eKhSACIR інституційному репозитарії Харківської державної академії культури
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Influence of genetic background to the bovine milk microRNA composition
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Face aux défis de l’Anthropocène, s’inspirer de l’écologie pour innover?
No full textInternational audienceLa science écologique s'est développée au fil des derniers siècles en restant fidèle au programme énoncé par Humboldt en 1799, à savoir "explorer l'unité de la nature": elle cherche à comprendre les interactions complexes et dynamiques entre les êtres vivants et avec leur milieu. Cette connaissance de la nature a souvent été utilisée par notre civilisation pour en améliorer la maîtrise, dans une perspective de domination de la nature par l'homme. Cependant, alors que l'impact environnemental des activités humaines s'est intensifié et généralisé depuis la révolution industrielle, au point que certains scientifiques parlent aujourd'hui d'Anthropocène, l'écologie s'est affirmée comme "une pensée des limites et de la complexité de notre monde" ainsi que "la conscience aigüe des dangers de cette évolution" (Deléage, 1992). L'écologie a progressivement renouvelé ses concepts, non seulement pour mieux appréhender les systèmes complexes, mais aussi pour prendre davantage en compte l'action de l'homme. Ces concepts ont essentiellement été introduits en vue de produire de nouvelles connaissances. Or, face aux crises multiples auxquelles notre civilisation est confrontée, les connaissances ne suffisent pas; nous avons aussi besoin d'imaginaires inspirants pour penser conjointement des solutions sociales et écologiques. N'est-ce pas l'un des défis actuels de l'écologie que de contribuer à les formuler ? Dans cette intervention, nous analyserons en quoi mobiliser les concepts scientifiques, non plus pour simplement produire des connaissances mais aussi pour imaginer de nouvelles modalités d'action, peut nous aider à repenser les liens entre notre civilisation et la nature
<em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> DGAT3 is a [2Fe-2S] protein involved in TAG biosynthesis
No full textLiterature (1) Saha S et al. (2006) Cytosolic Triacylglycerol Biosynthetic Pathway in Oilseeds. Molecular Cloning and Expression of Peanut Cytosolic Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase. Plant Physiology 141: 1533-1543 (2) Hernandez ML et al. (2012) A cytosolic acyltransferase contributes to triacylglycerol synthesis in sucrose-rescued Arabidopsis seed oil catabolism mutants. Plant Physiol 160: 215-225(3) Aymé L et al. (2018) Arabidopsis thaliana DGAT3 is a [2Fe-2S] protein involved in TAG biosynthesis. Sci Rep 8: 17254National audienceTriacylglycerols (TAGs) are abundant storage compounds found in seeds from oleaginous plants. Their accumulation strongly depends on the activity of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT), and of phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferases (PDAT). Three families of DGATs are known to date. DGAT1 and 2 are membrane proteins, and their localization and contribution to specific fatty acid accumulation in the seed oil has been described in several plants. DGAT3 represents a third evolutionary independent family of enzymes only found in the plant kingdom. They possess DGAT activity (1), and are apparently involved in recycling of 18:2 and 18:3 FAs into TAGs (2). Contrary to DGAT1 and 2, DGAT3 lack transmembrane regions and their cellular and subcellular localization remains unknown. DGAT3 possesses a putative chloroplast transit peptide, and a thioredoxin-like ferredoxin domain typical for a class of ferredoxins harboring a [2Fe-2S] cluster. The recombinant DGAT3 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtDGAT3; At1g48300) produced from Escherichia coli, although very unstable, exhibits DGAT activity in vitro, using diacylglycerol as acceptor and acyl-CoA as donor. A shorter protein version Δ46AtDGAT3 was more stable in vitro, allowing biochemical and spectroscopic characterization. Our results demonstrate the presence of a [2Fe-2S] cluster in the protein. To date, AtDGAT3 is the first metalloprotein described as a DGAT (3). Using specific antibodies, we have found that AtDGAT3 is expressed in young seedlings (3) and we have determined the subcellular localization of the enzyme using electron microscopy employing immunogold labelling. To further elucidate the physiological function, we also have characterized the lipids from A. thaliana lines in which AtDGAT3 has been knocked out
The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 12 is involved in Arabidopsis seed filling
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Les effets développementaux du couplage entre activités et situations de conseil : Analyse d’un dispositif d’échange entre conseillers agricoles accompagnant la transition agro-écologique des agriculteurs.
No full textThe professional development process and everything supporting it in transitional work situations – here, agricultural advisory services –, is the core subject of this thesis. Within their service relationship with farmers, agricultural advisors see their activities and missions evolve as they support the farmers during a transition to agro-ecology. In this context, they question the effectiveness of their advice and the relationship to be built with farmers, since the very purpose of that relationship is expanding, both spatially and temporally, and is activating new agro-systemic reasoning. Therefore, it appears necessary to restore farmer’s central role as the actor and designer of his operating system, rather than considering him as applying the rules laid down by scientific and technical prescribers.The challenge in practical terms is to enable agricultural advisors both to understand what is changing for them and for farmers, and to develop new effective practices in these unfamiliar work situations. Our research question is then: how and under what conditions are peer encounters likely to produce developmental effects in this context of professional transition?We study this question by applying the theoretical framework of professional didactics to a longitudinal analysis of a system of exchange between advisors about their profession. This device alternates between group discussions and practical work in the field. It combines reflexivity and activity, so that the advisors involved analyse the activity/situation coupling, examine the sources of uncertainty, and become aware of the increasing complexity of their work situations. We analyse the developmental effects owing to this device, for both the designer-facilitators, and for the collective and advisors.We thus show how advisors, by identifying the active dimensions of their work situations, learn to manipulate them differently, and succeed in making them “potential development situations” for both farmers and themselves. We also highlight the emerging collective debates on how to mobilize agronomy, through on-going analyses of the coupling of activity and advisory situations, and on-going questions on professional postures and standards.We highlight the contribution of a didactic progressiveness playing on the articulation between collective discussion and practice, and iteratively provoking reflexivity at different organizational levels of activity. We also highlight the resulting professional development for the designer-facilitators.We propose to qualify this device as "didactic intervention" to take into account both the progressiveness of the contents built to support advisors in rethinking their activity, and the adjustments made to create the conditions for collective work on the profession. We then discuss how the didactic intervention, which structures the discussions, opens up new possibilities for action for advisors in different ways, depending on to their trajectories and contexts of action.Finally, we formalize this intervention in order to allow other professionals to understand its principles. We discuss the relevance of this type of didactic intervention and its formalization in order to design a training device that promotes individual and collective professional development in work situations where the activity to be developed is neither defined a priori nor stabilized, but evolves during interaction between peers and with farmers.Le processus de développement professionnel et ce qui le soutient, dans des situations de travail en transition, ici celles de conseillers agricoles, sont au cœur de cette thèse. Dans le cadre de leur relation de service aux agriculteurs, les conseillers agricoles voient leurs activités et missions évoluer pour accompagner les agriculteurs lors d’une transition vers l’agro-écologie. Dans ce contexte, ils se questionnent sur l’efficacité de leur conseil et de la relation à construire avec les agriculteurs, dès lors que l’objet même de la relation s’élargit, tant sur le plan spatial que temporel, et qu’il active de nouveaux raisonnements agro-systémiques. L’exigence est de redonner une place centrale à l’agriculteur pour qu’il soit acteur et constructeur de son système d’exploitation plus qu’applicateur de règles de décisions énoncées par des prescripteurs scientifiques et techniques.L’enjeu pratique est de permettre aux conseillers agricoles à la fois de comprendre ce qui change pour eux comme pour les agriculteurs et d’élaborer de nouvelles pratiques efficaces dans ces situations de travail renouvelées. Notre question de recherche est alors: en quoi et à quelles conditions des rencontres entre pairs sont–susceptibles de produire des effets développementaux dans ce contexte de transition professionnelle ?Nous étudions cette question en mobilisant le cadre théorique de la didactique professionnelle pour mener une analyse longitudinale d’un dispositif d’échange entre conseillers sur leur métier. Ce dispositif alterne des temps collectifs et des temps de mises en pratique sur le terrain. Il conjugue réflexivité et mise en activités, pour que les conseillers impliqués analysent le couplage activité/situation, s’interrogent sur les sources d’incertitudes et prennent conscience de la complexité accrue de leurs situations de travail. Nous analysons les effets développementaux qui s’opèrent dans ce dispositif, tant pour les conceptrices-animatrices que pour le collectif et pour les conseillers.Ainsi, nous montrons comment les conseillers, en identifiant les dimensions agissantes de leurs situations de travail, apprennent à les manipuler autrement, et parviennent à en faire des situations potentielles de développement tant pour les agriculteurs, que pour eux-mêmes. Nous mettons également en lumière les débats collectifs émergeants, sur la façon de mobiliser l’agronomie, au détour des analyses conduites sur les couplages activité/situation de conseil et de leurs interrogations sur leurs postures et normes de métier.Nous mettons en évidence l’apport d’une progressivité didactique jouant sur l’articulation entre temps collectifs et mises en pratiques et suscitant de façon itérative une réflexivité à différents niveaux d’organisation de l’activité, et soulignons le développement professionnel qui en résulte pour les conceptrices-animatrices.Nous proposons de qualifier ce dispositif « d’intervention didactique » pour prendre en charge tant la progressivité construite dans les contenus travaillés pour aider les conseillers à repenser leur activité, que les ajustements réalisés pour réunir les conditions d’un travail collectif sur le métier. Nous discutons alors en quoi l’intervention didactique, structurante des échanges, ouvre des possibilités d’actions renouvelées de façon différenciée pour les conseillers selon leurs trajectoires et contextes d’action.In fine, nous formalisons cette intervention afin de permettre à d’autres professionnels d’en saisir les principes. Nous discutons de la pertinence de ce type d’intervention didactique et de sa formalisation pour penser un dispositif de formation favorisant un développement professionnel individuel et collectif, lorsque le travail à faire évoluer n’est ni défini à priori, ni stabilisé, mais se construit chemin faisant dans un processus qui mêle échange entre pairs et actions avec les agriculteurs
Public policies supporting agroecology in Latin America: lessons and perspectives.
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Objectifs du développement durable et gouvernance des institutions de recherche : le cas de la fusion de l'Inra et de l’Irstea
No full textThe merger on 1 January 2020 of two French research institutes whose common area of expertise is the environment into a new research institute called the "National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment" (INRAE), delimits a wide scope of environmental responsibilities at the national, European and international levels, and thus broadened and strengthened missions in terms of expertise and support for public policies, in order to meet societal expectations, particularly with regard to sustainable development goals.In order to respond to this broadening of the missions, INRAE's scientific, technical and administrative organization is being transformed, not only into multidisciplinary themes but also into territorial organization, in order to implement the synergies arising from fusion at the service of its fundamental missions of scientific research, technological development and public expertise. This communication presents the proposed evolution schemes in terms of scientific programs and territorial organization in order to examine their possible impacts on the pursuit of sustainable development objectives.We distinguish the expected external impacts to INRAE related to its scientific and technical missions from the internal ones involved in its future organization and functioning. In particular, we will examine these challenges and opportunities in relation to sustainable development issues supported by programs such as the "4 for a thousand" soil carbon storage initiative or the "Ecophyto" plan to reduce the use of pesticides. for the external expectations, or such as the interministerial plan exemplary administration for the environment 2015-2020 with regard to the internal expectations. Specific attention will be paid to INRAE's relations with higher agronomic education in its contribution to training in sustainable development through research.La fusion au 1er janvier 2020 de deux instituts de recherche français ayant pour champ de compétences commun l’environnement en un nouvel institut de recherche dénommé « Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement » (Inrae), délimite un périmètre étendu de responsabilités propres en matière d’environnement au plan national, européen et international, donc des missions élargies et renforcées en termes d’expertise et d’appui aux politique publiques, afin de répondre aux attentes sociétales, notamment au regard des objectifs de développement durable.Afin de répondre à cet élargissement des missions, l’organisation scientifique, technique et administrative de l’Inrae est amenée à se transformer, au plan non seulement des thématiques pluridisciplinaires mais également de l’organisation territoriale, pour mettre en œuvre les synergies issues de la fusion au service de ses missions fondamentales de recherche scientifique, de développement technologique et d’expertise publique. Cette communication présente les schémas d’évolution proposés en matière de programmes scientifiques et d’organisation territoriale afin d’examiner leurs éventuels impacts sur la poursuite des objectifs de développement durable.Nous distinguons les impacts attendus externes à l’Inrae relevant de ses missions scientifiques et techniques de ceux internes impliqués par son organisation et son fonctionnement futurs. En particulier, nous examinerons ces défis et opportunités au regard des enjeux de développement durable portés par des programmes tels que l’initiative « 4 pour mille » de stockage du carbone dans le sol ou le plan « Ecophyto » de réduction d’usage des phytosanitaires pour les attendus externes, ou tels que le plan interministériel administration exemplaire pour l’environnement 2015-2020 en ce qui concerne les attendus internes. Une attention spécifique sera accordée aux relations de l’Inrae avec l’enseignement supérieur agronomique dans sa contribution à la formation au développement durable par la recherche
A fast method to fit the mean of unselected base animals in single-step SNP-BLUP
No full textInternational audienceSingle-step GBLUP (SSGBLUP) is the reference method for genomic evaluation. To bypass the inversion of the genomic relationship matrix when many animals are genotyped, equivalent formulations of SSGBLUP have been proposed, predicting the effects of markers rather than breeding values. In such models, missing genotypes are imputed linearly, which requires the centring of the observed genotypes using generally unknown base allele frequencies. Hsu et al. proposed to solve this by fitting a covariable to model the mean of unselected base animals. This requires the computation of a covariate vector J with entries equal to -1 for genotyped animals (ga) and to Jn=(Ann)-1Ang1 for ungenotyped animals (na), where Ann and Ang are the na × na and the na × ga submatrices of the inverse of the pedigree-based relationship matrix. Ann is sparse, so the computations involving (Ann)-1 can be based on its sparse Cholesky factor L. In dairy cattle populations, the factorization of Ann is fast and L is sparse. However, the factorization is more expensive and L is much denser in beef cattle populations where the number of ungenotyped bulls is large. We propose a simple method to compute the Jn vector at low cost. It requires the following steps: (1) Divide the ungenotyped population into ancestors of ga (ANC) and other animals (OTH); (2) Compute L of the AANC nn submatrix built considering only the ga and their ancestors; (3) Compute JANC=(AANC nn)-1 AANC ng1 for ANC animals; (4) for any animal i of OTH, from oldest to youngest, compute JOTH(i) = 0.5×(γsire+γdam), where γparent is either 0, -1, JANC(parent) or JOTH(parent) if animal i’s parent (sire or dam) is respectively either unknown, genotyped, belongs to the ANC or to the OTH sub-population. This method was tested on a French Charolais breed dataset containing 156,447 ANC, 10,333,930 OTH and 22,449 ga. The Cholesky factorization of Ann and AANC nn using MKL PARDISO and 8 CPUs required 5 h 07 and 33 sec, respectively. The subsequent computation of Jn as (Ann)-1Ang1 or with the proposed method required 27 sec and 1 sec, respectively
Genetic parameters between ages for jumping ponies using a structured antedependence model
No full textInternational audienceTo provide breeding values for ponies in jumping competition, we analysed data from ponies’ official competitions reserved for children. All results in competition from 1996 to 2018 were taken into account involving 73,915 ponies aged 4 to 20 with a sum of 301,453 performances. Annual performances were measured by two traits: (1) logarithm of annual sum of points exponentially distributed according to ranking and technical difficulty of the event (points); and (2) annual summary of ranking based on an underlying liability responsible for ranks (ranking). Pedigree data contained ancestors over four generations with 583,963 ponies and horses. Each ages was considered as a different trait. An animal model with fixed effects of height (2nd order Legendre polynomial), year, and sex was applied. To reduce the number of covariance parameters to be estimated, we used a structured antedependent model. Heritability (h2) for points was 0.24 at 4 years old, 0.34 at 5 and then decreases slowly, at 12, h2=0.25. For ranking, heritability is 0.18 at 4, 0.20 at 5 and go through the same decline as points, at 12, h2=0.16. After 8 years old, genetic correlations between ages were higher than 0.80. They were even higher than 0.90 if the interval between two ages was equal or less than 4 years. The age of 4 years old is a specific trait as heritability and genetic correlations were lower than the others, we obtained correlations from 0.70 to 0.60 between 4 years old and adult ages (8 and more). At adult ages, residual or environmental correlations are influenced mainly by the interval between ages. For points and ranking, at consecutives ages correlation were higher than 0.65, within an interval of 3 years correlation were around 0.3 and decreased with the interval increasing. Here again, young ages (4 and 5) display low correlation with adults ages, less than 0.1. Breeding values are summarized using the first two principal components of the genetic variance covariance matrix. They are now officially published
Supporting crop diversification within or outside the dominant agro-food regime: different barriers for different strategies
No full textAdoption of crop diversification is a pillar of agroecological transition (Poux and Aubert, 2018) but faces many barriers, which emerged historically along the specialisation trend of modernisation. These barriers occur at different levels of the agri-food system, reinforce each other and create a situation of socio-technical lock-in (Meynard et al., 2018). They have been described mainly by studies focusing on conventional agriculture, rather oriented to commodity markets and involving temporal diversification (integration of a new crop in the rotation). However, diversification initiatives can involve a wider range of strategies and contexts. Our objective was to investigate whether the presence and conjunction of barriers could be specifically related to some diversification strategies. Developing such understanding would contribute to fine-tune research, innovation and political action in line with the type of crop diversification promoted