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    Ergonomic Solutions for Referee Mistakes: A Visual Assessment of the Environment in Boxing Competitions

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    Background: This study examines whether transparent boxing ring ropes increase referees’ visual access and improve scoring accuracy and consistency. Purpose: In total, 25 certified international referees, (20 scoring judges and 5 supervisory officials) who were judging matches between the same athletes in both traditional and transparent roped rings, participated in the study. Research Design: Scoring was conducted according to five predefined zones (A–E) of the boxing ring using a counterbalanced experimental design. Study Sample: A one-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant scoring discrepancy in Zone D under the traditional-rope condition (F(5, 90) = 2.442, p = .040). Dunnett’s post-hoc test showed that one referee’s scores significantly diverged from the video-based reference scores established via multi-angle review (p = 0.007), while no such discrepancies were observed in the transparent rope setting. Data Collection and/or Analysis: Independent samples t-tests indicated that there were significantly higher, more consistent scores across all zones when transparent ropes were used (all p < .05; Cohen’s d = 0.36–0.50). Results: On average, referees awarded between 1.2 and 1.5 more points per scoring zone when using transparent ropes compared to traditional ropes, indicating a meaningful practical improvement. Conclusions: These results suggest that by increasing visual access, transparent boxing ring ropes reduce scoring inconsistency and increase decision accuracy. Transparent boxing ring ropes may represent a cost-effective and easily implemented design innovation to improve the quality of boxing refereeing. Future studies should evaluate the long-term effects of transparent boxing ring ropes and include referees with varying levels of experience in real-time competition environments

    The effect of preoperative education on fear of first mobilization experienced after total knee arthroplasty in individuals

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    Objective: Total knee arthroplasty is a surgical intervention performed to reduce pain and movement restriction resulting from advanced joint deformity in individuals diagnosed with osteoarthritis, and to improve their quality of life and functionality. Meeting the preoperative educational needs of individuals undergoing total knee arthroplasty positively impacts postoperative recovery, mobilization, and rehabilitation. In this context, this study was conducted to determine the effect of preoperative education on fear of mobilization experienced after surgery in individuals who have undergone total knee arthroplasty. Materials and methods: This study, was conducted using a single-group pre-test-post-test model, included 36 individuals who underwent total knee arthroplasty. Data were collected preoperatively and postoperatively using a questionnaire, a fear of falling and fall history assessment form, a Visual Analog Scale-10 (VAS-10), and a fall information exchange form. Results: The average age of the 36 participants (27 women [75 %]; 9 men [25 %]) was 65.56 ± 4.39 years. The pre-education level of fear was 5.09 ± 1.57, the post-education level of fear was 3.73 ± 0.68, and the level of fear of pre-mobilization was 4.08 ± 0.81. A statistically significant difference was found between the pre-education and post-education level of fear of mobilization (t = 8.324, p = 0.000), between the post-education level and the level of fear before the first mobilization (t = −22.293, p = 0.000). However, it should be noted that fear of mobilization slightly increased during the postoperative first mobilization compared to after education; this may be related to patients' fear of mobilization, pain or anxiety. Conclusion: The results of this study show that preoperative education provided to individuals undergoing total knee arthroplasty has positive effects on reducing fear of first mobilization experienced after surgery

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