Journal of Pharmacy (JOP)
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Synergistic Interaction Between Combination of Existing Therapy with Polyphenols in Several Human Diseases: A Review
Get PDFThe complicated pathology of current diseases requires an intricate treatment. Today, current application of individual single-target drugs or therapeutic approaches is inadequate to target these diseases not to mentioned perceived shortcomings and presented with numerous adverse effects. The extensive and successful documented findings in natural product researches urges the need to make use of these knowledge in the development of new generation of medicine. Polyphenols are compounds naturally derived from plants and have been describe in many research to have tremendous medical benefit. Therefore, a synergistic combination of readily available drugs or other therapeutic approaches is a favourable approach to enhance efficacy, overcome toxicity and optimize safety. The objective of this review is to describe the synergistic effects between the combination of a variety of polyphenols with synthetic drugs or other therapeutic approaches which can help to improve therapeutic efficacy subsequently minimize the adverse effects of a substance targeted in various diseases focusing mainly on cancer, diabetic, microbial infections and tissue regeneration along with their underlying mechanism
Cosmeceutical benefits of stingless bee honey
Get PDFThere were about 500 stingless bee species that had been reported in Afrotropical, Indo-Australian and Neotropical provinces with the highest diversity species originating in the Neotropical. In Malaysia, there are more than 38 species and around 33 species were reported in Peninsular Malaysia. Due to its high nutritious and medicinal values, recently, stingless bee honey has been highly demanded by the food, pharmaceutical and even cosmetic industries. Thus, this paper describes the cosmeceutical potential of stingless bee honey as an antiacne, skin moisturizing and anti-hypertrophic scar agent. Stingless bee honey can treat acne by reducing inflammation and irritation during acne formation due to its high flavonoid and phenolic compounds. Besides, stingless bee honey also possesses antibacterial activity due to its acidity, osmolarity and hydrogen peroxide content which is unfavourable for P.acne growth. It functions as a natural humectant due to its ability to attract water from the dermis and deeper epidermis to the epidermis and its high water-binding capacity. Stingless bee honey also can reduce scar formation by improving the wound healing process. This is because it can possess both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties in which it triggers the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines to initiate the inflammation and inhibit the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines when inflammation is in progress to avoid prolonged inflammation. Also, stingless bee honey can stimulate skin reepithelialization and wound contraction. These will reduce the damaged tissue that needs to be repaired and eventually minimize the scarring area. Hence, due to all of these benefits, further research can be done to study the action, use and effectiveness of stingless bee honey in cosmetic applications.  
An insight into the use and advantages of Carbopol in topical mucoadhesive drug delivery system: A systematic review
Get PDFIntroduction: In recent years, mucoadhesive topical application of mucous membrane has gained considerable interest among formulation researchers in advanced drug delivery systems. It has been identified as a potential route for both local and systemic drug delivery. A mucoadhesive agent is usually incorporated in the formulation to overcome the disadvantages associated with the conventional topical formulation. These disadvantages include low residence time of the medication on the site of application due to tongue movement and salivary washout in the intraoral formulation, mucociliary clearance in the intranasal application, and rapid precorneal elimination in the intraocular formulation. Carbomer or known as Carbopol is a mucoadhesive polymer that is widely studied for topical delivery of pharmaceutical agents to the mucous membrane. The use of Carbopol and its advantages in the mucoadhesive topical application has gained considerable interest with several published studies and is available in various grades. In this study, a systematic review was performed on the available literature that investigates the Carbopol application in mucoadhesive topical drug delivery. Method: A systematic searching strategy was performed in Scopus, ProQuest, and PubMed databases using predetermined search strings. A total of 778 articles were retrieved, however, only 25 articles met the inclusion criteria and were used for data synthesis. Results: The results showed that incorporation of Carbopol as mucoadhesive polymer hold multiple advantages in drug delivery namely excellent mucoadhesion effect, the prolonged residence time of the formulation, enhanced drug permeation, prolonged release of drug, pseudoplastic behaviour of the formulation, pH compatibility with all mucosal site, and biocompatible. Conclusion: This suggests that the incorporation of Carbopol can be an effective mucoadhesive agent for topical drug delivery systems
In vitro antimicrobial evaluation between the selected anti-diabetic medicinal plant seeds in Sri Lanka
No full textIntroduction: The management of Diabetes mellitus is a major contest for clinicians in nowadays. Uncontrolled hyperglycaemia increases the risk of numerous complications in the body. Although a number of antidiabetic drugs are available for therapeutic intervention, herbal management for diabetes is encouraged due to its low side effects and effectiveness, throughout the world. This current in-vitro study is a comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activities of four selected anti-diabetic medicinal plant seeds namely Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Sinapis alba L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L. and Nigella sativa L. which are commonly found in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. Materials and method: Crude ethanol extract of seeds was investigated for their antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains as Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by using agar well diffusion method in three replicates. The statistical analysis was carried out using one-way Analysis of variance. Results: The seeds extract of S. cumini showed maximum zone of inhibitions (24.70, 16.147, 10.37 mm) and S. alba represented minimum zone of inhibitions (1.08, 1.08, 0 mm) against all three types of human pathogens (E. faecalis, S. aureus and E. coli) respectively. Results showed that significant amount of inhibition zone was obtained against all the selected bacterial species which were comparable with positive control streptomycin. Conclusion: The chances of discovering antimicrobial activities in seeds of S.cumini extract is the highest and it is proposed that the plants which presented significant antimicrobial activities should be tested in detail to reveal their potential as probable antibiotics against particular pathogens. Therefore, this current research process demonstrates the S.cumini seeds can be used for developing nutraceutical products and long-term storage herbal drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases as well as diabetes in future
Infection Control in Digital Era: Future or Futile?
Get PDFNew technologies are being developed and marketed to healthcare facilities all over the world as a way to stop healthcare- associated infections. The Internet of Things and artificial intelligence have been created with a variety of capabilities to improve people's health, offer necessary services, and monitor their health The potential adoption of these technology in automated surveillance and automated hand hygiene compliance monitoring systems has a lot to offer health care systems. However, the success or failure of the use of technology will depend on the awareness of the challenge and the establishment of a strategy, goals, and processes to support technology deployment, maintenance, and training. System differences between nations and a lack of standardization in the application of digitalization in health care hinder this technology from providing the full range of potential benefits. In this review, we explore the use of technology in the areas of automated infection surveillance in healthcare-associated infection and hand hygiene compliance, with an emphasis on the difficulties in developing such technologie
Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial herbal soap of Tridax procumbens for skin care.
No full textIntroduction: Tridax procumbens has great importance in traditional medicine because of it’s great antibacterial and antifungal properties. It is used for treating skin diseases in many traditions. This research aims to formulate herbal soap using methanolic extract of Tridax procumbens plant leaves and evaluate its physico chemical properties.
Methods: The herbal soaps are formulated using Tridax procumbens leaf extract. The leaves were extracted by soxhlet extraction method using methanol as solvent. Four different formulations are formulated with varying doses of plant extract and ingredients.
Results:The physical parameters like colour, odour, appearance and evaluation parameters like pH, moisture content, % alcohol insoluble matter, foam height, foam retention, % free alkali are evaluated for four formulated soaps.
Conclusion: Among four soap formulations F1 soap showed good results. Hence formulated soaps can further be standardized and used for skin diseases
Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Impacts of Atopic Dermatitis: A Comprehensive Review
Get PDFAtopic dermatitis or eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by several factors, including environmental allergens, family history of atopy, barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Eczema has been widely recognized worldwide for its adverse clinical and psychological effects. Besides affecting the physical appearances of the patients, the bad perceptions of the surrounding people, including friends, families, and strangers, toward the patients can worsen their mental health status and their quality of life. The burden of eczema has long been recognized as a socioeconomic and psychosocial burden worldwide, thus initiating some approaches towards improving awareness and better treatment that can lead to significant improvement in the quality of life of eczema patients worldwide. Two of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies, International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) and other eczema skin studies are included in this review to study the global burden of this skin disease using the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) to assess the overall burden of the disease and estimating the prevalence of eczema worldwide. Regardless of eczema's direct or indirect cost, those effects have significantly changed the patients’ lives negatively; thus, it is an issue that needs to be addressed globally
Determination of zinc, copper, selenium, and manganese in human milk using acid digestion by ICP-MS and its application in biological trace element monitoring.
Get PDFIntroduction: Human milk contains essential trace elements which support healthy development of infants. Previous studies have reported various analytical methods using different instruments to measure trace elements in human milk. This study aimed to determine the trace element concentration in human milk using a validated acid digestion method and its application in biomonitoring. Methods: Human milk samples were collected from three postpartum mothers and prepared using acid digestion method. All samples were analysed using ICP-MS and all validation parameters were measured. Results: Four trace elements which were zinc, copper, manganese and selenium were found to have good linearity (r² > 0.99), limit of detection in µg/L (0.06, 0.0001, 0.005, 0.00003, respectively) and limit of quantification in µg/L (0.18,0.0003, 0.02, 0.0001, respectively). The accuracy (83.4 – 112.7%), inter-day, and intra-day repeatability were within the acceptable limit. The method application on one case study showed the median levels of zinc, copper and selenium in human milk gradually decreased during the early six months, whereas manganese remained stable. Positive significant correlations were observed for most of the elements (r > 0.40, p < 0.001) except for copper-manganese. Conclusion: Acid digestion method is sensitive, accurate and precise to analyse and quantify zinc, copper, manganese and selenium concentrations in human milk simultaneously by ICP-MS. It can be applied in future studies to monitor trace elements concentration in human milk in future studies with larger sample size
A Pulsatile Tablet of Famotidine Using Core in Cup Method.
No full textIntroduction: The present work aims to formulate pulsatile delivery system using “core-in-cup” system for Famotidine, a H2 receptor antagonist used for duodenal ulcer, benign gastric ulcers, GERD and nocturnal acid breakthrough (A physiological condition where there is sudden surge of gastric acidity at midnight). In such situation, pulsatile release of drug is preferable having lag time of 3-4 hrs.
Materials and method: Core tablets were prepared by employing direct compression method using HPMC K4M, sodium bicarbonate and MCC. Ethyl cellulose, HPMC K4M and Xanthan gum were used for preparation of Core-in-cup tablets.
Results: Pre-compression parameters were within acceptable limits. In-vitro studies indicated core tablet with 40% HPMC K4M showed 85.4± 0.15% drug release at the end of 3hrs. and in-vitro buoyancy indicated formulation remained floating for >3hrs. Thus, 40% HPMC K4M was selected. Drug excipient compatibility studies indicated drug and excipients to be compatible. Prepared core-in-cup tablets were evaluated for hardness (6.0±0.12-7.0±0.12kg/cm2), thickness (3.0±0.15-3.5±0.13mm), weight variation (285±0.20-314±1.06mg), friability (0.53±0.14-0.65±0.12%), floating lag-time (99±0.42-120±0.84sec), swelling index (120±0.56-030±0.60%). In-vitro studies indicated formulations with xanthan gum (F1 & F2) showed lag time of 2±0.12-2.4±0.15hrs and %drug release at the end of 7th hour was 97±0.90% and 90±0.12% respectively. Formulations with HPMC K4M (F3 & F4) showed lag time of 3.5±0.10-4.2±0.18hrs and %drug release at the end of 7th hour was 86±0.34% and 83±0.20% respectively. Model dependent kinetics depicted, F4 follows zero-order release kinetics, ‘n’ value of korsmeyer-peppas model indicated anomalous transport mechanism, release process being swelling controlled. Optimized formulation was found to be stable for a period of one month.
Conclusion: Conventional drug delivery systems of famotidine, cannot be administered when the symptoms start showing. So, oral pulsatile release dosage form i.e., “Core-in-Cup” system possessing gastric retention capabilities was successfully designed such that when given at bed time drug release is seen in morning
Silver nanoparticle biogenically synthesised by Psychotria malayana Jack: Physicochemical, cytotoxic and antimicrobial characterisations
Get PDFIntroduction: Silver nanoparticles are targeted for antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties to combat antimicrobial resistance and chemoresistance. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle method is widely used because it is environmental-friendly using biological substances as reducing and stabilising agents. Psychotria malayana Jack is rich with a wide range of phytochemicals that able to synthesise silver nanoparticle. Methods: The leaves of P. malayana Jack was extracted with ethanol-water solvent via ultrasound assisted extraction and the extract was analysed using liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The extract was then added to silver nitrate solution for 24 hours. The formation of AgNPs-PM was analysed using UV-visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, zeta particle size and zeta potential analysis. The synthesised AgNPs-PM were tested for their cytotoxicity on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) and human epithelial breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colourimetric assay. For antibacterial activity, the nanoparticles were tested on Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion method. Results: AgNPs-PM were successfully synthesised using P. malayana Jack extract. LC-MS analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, amino acids and heterocyclic compounds . An attempt in cytotoxic activity test showed that at concentrations between 12.5 µg/ml to 400 µg/ml of AgNPs-PM, no cytotoxic activity was observed. Whereas, in antibacterial assay, 2 mg/ml AgNPs-PM tested on the bacterial strains showed weak inhibition on their growth. Conclusion: AgNPs-PM has been successfully synthesised and characterised. However, the AgNPs-PM possess low bioactivities of cytotoxic and antibacterial activities.