۰۲۲، نشانگر نوعی بازتعریف هویت ملی و بینالمللی روسیه است که نمیتوان آن را صرفاً با ملاحظات نظامی یا امنیتی توضیح داد. این تحقیق با تکیه بر نظریه سازهانگاری، بر آن است تا نشان دهد که این سیاست، ریشه در تحولات گفتمانی، بحرانهای هویتی و بازنماییهای معنایی دارد. اهمیت تحقیق در آن است که با عبور از تبیینهای مادیگرایانه، به فهم عمیقتری از رفتار سیاست خارجی روسیه در فضای پساشوروی دست مییابد. سؤال اصلی تحقیق آن است که سیاست تهاجمی روسیه در قبال اوکراین چگونه متأثر از ساختارهای معنایی و هویتی بازنماییشده در گفتمان سیاست خارجی این کشور است؟ در پاسخ، فرضیه اصلی تحقیق چنین است؛ سیاست تهاجمی روسیه در قبال اوکراین بازتابی از تلاش این کشور برای بازسازی نظم هویتی و معنایی دوران امپراتوری و تثبیت نقش تمدنی خود در نظم جهانی است. تحقیق با روش تحلیلی – تبیینی و با استفاده از ابزار کتابخانهای و منابع معتبر علمی انجام شده است. یافتهها نشان میدهد که مفاهیمی مانند «جهان روسی» و «عظمت ازدسترفته»، نقش محوری در جهتدهی به سیاست خارجی روسیه ایفاء میکنند و منازعه با اوکراین، نه صرفاً رقابتی ژئوپلیتیک، بلکه تقابلی معنایی در بازنمایی «خود» و «دیگری» است
جایگاه هویت در سیاست پناهندگی اتحادیه اروپا؛ مطالعه موردی پناهندگان اوکراین
No full textAfter Russia’s large-scale military invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, Europe became one of the most important centers and centers of displacement and asylum of Ukrainians. Since then, millions of Ukrainian citizens have sought refuge in European and non-European countries. According to the statistics of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, as of June 2024, there were approximately 6.5 million Ukrainian refugees internationally, of which 6 million sought protections from the European Union and were registered in Europe, and the Council of Europe reported that by October 1, 2024, 4.3 million Ukrainians had been registered under the Temporary Protection Directive after the Directive was activated. The present study seeks to answer the question of what place identity has had in the European Union’s asylum policy towards Ukrainian refugees? The hypothesis that is put forward is that identity has had a different impact on the asylum policies of the European Union towards Ukrainian and non-Ukrainian refugees, confronting the policies of the Union with double standards, and that there has been a legal hierarchy and racism in the approach of the European Union towards non-European refugees. Our theoretical framework, given the focus of this research on the place of identity in the asylum policy of the European Union, with particular emphasis on Ukrainian refugees, is the (structural) theory of Peter Katzenstein, and the research method is an explanatory case study, and the data collection method is library and documentary.پس از تهاجم نظامی گستردهای روسیه به اوکراین در 24 فوریه 2022، اروپا به یکی از مهمترین کانونها و مراکز جابهجای و پناهندگی اوکراینیها تبدیل شد. از آن زمان میلیونها شهروند اوکراینی به کشورهای اروپایی و غیر اروپایی پناهنده شدند. طبق آمار کمیساریهای عالی پناهندگان سازمان ملل متحد تا ژوئن 2024 تقریبا 6.5 میلیون پناهنده اوکراینی در سطح بینالمللی وجود داشت، که 6 میلیون این تعداد به دنبال حمایت اتحادیه اروپا بودند و در اروپا ثبت شده اند و در این میان شورای اروپا گزارش داد که تا اول اکتبر 2024 به تعداد 4.3 میلیون اوکراینی تحت دستورالعمل حفاظت موقت پس از فعال شدن این دستورالعمل ثبت نام کرده اند. تحقیق حاضر در صدد پاسخگویی به این پرسش است که هویت چه جایگاهی در سیاست پناهندگی اتحادیه اروپا در قبال پناهجویان اوکراینی داشته است؟ فرضیه که مطرح میشود، این است، که هویت روی سیاستهای پناهندگی اتحادیه اروپا در قبال پناهندگان اوکراینی و غیر اوکراینی تأثیر متفاوتی داشته و سیاستهای اتحادیه را با استندردهای دوگانه مواجه ساخته و در برخورد اتحادیه اروپا با پناهندگان غیر اروپایی رویکرد سلسه مراتب قانونی و نژاد پرستانه وجود داشته است. چارچوب نظری ما با توجه به تمرکز این تحقیق روی جایگاه هویت در سیاست پناهندگی اتحادیه اروپا، به ویژه با تأکید بر پناهجویان اوکراینی، نظریه (سازه انگارانهی) پیتر کاتزنشتاین است و روش تحقیق، مطالعه موردی تبیینی و روش گردآوری دادهها، کتابخانهی و اسنادی میباشد
نقش پژوهش در تحول تحصیلات عالی افغانستان: بررسی وضعیت، موانع و ظرفیتهای فناورانه از دیدگاه جامعهی پوهنتونی
No full textThis study aims to examine the role of research in the transformation of higher education in Afghanistan, focusing on technological capacities, the current status, and challenges of educational institutions. The research employs a descriptive-survey method, and data were collected through a standardized questionnaire from members of the university community, including professors, students, researchers, and staff from several universities. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 27. To compare the perspectives of different groups, t-tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were utilized. The ANOVA results indicated no significant difference between the views of the university community and groups with different work experiences regarding the impact of research on the quality of education (F = 0.71, P = 0.54) and (F = 0.74, P = 0.47). However, significant differences were found among individuals with different education levels, types of universities, and age groups concerning the impact of research on education quality (F = 4.95, P = 0.008), (F = 7.23, P = 0.008), and (F = 3.94, P = 0.009), respectively. Descriptive analysis and t-test results confirmed that research plays an important role, from the participants’ perspective, in improving the quality of higher education (mean = 4.08), strengthening practical skills (mean = 4.15), and facilitating students’ entry into the labor market (mean = 3.92). At the same time, lack of financial and equipment resources, time constraints, weak skills, and absence of incentive systems were identified as the main barriers to research development, with a mean of 4.29. These findings emphasize the need to revise policies, invest in infrastructure, and establish effective links among research, education, and technology in Afghanistan’s higher education system.این تحقیق در پی بررسی نقش پژوهش در تحول تحصیلات عالی افغانستان با تمرکز بر ظرفیتهای فناورانه، وضعیت موجود و چالشهای نهادهای تحصیلی میباشد. روش تحقیق از نوع توصیفی- پیمایشی بوده و ارقام از طریق پرسشنامهای استندرد از اعضای جامعهی پوهنتونی، شامل استادان، محصلان، محققان و کارکنان چندین پوهنتون گردآوری گردید. تحلیل ارقام توسط نرمافزار SPSS نسخه ۲۷ صورت گرفت. برای مقایسه دیدگاههای گروههای مختلف، از امتحان t و تحلیل واریانس (ANOVA) استفاده شد. نتایج تحلیل واریانس نشان داد که میان دیدگاه جامعهی پوهنتونی و گروههای مختلف با سابقهی کاری متفاوت دربارهی تأثیر پژوهش بر کیفیت تحصیلات تفاوت معناداری وجود ندارد (F = 0.71, P = 0.54) و (F = 0.74, P = 0.47). ولی میان دیدگاه افراد با سطح تحصیلات، نوع پوهنتون و گروه سنی متفاوت درباره تأثیر پژوهش در کیفیت تحصیلات تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (F = 4.95, P = 0.008)، (F = 7.23, P = 0.008) و (F = 3.94, P = 0.009). در تحلیل توصیفی و نتایج آزمون t ثابت شد که پژوهش از دید شرکتکنندگان، نقش مهمی در بهبود کیفیت تحصیلات عالی (با میانگین ۴.۰۸)، تقویت مهارتهای عملی (با میانگین ۴.۱۵) و ورود محصلان به بازار کار را (با میانگین ۳.۹۲) ایفاء میکند. در عین حال، کمبود منابع مالی و تجهیزاتی، محدودیت زمان، ضعف مهارتها و نبود نظام تشویقی، از موانع اصلی توسعهی پژوهش با میانگین ۴.۲۹ عنوان شدهاند. این نتایج بر ضرورت بازنگری در سیاستها، سرمایهگذاری در زیرساختها و ایجاد پیوند مؤثر میان پژوهش، آموزش و فناوری در نظام تحصیلات عالی افغانستان تأکید دارند
Body Mass Index Profile of Medical Students at Jami University: A Descriptive Study
No full textObjectives: Body Mass Index (BMI) is a critical indicator of nutritional status and a predictor of non-communicable diseases. Medical students, despite their awareness, are not immune to lifestyle-related health risks. This study aims to assess the BMI status of medical students at Jami University and explore associations with lifestyle and demographic factors
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 among undergraduate students (n = 233) of the Faculty of Curative Medicine at Jami University, Herat, Afghanistan. The total student population was approximately 590. Stratified random sampling was used. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and standard anthropometric measurements. Data were analyzed using Epi Info 7.2.5.0
Results: Among the 233 students (152 males, 81 females), the mean BMI was 24.08 ± 3.7 for males and 23.5 ± 4.2 for females. Overall, 61.8% had normal BMI, 4.72% were underweight, 27.47% overweight, and 6.01% obese. Overweight was more prevalent among males, while obesity and underweight were slightly more common among females. Physical inactivity, smoking, and moderate economic status were associated with higher rates of overweight and obesity.
Conclusion: The findings indicate a significant prevalence of abnormal BMI among medical students, highlighting the need for targeted health interventions, particularly in promoting physical activity and healthy lifestyle choices among future healthcare professionals
The Relationship Between Trans Fatty Acids and Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review
No full textObjectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate the association between trans fatty acid (TFA) exposure—via diet or circulating biomarkers—and the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Given the global burden of GDM and the modifiability of dietary fat intake, understanding this relationship could inform preventive dietary guidelines during pregnancy.
Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2000 to December 2025. Studies were included if they assessed TFA exposure through diet or biomarkers in pregnant women without pre-existing diabetes and reported GDM outcomes. Thirteen original studies (prospective cohorts, case–controls, cross-sectional studies, and one RCT) met inclusion criteria and data were synthesized narratively.
Results: Pre-pregnancy diets high in animal fats and industrial TFAs were associated with increased GDM risk, particularly in large U.S. cohorts. In contrast, higher intakes of polyunsaturated fats—especially omega-3—were protective. During pregnancy, higher total fat intake, particularly saturated and trans fats, correlated with increased fasting glucose and GDM risk. Biomarker studies reinforced these findings: elevated plasma levels of trans and saturated fatty acids predicted higher GDM odds, while vaccenic acid and omega-3 PUFAs were protective. The only RCT showed a non-significant reduction in GDM incidence with low-TFA diets.
Conclusion: The evidence supports a link between TFA intake and GDM development. Reducing trans and saturated fat consumption—especially before and early in pregnancy—may lower GDM risk. Future trials should evaluate specific fatty acid subtypes and gene–diet interactions to refine maternal dietary guidelines