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Degradation and Deactivation of Intracellular Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Genes by Commonly Used Healthcare and Personal Care Disinfectants
No full textThis work investigated efficacies of commonly used healthcare and personal care disinfectants, including glutaraldehyde, chlorhexidine, ethanol, povidone-iodine, benzalkonium chloride, phenol, free chlorine, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and 254 nm UV light, in degrading (as measured by qPCR analyses of ∼1000 bp amplicon loss) and deactivating (as measured by transforming activity loss) bacterial antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) on inanimate surfaces or in aqueous suspension. Intracellular ARGs (iARGs) blt, mecA, and ampC, within vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, were treated on PTFE and/or stainless-steel surfaces or in aqueous phosphate buffer (PB; H2O2 only), to simulate potential healthcare and personal care cleaning applications under representative disinfectant exposure conditions. No chemical disinfectant yielded more than limited (≤1.9log10) iARG degradation/deactivation under the conditions investigated, even when ARB cells were extensively inactivated (at levels from 3.1log10 to ≥6log10). In contrast, UV irradiation yielded up to ∼2.8-3.2log10 iARG degradation/deactivation at corresponding ARB inactivation levels up to ∼4log10 in the case of the blt gene within B. subtilis cells on PTFE surfaces, though levels of iARG degradation/deactivation and ARB inactivation were generally lower than expected based on prior aqueous-phase results, likely due to light-shielding effects at the typical ∼108-109 CFU/mL cell inoculum densities used for surface disinfection tests. During exposure to H2O2 in PB, iARG deactivation and ARB inactivation reached up to 1.7log10 and >3.5log10, respectively, while iARG degradation was minimal (≤0.2log10); this appears to be driven by DNA-strand fragmentation (as observed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis) likely resulting from reaction with endogenous HO• (or Fe(IV)) generated via intracellular iron-catalyzed H2O2 decomposition. While all investigated disinfectants were able to effectively inactivate ARB cells themselves, these results demonstrate that most are ineffective in simultaneously degrading and deactivating iARGs, highlighting the potential benefits of employing disinfectants such as 254 nm UV light, that selectively target bacterial DNA, to improve mitigation of antibiotic resistance dissemination. © 2025 American Chemical Society.FALSEsciescopu
Bearing-only solution for Fermat–Weber location problem: Generalized algorithms
No full textThis paper presents novel algorithms for the Fermat–Weber Location Problem, guiding an autonomous agent to the point that minimizes the weighted sum of Euclidean distances to some beacons using only bearing measurements. The current results address only the simple scenario where the beacons are stationary and the agent is modeled by a single integrator. In this paper, we present a number of bearing-only algorithms that let the agent follow the Fermat–Weber point of a group of stationary or moving beacons. Exponential and finite-time stability of the Fermat–Weber point are also established. The theoretical results are rigorously proven using Lyapunov theory and supported with simulation examples. © 2025 Elsevier LtdFALSEsciescopu
Efficient Attention-Sharing Information Distillation Transformer for Lightweight Single Image Super-Resolution
No full textTransformer-based Super-Resolution (SR) methods have demonstrated superior performance compared to convolutional neural network (CNN)-based SR approaches due to their capability to capture long-range dependencies. However, their high computational complexity necessitates the development of lightweight approaches for practical use. To address this challenge, we propose the Attention-Sharing Information Distillation (ASID) network, a lightweight SR network that integrates attention-sharing and an information distillation structure specifically designed for Transformer-based SR methods. We modify the information distillation scheme, originally designed for efficient CNN operations, to reduce the computational load of stacked self-attention layers, effectively addressing the efficiency bottleneck. Additionally, we introduce attention-sharing across blocks to further minimize the computational cost of self-attention operations. By combining these strategies, ASID achieves competitive performance with existing SR methods while requiring only around 300 K parameters - significantly fewer than existing CNN-based and Transformer-based SR models. Furthermore, ASID outperforms state-of-the-art SR methods when the number of parameters is matched, demonstrating its efficiency and effectiveness. Copyright © 2025, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved
Trophic niche shifts in Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonica, during ontogenetic migration in a temperate continental shelf system
No full textUnderstanding the mechanisms driving ontogenetic niche shifts in fishes has predominantly focused on dietary changes in large predatory migrants. This study investigates trophic niche dynamics in a small, pelagic migratory fish, the Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus). By mapping migratory paths across varied oceanographic regions on a temperate continental shelf of Korean waters, we quantified changes in the trophic niche using δ13C and δ15N values across different ontogenetic stages (juvenile, subadult, and adult). We hypothesized that biological and ecological processes associated with fish ontogeny and migration cause trophic niche shifts. Results showed that juvenile anchovies had a narrow trophic niche, which expanded as they matured, indicating a shift from specialist to generalist feeding habits, unlike many large predatory fishes. Limited isotopic niche overlap among life stages suggested niche partitioning within inshore habitats where all stages coexist. Morphological and behavioral traits related to life history likely drive these feeding modes and prey use changes. Isotopic profiles varied with migratory routes, reflecting spatial variations in zooplankton isotope baselines. Adults showed higher δ13C in the southern offshore (Yangtze River Diluted Water area) and lower δ15N in the eastern offshore (Tsushima Warm Current area) compared with inshore (South Korea Coastal Water area), resulting in distinct isotopic niches. This isotopic variation is likely due to differing lower trophic-level processes and zooplankton assemblages, as supported by our dietary mixing model. Our findings highlight that ontogenetic changes in feeding habits and adaptive responses to prey availability along their migratory paths facilitate trophic niche shifts in Japanese anchovy. © 2025FALSEsciescopu
GENRISE-induced superior extracellular vesicles for scalable therapeutic cargo delivery
No full textExtracellular vesicles (EVs) demonstrate immense potential as naturally derived carriers of active therapeutics. To maximize their capacity, it is crucial to develop effective methods for manipulating cargo and ensuring scalability. To address this challenge, we propose that protein-free mRNA granule-like structures, named gene-encoded nanoparticle RNA for inducing superior EVs (GENRISE), can function as active translational sponge and as transient subcellular compartments. The overexpression of proteins in proximity to RNA assemblies stimulates parental cells to release excess exogenous proteins in induced superior EVs (iSEVs). The iSEV system enables the single-module– based enrichment of exogenous cargo in EVs with scalable manufacturing. By harnessing mass-produced iSEVs induced by GENRISEs, encoding an antigenic peptide, we have successfully demonstrated target-specific in vivo cancer immunotherapy. These findings suggest that the emerging iSEV platform shows considerable potential for biomedical applications by enabling the controlled production of cargo-specific EVs. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.TRUEsciescopu
Progress on Ultra-relativistic Electron Acceleration from Laser Wakefield Acceleration
No full textLaser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) has emerged as a revolutionary approach for developing compact particle accelerators by exploiting ultra-intense femtosecond laser pulses to drive plasma waves that sustain electric fields exceeding 100 GV/m. LWFA experiments have rapidly advanced from proofof-concept demonstrations to the generation of multi-GeV, quasi-monoenergetic electron beams. Progress in controlled electron injection, plasma-density tailoring, and guiding techniques has enabled stable, high-charge, low-emittance beams suitable for many applications. LWFA also plays a key role in the development of compact radiation sources. Betatron radiation is directly produced during LWFA, and when combined with undulators, a compact free-electron laser can be realized. LWFA-driven electron beams can also be used to produce X- and γ-rays via bremsstrahlung or Compton scattering. Since the electron beam produced by LWFA is naturally synchronized with the driving laser pulse, it provides a unique platform for exploring strong-field quantum electrodynamics. This review summarizes recent advances in LWFA physics, key performance metrics such as energy, charge, divergence, emittance, and efficiency, and emerging applications in ultrafast imaging, radiotherapy, and fundamental QED studies. The continuing integration of petawatt-class lasers, precise plasma-wave control, and machine-learningbased optimization is expected to drive a new generation of compact, high-performance accelerators and radiation for applications.TRUEsciescopuskc
CRBN deletion enhances mitochondrial metabolism by stimulating mitochondrial calcium accumulation in non-small cell lung cancer
No full textCRBN (Cereblon), a substrate receptor of the CRL4 (Cullin4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase) complex, has emerged as a key player in cancer metabolism. While its role in influencing metabolic phenotypes has been suggested, the precise functions of CRBN in cellular metabolism and cancer progression remain underexplored. This study investigates the impact of CRBN downregulation in lung cancer, focusing on mitochondrial metabolism and cellular functions. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) revealed significant reductions in CRBN expression at both mRNA and protein levels in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). This downregulation was further confirmed in most lung cancer cell lines examined. Functional analyses of CRBN knockout (KO) cells revealed substantial alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, including enhanced oxidative phosphorylation, increased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and elevated production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS). CRBN deficiency also accelerated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux and increased mitochondrial calcium accumulation, contributing to elevated ΔΨm and potentially compromised mitochondrial integrity. Additionally, CRBN KO cells demonstrated increased cell migration, which could be mitigated by inhibiting mitochondrial calcium import. These findings suggest that CRBN plays a pivotal role in regulating mitochondrial function and metabolic activity in non-small cell lung cancer. The loss of CRBN enhances mitochondrial metabolism and contributes to increased cancer cell migration, providing new insights into the metabolic adaptations associated with CRBN deficiency in cancer progression. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.FALSEsciescopu
Nonlinear Photocurrent as a Hallmark of Altermagnet
No full textThe recent rise in interest in altermagnetism-a magnetic state distinct from ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism-nessitates the development of a reliable probing method to distinguish it from other types of compensated magnetism. Here, we investigate nonrelativistic spin groups and relativistic magnetic groups to identify and categorize the permissible spin and charge photocurrents of compensated collinear magnets. Our results indicate that, in altermagnets, the charge and spin photocurrents exhibit a similar temperature profile due to their shared dependence on carrier relaxation effects, whereas in antiferromagnets, these currents behave in stark contrast. As a real-material example, we performed first-principles calculations of the altermagnetic phase of MnO and analyzed it using a simplified four-band model. We demonstrate that the normal injection current directly reflects the magnetic band geometry of altermagnets: the direction and magnitude of the injection current are delicately correlated with the interband Berry curvature and the alternating spin splitting of energy bands. We suggest that nonlinear photocurrent could serve as a promising probing tool to reveal the particular magnetic phase and band geometry of altermagnets.FALSEsciescopu
Study of Phase Transitions and Universality Classes in Percolation and Ising Models
No full textThis dissertation investigates phase transitions and universality classes within percolation and Ising models, employing computational simulation methods. For percolation models, the study demonstrates that lattice disorder does not alter the universality class, while site occupation incorporating continuous random walks can induce changes in the universality class, depending on the step length. Additionally, the research constructs a set of percolation phase transitions sharing the same universality class within fractal graphs derived from the Sierpiński carpet. In all cases, the type of phase transition remains consistent with that of the standard percolation model. In the case of Ising models, the study explores the J1-J2 Ising model with ferromagnetic nearest-neighbor and antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbor interactions on two generalized triangular lattices. Depending on the ratio of J2 to J1, the type of phase transition changes in anisotropic lattices, whereas two successive phase transitions occur in non-regular lattices. Furthermore, the thermodynamic and dynamic phase transitions of the Ising model on fractal graphs based on the Sierpiński carpet are examined, verifying that these transitions belong to the same universality class.DoctorIntroduction 1
1 Percolation Model 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Methods 6
1.3 Site Percolation on 2D Lattices with Distortion 7
1.3.1 2D Lattices with Distortion 7
1.3.2 Universality class 9
1.4 Percolation on Sites Visited by Continuous Random Walks 15
1.4.1 Continuous Random Walks in a Simple Cubic Lattice 15
1.4.2 Effect of the Step Length on Critical Exponents 15
1.5 Percolation on Sierpiński Carpet 22
1.5.1 Sierpiński Carpet 22
1.5.2 Bootstrap and Diffusion Percolation 24
1.5.3 Universality Class of Four Types of Percolation Models 25
1.6 Conclusions 30
2 Ising Model 32
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Methods 33
2.3 J1-J2 Ising Model in Generalized Triangular Lattices 35
2.3.1 Two Generalized Triangular Lattices 36
2.3.2 Results for GTL1 38
2.3.3 Results for GTL2 45
2.4 TPT and DPT on the Sierpinski Carpet 50
2.4.1 Model Descriptions 50
2.4.2 Universality Class of TPT and DPT 51
2.5 Conclusion 59
Conclusion 60
References 62
Publications 75
Acknowledgements 7
PF2N: Periodicity–Frequency Fusion Network for Multi-Instrument Music Transcription
No full textAutomatic music transcription in multi-instrument settings remains a highly challenging task due to overlapping harmonics and diverse timbres. To address this, we propose the Periodicity–Frequency Fusion Network (PF2N), a lightweight and modular component that enhances transcription performance by integrating both spectral and periodicity-domain representations. Inspired by traditional combined frequency and periodicity (CFP) methods, the PF2N reformulates CFP as a neural module that jointly learns harmonically correlated features across the frequency and cepstral domains. Unlike handcrafted alignments in classical approaches, the PF2N performs data-driven fusion using a learnable joint feature extractor. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets (Slakh2100, MusicNet, and MAESTRO) demonstrate that the PF2N consistently improves transcription accuracy when incorporated into state-of-the-art models. The results confirm the effectiveness and adaptability of the PF2N, highlighting its potential as a general-purpose enhancement for multi-instrument AMT systems. © 2025 by the authors.TRUEsciescopu