IIUM Journal of Orofacial and Health Sciences (IJOHS)
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Molecular docking study of hyaluronic acid against interleukin-6 (7DC8 protein) in COVID-19 patients with periodontitis
Full text linkCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new disease caused by a coronavirus, namely SARS-CoV-2. This virus was entered inside the host by angiotensin-converting enzyme receptors (ACE2). Recent evidence suggests that sulcus fluid in the periodontal pockets of patients with periodontitis may be a source of SARS-CoV-2 and a potential reservoir for increasing oral viral load in patients with confirmed COVID-19. ACE-2 is expressed in stratified squamous epithelium mainly on the dorsal tongue and gingiva. The gingival sulcular epithelium is the entry point for SARS-CoV-2 into the periodontal pocket epithelium through the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high molecule of heavy polysaccharide (glycosaminoglycan) which has several functions, such as anti-inflammatory and accelerated wound healing. It could decrease the levels of several cytokines. This study aims to analyze the interaction of HA against the IL-6 coronavirus receptor in periodontitis through a molecular docking study using MOE 2015.10 software with IL-6 receptor (7DC8) as the protein model to predict the binding of HA with 10 poses. The 7DC8 protein was prepared by adding charge and the validation method was performed with RMSD <2Å which indicates this method is valid. The results of this study showed that there are interaction between HA and the IL-6 receptor via amino acid residue interaction at the Leucine 98 (bond energy -0.7 kcal/mol), Serine 52 (bond energy -1.7 kcal/mol), Glycine 53 (bond energy -1.5 kcal/mol), and Glycine 299 (bond energy -1.6 kcal/mol). HA has an interaction with coronavirus at the IL-6 receptor of periodontitis based on molecular docking study and can potentially be used as a therapeutic option in COVID-19 with periodontitis. In conclusion, hyaluronic acid has the potential as an anti-inflammatory drug of choice in COVID-19 patients with periodontitis
Prevalence of internet addiction among medical and non-medical students of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan
Full text linkInternet addiction has become a serious problem with the increasing internet use, especially among college students and adolescents. Most of the available literature on internet addiction among college students was mainly related to medical students and showed a disturbing prevalence, however, this is not widely studied among non-medical students. This study describes the prevalence and factors associated with internet addiction among medical and non-medical students at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan. A total of 107 medical and 104 non-medical students of IIUM Kuantan participated in this cross-sectional study conducted from July 15, 2019, to August 25, 2019, using random sampling. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was distributed through social media platform. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the prevalence and socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, while binary logistic regression was used to identify respondents’ factors associated with internet addiction. The results showed that 67.3% of medical students and 65.4% of non-medical students were moderately addicted to the Internet. The significant predictors of internet addiction in medical students are age (OR 0.235 95% CI 0.068-0.812) and duration of internet use of 4-6 hours (OR 0.235 95% CI 0.068-0.812). Among non-medical students, the significant predictors were social networking (OR 0.137 95% CI 0.003-0.636), Internet TV (OR 3.574 95% CI 1.057-12.08), and time spent on the Internet from 4-6 hours (OR 0.247 95% CI 0.06-0.91). The prevalence of internet addiction among medical and non-medical students at IIUM Kuantan is of concern. Early identification based on these findings for each medical and non-medical faculty can be tailored to ensure successful intervention
Pressurised putty technique: A technical report
Full text linkThe surface detail reproducibility of conventional putty impressions is hindered by high viscosity and low flowability. In the plastic industry, injection moulding application utilizes an influx of pressure to achieve better flowability. Leveraging this concept, this technical report investigated the impact of pressure on surface detail reproducibility and structural homogeneity, featuring the pressurised putty technique. Surface detail reproducibility and structural homogeneity of three techniques (non-pressurised, putty & light body wash and pressurised) were visually assessed and differences in surface detail reproducibility were observed among all techniques. Whilst a pressurised clear-based putty index presented a more uniform glassy finish. The outlined technique suggests a simplistic and cost-effective way of improving a putty index, which may benefit many clinicians in terms of prosthodontic success
Establishing cephalometric norms of upper and lower lips to Rickett’s E-line in the Malay female population of Kuantan city: a pilot study
Full text linkThe purpose of the study was to determine the cephalometric norms of upper and lower lips to the Rickett’s E-line in the Malay female population of Kuantan city, and to compare it with the Caucasian norms. This was a retrospective study involving 40 pre-existing lateral cephalometric radiographs taken from October 2017 to October 2021 of skeletal Class I females of pure Malay ethnic group aged 20 to 40 retrieved from two private dental clinics in Kuantan city of Pahang state, Malaysia (Dr Fatain’s Dental Clinic Taman Tas; Dr Fatain’s Dental Clinic Indera Mahkota 3). These radiographs were hand traced using acetate paper and 0.3 mm leaded propelling pencil on a light view box in a darkened room. The soft tissue outlines and the Rickett’s E-line (from the tip of the nose to the soft tissue chin) were drawn and the distance of the upper and lower lips to this line was measured in mm with a metal ruler. The values were compared with the Caucasian norms [upper lip to E-line: -4 mm; lower lip to E-line: -2 mm (± 2)]. The cephalometric norms of upper and lower lips to the E-line among the Malay females of Kuantan city were -1.3 mm (± 2.0) and 0.19 mm (± 1.9) respectively. This value was significantly different than the norms of the Caucasian population (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the cephalometric norms of upper and lower lips to Rickett’s E-line in the Malay female population of Kuantan city were established: upper lip -1.3 mm (± 2.0) and lower lip 0.19 mm (± 1.9), which were found to be more protrusive than the Caucasian norms
Patient satisfaction levels for complete dentures (F/F) delivered by undergraduate dental students
Full text linkOne important aspect of acceptance of full denture treatment is that of patient’s perceived outcome. A teaching environment is the best place for future clinicians to understand this aspect of treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the satisfaction levels of patients who received complete dentures delivered by undergraduate dental students at the University of Otago. Participants’ attitude toward dentures was measured via a 16-item questionnaire based on Patient’s Denture Assessment (PDA) questionnaire. It comprises of items that assessed factors related to dentures and was quantified on a four-point scale. A total of 60 edentulous patients wearing maxillary and mandibular dentures were recruited then contacted using a list of patients whose treatment were carried out and completed in the undergraduate clinic from 2010-2018 and were sent an explanatory letter, an informed consent form, and a self-administered questionnaire in a return envelope to the University of Otago Faculty of Dentistry. Bivariate analysis was then carried out on the responses. 55% of the invited participants responded to the survey. The mean extent of PDA impacts was 0.15 (range 0.0-0.71). There were no significant differences in the experience of the prevalence and extent of PDA impacts by gender and age. 81.8% reported their denture to be very important to them and 91% found it “very easy” or “easy” to eat and swallow. 88% enjoyed their meals “well” or “very well”. Bivariate analysis showed those aged 70 years old or younger were less likely to report issues with the denture, while there was no statically significant difference between genders. Overall, the participants expressed satisfaction with the treatment received at the faculty over the sub-groups of function, speech/aesthetics, upper denture, lower denture, and considered the denture to be of high importance
Digital and clinical approach to quantifying periodontal tissue changes after crown lengthening surgery: A case series pilot study
Full text linkCrown lengthening surgery is a common periodontal procedure carried out to increase the amount of tooth exposure for aesthetic or restorative purposes. It is crucial for clinicians to understand the effect of crown lengthening surgery on the periodontal tissues to prevent relapse or over treatment. Even though various clinical parameters have been used by researchers in the past to quantify the amount of suprastructure exposed, the use of digital technology has not been widely adopted. The aim of this case series was to evaluate the changes in periodontal tissue after crown lengthening surgery with both clinical and digital approaches. This case series included five patients who underwent surgery at the Postgraduate Periodontics Clinic at the University of Otago over the period of six months. Clinical parameters such as probing depth, gingival recession, keratinised tissue height, plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, crown height, gingival phenotype, and bone height were measured with a customised probing stent at baseline and 1-, 3-, and 6-month post-surgery. Digital impressions were also taken along with the clinical parameters to measure the volumetric changes. Most significant changes were observed in crown exposure, gingival recession and bone levels, followed by probing depth reduction for treated sites. Minimal changes were seen for the width of keratinised tissues, plaque levels and gingival scores. Volumetric changes were only significantly reduced after 6 months of healing. This case series found that crown lengthening resulted in an increase in tooth exposure and a reduction in tissue volume. Volumetric changes measured through sequential digital impressions were also comparable to clinical findings
The effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis biofilm formation: A preliminary study
Full text linkLactobacillus rhamnosus are Gram-positive and lactic acid-producing bacteria. Meanwhile, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis are opportunistic fungi that cause oral candidiasis. This study aimed to determine the effect of LGG on the biofilm formation of C. tropicalis and C. albicans with the hypothesis that LGG inhibits the biofilm of the yeasts. C. albicans ATCC MYA-4901 and C. tropicalis ATCC 13803 were standardised to 1x106 cells to form a mono-species biofilm. L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) was standardised to 1x107 cells, equivalent to absorbance 0.5 at OD620nm. The microorganisms were cultivated in nutrient broth in a 96-well plate and incubated at 37°C for 24 h and 48 h. Co-culture biofilm was developed by combining Candida spp. with LGG in the same well at a similar concentration as the mono-culture. Crystal violet assay was conducted to assess the biofilm biomass with absorbance measured at OD620nm wavelength. After 24 hours, polymicrobial biofilms of C. albicans with LGG decreased by 37.1 ± 9.2%. At 48 hours, it further decreased to 44.7 ± 5.9%. For C. tropicalis, co-culture biofilms with LGG decreased by 16.3 ± 5.9% and 35.7 ± 7.6% after 24 h and 48 h incubation, respectively. LGG significantly reduced C. albicans biofilm compared to C. tropicalis (P<0.05). In conclusion, LGG has antibiofilm activity against C. albicans and C. tropicalis. However, further study is needed to conclude the effect against other species strains
Prevalence and orthodontic management of missing permanent maxillary lateral incisor at a referral centre in Sabah
Full text linkThis was a cross-sectional study of the prevalence and orthodontic management of developmental missing permanent maxillary lateral incisor of patients referred for orthodontic treatment from year 2010 to 2020. The dental records of written case notes, radiographs, and study models that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected using systematic sampling and were assessed retrospectively. Sample were taken from every five dental records. Dental records that did not fulfil the inclusion criteria were substituted. Data taken were the demographic data, side of the missing maxillary lateral incisor, and the orthodontic management. All variables were analysed descriptively. The differences between orthodontic open space and orthodontic close space with respect of unilateral and bilateral missing permanent maxillary lateral incisor were tested using Fisher’s exact test. From the total of 291 samples, there were 11 (3.78%) patients presented with missing permanent maxillary lateral incisor. The mean age of the patients was 17.46 ± 1.52 years. All 11 patients were females. There were six (54.55%) patients presented with bilateral missing permanent maxillary lateral incisor, while five (45.45%) were unilateral. From the unilateral group, there were three (27.27%) patients presented with right side missing permanent maxillary lateral incisor. Six (54.55%) patients were treated with orthodontic open space, while five (45.45%) patients were treated with orthodontic close space. In conclusion, the prevalence of missing permanent maxillary lateral incisor was 3.78%. All patients were females. More patients presented with bilateral missing permanent maxillary lateral incisor. The treatments provided were orthodontic open space and orthodontic close space
Anti-MRSA activity of Stereospermum fimbriatum’s stem bark extracted using subcritical and supercritical carbon dioxide
Full text linkAntibiotic resistance is a major challenge in healthcare, and this is further worsened by the presence of the dreadful Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. This has urged scientists to find new effective antimicrobial drugs. Earth is enriched with natural resources such as plants that have been used traditionally to cure diseases. Stereospermum fimbriatum or “Chicha” had been used traditionally to treat several illnesses such as stomachache, earache, itchy skin, and postpartum illness. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the antibacterial potential of S. fimbriatum’s stem bark against MRSA. Subcritical (Sub-CO2) and supercritical carbon dioxide (Sup-CO2) extractions were used to extract the stem bark, with and without the addition of co-solvent (ethanol). The antimicrobial assay was carried out using disc diffusion (200, 400 and 600 µg/disc), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. There was no anti-MRSA activity observed on both the Sub-CO2 and Sup-CO2 extracts without 10% ethanol. The most potent anti-MRSA was observed by the Sup-CO2 extract with 10% ethanol with the MIC value of 500 µg/mL. Therefore, the use of ethanol (10 %) in the extraction increased the antibacterial activity of the S. fimbriatum’s extract against MRSA. These research findings could potentially facilitate future investigations into the utilization of green extraction methods to uncover promising antibacterial agents that can effectively target MRSA, a formidable pathogen. Future studies on the other parts of S. fimbriatum, its potential toxicity, and the possible mechanisms of action are needed to investigate its promising therapeutic values on MRSA infections
Pathogens from fomites in clinical setting: A scoping review
Full text linkFomites can potentially transmit infectious or contagious pathogens thus contribute to the widespread of hospital-associated infections (HAIs). A scoping review was conducted to identify the types of fomites and pathogens as well as factors of pathogen distribution in clinical setting according to Arksey & O’Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Three online databases were used to collect the relevant data which revealed that there were 46 reported fomites in clinical setting that have been associated with bacteria, virus, and fungi. The most contaminated fomite with more than 10 species of pathogens was the mobile phone. This distribution might be due to the attitudes of healthcare workers and patients and their practice towards cleaning of mobile phones that prominent especially in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Future study could investigate the effectiveness of proper hygiene to evaluate the contribution of this action towards the reduction of fomites contamination in the hospital