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A Compendium Review of the Global Epidemiology of Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases: Regional Insights from Türkiye
No full textVector-borne diseases have historically posed significant threats to plants, humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, with their impact being especially pronounced in tropical and subtropical regions. Among these, tick-borne diseases (TBDs) have emerged as an increasingly critical global concern. This growing threat is largely driven by the expanding geographic range of ticks and the wide array of pathogens they transmit, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, fungi, and infectious prion proteins. The global cumulative economic impact of the challenges caused by ticks and TBDs contributes and exacerbates the persistence of poverty and food insecurity, particularly in resource-limited and low-income regions. This multifactorial burden is further compounded by a complex network of anthropogenic factors, including climate change, habitat fragmentation and ecological degradation, rapid urbanization, changes in agroecosystem management, the resurgence of wildlife reservoirs, and increased anthropozoonotic mobility. Additionally, long-distance and intercontinental migratory birds serve as important ecological carrier hosts, naturally facilitating the widespread distribution and geographic expansion of ixodid tick populations and their associated pathogen complexes. Exacerbating these challenges are regional conflicts, weak environmental and social governance, and rising antimicrobial resistance, which complicate prevention and control efforts of TBDs. Due to the effects of numerous anthropogenic factors-primarily global warming-the risk potential of emerging and re-emerging TBDs is increasing day by day, along with the zoogeographic distribution of ticks and the global challenges they pose. From a global epidemiological perspective, the rising incidence and prevalence of TBDs hold significant implications for both medical and veterinary disciplines. This critical status necessitates an enhanced and comprehensive understanding of ticks, particularly with regard to pivotal aspects such as their vectorial capacity and pathogen transmission dynamics. According to ixodological records, approximately a total of 1,025 tick species, including fossil species, have been reported worldwide to date. Several of these species have also been documented in Türkiye. The current tick fauna reported from seven geographical regions of Türkiye comprises a total of 58 species: 8 species from 6 genera in the family Argasidae (Argas - 2 species, Carios - 1 species, Ornithodoros - 2 species, Alectorobius - 1 species, Alveonasus - 1 species and Otobius - 1 species) and 50 species from 7 genera in the family Ixodidae (Ixodes - 17 species, Rhipicephalus - 8 species, Dermacentor - 4 species, Hyalomma - 9 species, Haemaphysalis - 8 species, Alloceraea - 1 species and Amblyomma - 3 species). Notably, the genera Hyalomma and Ixodes have been reported as the most frequently associated with human infestations in Türkiye, highlighting their epidemiological significance and potential role in the transmission of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs). Many TBDs with zoonotic characteristics have been reported globally. These include approximately 100 viral diseases-about half of which are zoonotic-as well as numerous bacterial, protozoan, filarial nematode, fungal, and prion-related pathogens, the majority of which also exhibit zoonotic potential. In recent years, molecular epidemiological studies highlight the increasing importance of emerging TBDs. In particularly, closely monitoring TBPs in wildlife-such as transmissible prion proteins in deer and rickettsial pathogens identified in mountain goats and mountain sheep-and elucidating their zoonotic potential is critically important. In addition, the ecological importance of bat-associated tick species-especially those infesting cave-dwelling bats, such as Ixodes vespertilionis, Ixodes simplex, Ixodes ariadnae, Ixodes kaiseri, and Haemaphysalis erinacei-and their role as potential vectors for emerging and reemerging TBPs should not be overlooked. Major TBDs associated with substantial global economic losses-such as Lyme borreliosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and theileriosis-also present significant epidemiological and economic challenges in Türkiye. Notably, in the Turkish context, key TBDs including babesiosis, theileriosis, anaplasmosis, and ehrlichiosis have been documented in animals across all geographical regions, leading to considerable economic impact. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in humans has been observed predominantly in Central Anatolia and the inland areas far from the Black Sea coast, with rare cases occurring in other parts of the country. Lyme borreliosis has been reported most frequently in the Marmara Region, followed by Central Anatolia and the Mediterranean Region. The global threat of TBDs directly undermines key Sustainable Development Goals, prompting international initiatives such as the World Health Organization's "small bite, big threat" campaign and the One Health approaches and the actions, which aim to reduce zoonotic disease risks through cross-sectoral collaboration. The goal is to combat emerging and re-emerging TBDs through integrated strategies that encompass human, animal, and environmental health. Innovative strategies-including tick-derived microRNAs, CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing, transfection systems, extracellular vesicle research, and DNA-and miRNA-based vaccines-show promise for disrupting tick biology and pathogen transmission. These advances, combined with integrated tick control programs, early warning systems, global monitoring, and open data sharing, are essential for effective tick and TBD management. Addressing this complex challenge requires international cooperation, interdisciplinary research, and an "ecocentric education" approach that fosters environmental stewardship and scientific literacy. Ultimately, halting tick spread and reducing the global burden of TBDs depends on sustained commitment to One Health principles, robust governance, and investment in research, education, and capacity-building. This compendium provides an overview of ticks, their distribution, vector competence, medical and veterinary importance, tick-pathogen-host interactions, emerging TBD threats, integrated control strategies, and the economic impacts of ticks and TBDs. Vektör kaynaklı hastalıklar, tarihsel olarak bitkiler, insanlar, evcil hayvanlar ve yaban hayatı için önemli tehditler oluşturmuş ve etkileri özellikle tropikal ve subtropikal bölgelerde belirginleşmiştir. Bunlar arasında kene kaynaklı hastalıklar (KKH’lar), giderek daha kritik bir küresel endişe kaynağı haline gelmiştir. Bu büyüyen tehdit, büyük ölçüde kenelerin genişleyen coğrafi yayılımı ve virüsler, bakteriler, protozoalar, nematodlar, mantarlar ve enfeksiyöz prion proteinleri dahil olmak üzere bulaştırdıkları çok çeşitli patojenlerden kaynaklanmaktadır. Keneler ve KKH’ların neden olduğu zorlukların küresel kümülatif ekonomik etkisi, özellikle kaynakları kısıtlı ve düşük gelirli bölgelerde yoksulluk ve gıda güvensizliğinin devam etmesine katkıda bulunmakta ve durumu daha da kötüleştirmektedir. Bu çok faktörlü yük, iklim değişikliği, habitat bozulması ve ekolojik bozulma, hızlı kentleşme, tarımsal ekosistem yönetimindeki değişiklikler, yaban hayatı rezervuarlarının yeniden canlanması ve artan antropozoonotik hareketlilik gibi karmaşık bir antropojenik faktör ağı tarafından daha da ağırlaştırılmaktadır. Ek olarak, uzun mesafeli ve kıtalararası hareket eden göçmen kuşlar, önemli ekolojik taşıyıcı konaklar olarak hizmet vererek, doğal olarak ixodid kene popülasyonlarının ve ilişkili patojen komplekslerinin yaygın dağılımını ve coğrafi yayılımını kolaylaştırmaktadırlar. Bu zorlukları daha da kötüleştiren bölgesel çatışmalar, zayıf çevresel ve sosyal yönetişim ve artan antimikrobiyal direnç, KKH’ların önlenmesi ve kontrol çabalarını zorlaştırmaktadır. Başta küresel ısınma olmak üzere çok sayıda antropojenik faktörün etkileri nedeniyle, ortaya çıkan ve yeniden ortaya çıkan KKH’ların risk potansiyeli, kenelerin zoocoğrafik dağılımı ve oluşturdukları küresel zorluklarla birlikte her geçen gün artmaktadır. Küresel epidemiyolojik bir bakış açısından, KKH’ların artan insidansı ve yaygınlığı hem medikal hem de veteriner hekimliği disiplinleri için önemli sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Bu kritik durum, özellikle vektör kapasiteleri ve patojen bulaşma dinamikleri gibi temel hususlar açısından keneler hakkında gelişmiş ve kapsamlı bir anlayışı gerektirmektedir. İksodolojik kayıtlara göre, bugüne kadar dünya çapında fosil türler de dahil olmak üzere toplam 1,025 kene türü bildirilmiştir. Bu türlerden bazıları Türkiye’den de bildirilmiştir. Türkiye’nin yedi coğrafi bölgesinden bildirilen mevcut kene faunası toplam 58 türden oluşmaktadır: Argasidae familyasından 6 cinse ait 8 tür (Argas - 2 tür, Carios - 1 tür, Ornithodoros - 2 tür, Alectorobius - 1 tür, Alveonasus - 1 tür ve Otobius - 1 tür) ve Ixodidae familyasından 7 cinse ait 50 tür (Ixodes - 17 tür, Rhipicephalus - 8 tür, Dermacentor - 4 tür, Hyalomma - 9 tür, Haemaphysalis - 8 tür, Alloceraea - 1 tür ve Amblyomma - 3 tür). Özellikle Hyalomma ve Ixodes cinslerinin Türkiye’de insan enfestasyonlarıyla en sık ilişkilendirilen cinsler olarak bildirilmesi, epidemiyolojik önemlerini ve kene kaynaklı patojenlerin (KKP’ler) bulaşmasındaki potansiyel rollerini vurgulamaktadır. Dünya genelinde zoonotik özelliklere sahip birçok KKH bildirilmiştir. Bunlar arasında yaklaşık 100 viral hastalık (bunların yaklaşık yarısı zoonotiktir) ve çoğunluğu zoonotik potansiyel gösteren çok sayıda bakteriyel, protozoan, filarial nematod, fungal ve prionla ilişkili patojen bulunmaktadır. Son yıllarda moleküler epidemiyolojik çalışmalar, ortaya çıkan KKH’ların artan önemini vurgulamaktadır. Özellikle yaban hayatındaki KKP’lerin (geyiklerdeki bulaşıcı prion proteinleri ve dağ keçileri ile dağ koyunlarında tanımlanan riketsiyal patojenler gibi) yakından izlenmesi ve zoonotik potansiyellerinin açıklığa kavuşturulması kritik öneme sahiptir. Ayrıca, yarasalarla ilişkili kene türlerinin (özellikle mağaralarda yaşayan yarasaları enfeste eden Ixodes vespertilionis, Ixodes simplex, Ixodes ariadnae, Ixodes kaiseri ve Haemaphysalis erinacei gibi) ekolojik önemi ve ortaya çıkan ve yeniden ortaya çıkan KKP’ler için potansiyel vektörler olarak rolleri göz ardı edilmemelidir. Lyme borreliosis, anaplazmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis ve theileriosis gibi küresel ekonomik kayıplara yol açan başlıca KKH’lar, Türkiye’de de önemli epidemiyolojik ve ekonomik zorluklara sebep olmaktadırlar. Özellikle Türkiye bağlamında, babesiosis, theileriosis, anaplazmosis ve ehrlichiosis gibi KKH’lar tüm coğrafi bölgelerden rapor edilmiş olup, büyük ekonomik kayıplara yol açmışlardır. İnsanlarda Kırım-Kongo hemorajik ateşi ağırlıklı olarak Orta Anadolu ve Karadeniz’in sahilden uzak iç kesimlerinde görülmüş olup, ülkenin diğer bölgelerinde de nadir olgular meydana gelmiştir. Lyme borreliosis en sık Marmara Bölgesi’nde bildirilmiş olup, bunu Orta Anadolu ve Akdeniz Bölgeleri takip etmiştir. KKH’ların küresel tehdidi, sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerini doğrudan baltalamakta ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün “küçük ısırık, büyük tehdit” kampanyası ve sektörler arası iş birliği yoluyla zoonotik hastalık risklerini azaltmayı amaçlayan Tek Sağlık yaklaşımları ve eylemleri gibi uluslararası girişimleri teşvik etmektedir. Amaç, insan, hayvan ve çevre sağlığını kapsayan entegre stratejiler aracılığıyla ortaya çıkan ve yeniden ortaya çıkan KKH’larla mücadele etmektir. Kene kaynaklı mikroRNA’lar, CRISPR/Cas9 gen düzenleme, transfeksiyon sistemleri, hücre dışı vezikül araştırmaları ve DNA ve miRNA tabanlı aşılar gibi yenilikçi stratejiler, kene biyolojisini ve patojen bulaşmasını engellemede umut vadetmektedir. Entegre kene kontrol (EKK) programları, erken uyarı sistemleri, küresel izleme ve açık veri paylaşımı ile birleştirilen bu gelişmeler, etkili kene ve KKH yönetimi için hayati önem taşımaktadır. Bu karmaşık zorluğun üstesinden gelmek, uluslararası iş birliği, disiplinlerarası araştırma ve çevre yönetimini ve bilimsel okuryazarlığı destekleyen “ekosentrik eğitim” yaklaşımını gerektirir. Nihayetinde, kenelerin yayılmasını durdurmak ve KKH’ların küresel yükünü azaltmak; Tek Sağlık ilkelerini uygulamağa, güçlü yönetişim sergilemeğe ve araştırma, eğitim ve kapasite geliştirmeye ayrılan yatırıma bağlıdır. Bu derleme, keneler ve onların dağılımları, vektör yeterlilikleri, tıbbi ve veteriner önemleri, kene-patojen-konak etkileşimleri, ortaya çıkan KKH tehditleri, EKK stratejileri ve keneler ile KKH’ların kümülatif ekonomik etkileri hakkında genel bir bakış sunmaktadır
Çocuk ve Ergen Mükemmeliyetçilik Ölçeği Revize Formunun Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Üstün Yetenekli ve Normal Çocuklarda Psikometrik Değerleri
No full textDetermination of the biochemical, ındividual phenolic, organic acid, and sugar content of wild olive (Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris) fruits
No full textOlive is one of the oldest known fruit species in the world. In this study, 23 wild olive genotypes selected by the Eastern Mediterranean Transition Region Agricultural Research Institute for rootstock and cultivar development research were used as plant material. The genotypes used in the study are grown in the Institute's breeding plot. Genotypes were selected from wild olive populations naturally distributed in Turkey's Hatay, Osmaniye, Kahramanmaraş, Adıyaman, and Mardin provinces. This study determined the diversity in fruit color, biochemical composition, individual phenolic compounds, organic acids, and sugar contents of wild olive genotypes. According to the results, significant differences were observed among the genotypes for all evaluated traits. In terms of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA), the G88 genotype stood out with values of 15,140 mg GAE/kg and 30,611 mg TE/kg, respectively. In olive genotypes, the most abundant phenolic compounds were generally identified as demethyloleuropein, verbascoside, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and rutin, respectively. Sugar contents of wild olive fruits varied between 0.15 g/100 g (G131) and 2.35 g/100 g (G98) for sucrose, between 1.03 g/100 g (GH4) and 5.31 g/100 g (GH2) for glucose, between 0.76 g/100 g (G25) and 5.94 g/100 g (GH2) for fructose, and between 0.43 g/100 g (GH2) and 0.93 (GH1) g/100 g for mannitol. Among the organic acids, citric acid content ranged from 287.56 mg/100 g (G69) to 1037.24 mg/100 g (G122), malic acid content ranged from 359.46 mg/100 g (G131) to 1071.96 mg/100 g (GH3), and succinic acid content varied between 31.18 mg/100 g (G98) and 616.50 mg/100 g (G25). According to principal component analysis (PCA), the first two principal components explained 47.60% of the total variation. The heatmap-based hierarchical clustering analysis, which evaluated the wild olive genotypes and the analyzed traits, revealed that the G98 genotype was grouped separately from the other genotypes. Other genotypes were divided into two subgroups: genotypes G69, G76, G93, G123, and GH3 were included in a subgroup, while the remaining genotypes were classified into another subgroup. Genotype G98 was classified separately from the other genotypes due to its high hue value and sucrose content. The evaluated traits were also divided into two subgroups. Sucrose formed a group independently, whereas the other traits were placed in different groups. The findings of this study indicate that wild olive fruits possess significant potential as sources of bioactive compounds for use in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and the cosmetics industry, and they represent valuable genetic resources for olive breeding programs
CT-DNA- and BSA-binding, molecular docking interactions, and ADME properties of new PEPPSI-type palladium complexes
No full textThe synthesis and characterization of three novel PEPPSI-type complexes, dichloro[1-allyl-3-(2-methylbenzyl)-benzimidazole-2-ylidene]pyridine palladium(II) (2a), dichloro[1-allyl-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-benzimidazole-2-ylidene]pyridine palladium(II) (2b) and dichloro[1-allyl-3-(3-methylbenzyl)-benzimidazole-2-ylidene]pyridine palladium(II) (2c) were carried out. The structure of the complexes was elucidated by elemental analysis, NMR and IR spectroscopy. In addition, the structure of complex 2c was confirmed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction. BSA and DNA binding properties of the designed complexes were evaluated spectroscopically by Benesi-Hildebrand method. According to both DNA- and BSA-binding experiments, 2b has the best binding affinity with 3.06×104 M−1, and 2.5×104 M−1, respectively. Also, the bindings of the complexes were also evaluated by molecular docking methods, which gave accordance results with experimental ones. Additionally, complexes were analyzed ADME properties to get insight into drug-likeness, and pharmacokinetic evaluation and the complexes were coherent with Veber and Egan rules
Measurement of Urban Compactness in Neighborhood Scale
No full textNowadays, the concept of compact city has come to agenda in order to prevent great disadvantages of urban sprawl. Developing an applicable measurement method to put compact city model in an appropriate framework is critical in the reflection of this city model on future plan decisions. This study aims to develop a method for measuring urban compactness at the neighborhood scale based on the number of accessible urban facilities and their service areas' overlap. The number of urban facilities in a neighborhood directly depends on population density. Each urban facility serves a certain area around it. Therefore, in a populated neighborhood, due to excess of population, more urban facilities are available. This causes their service areas to overlap. Accordingly, measurement of the areal multiplicity of these overlapping areas can be a means of understanding the compactness of a neighborhood. For this purpose, 20 neighborhoods were selected and classified according to their density and distance to the city center. Then, five basic urban facilities and appropriate walking distance to access them were chosen based on the literature. Their location in the neighborhood was determined and their service areas were drawn using the ArcGIS software (version 10.8). In addition, correlation analysis was carried out to search for a relation between density of neighborhood and the service areas of urban facilities overlap. A comparison of the results revealed that predominantly neighborhoods with high or moderate density located in the city center or its close proximity have numerically higher amounts of overlapping areas. Therefore, they can be considered more compact neighborhoods. Likewise, a significant positive correlation was revealed between overlapping of the urban facilities' service areas' ratio to the neighborhood area and the neighborhood's density as result of correlation analysis. Higher population density leads to more overlapping service areas, indicating a more compact neighborhood
Denetimin İşletmeler Üzerindeki Etkilerine Yönelik Nitel Bir Araştırma
No full textMuhasebenin tamamlayıcısı, işletme ortakları ve paydaşları için çok önemli olan denetim, zaman içerisinde ekonomi ve ticaretin gelişimine bağlı olarak diğer bilimlerde olduğu gibi, kendi içinde iç denetim ve bağımsız denetim olarak iki ana başlık altında konumlanmıştır. İç denetim işletme içerisinde işlevini sürdürürken, bağımsız denetim ise işletme ortakları ve bütün paydaşlar adına görev ve sorumluluk rolü üstlenmektedir. Bu makale çalışmasında, denetimin işletmeler üzerindeki etkisine yönelik uygulama sonuçlarının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu araştırmada istenilen sonuca ulaşabilmek için, materyal ve yöntem olarak, Ankara ilinde bulunan bağımsız denetçiler (denetleyenler) ve bağımsız denetime tabi işletmelerin mali işlerinden sorumlu işletme yetkilileri (denetlenenler) ile yüz yüze görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada, denetimin işletmeler üzerine etkisi hakkında denetleyenlere ve denetlenenlere, mevzuat ve yapılan uygulamalar hakkında nitel sorular sorulmuş ve ilgililerin görüşleri öğrenilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, 25 denetleyen ve 16 denetlenen ile iç ve bağımsız denetimin işletmelere etkisini tespit etmek için mülakat gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sorulara verilen cevapların yoruma dayalı olmasına özen gösterilmiştir. Alınan cevaplara bakıldığında, denetimin işletmelere etkisi bağlamında istenilen sonuçlara ulaşılmasında önemli farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Büyük hacimli işletmeler hariç, denetleyenler; muhasebe, yönetsel uygulamalar ve Kamu Gözetim Kurumu (KGK) tarafından istenilen finansal tabloların hazırlanması sırasındaki yetersizliklerin olduğunu; denetlenenler ise; bağımsız denetimin gerekliliği hakkında önemli kuşkuları olduğunu ortaya koymuşlardır. İstenilen uygulamaların yerine getirilebilmesi için zamana ihtiyaç olduğu anlaşılmakla birlikte, yönetim ve denetimin alt yapısını oluşturan unsurların (İç Kontrol Sistemi – İKS, İç Denetim - İD, Kurumsal Yönetim İlkeleri – KYİ gibi) uygulanmasının önem arz ettiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Denetleyen ve denetlenenlerin ortak paydada buluşturulmasının sağlanabilmesi için mevcut mevzuatın tüm paydaşların görüş ve önerileri dikkate alınarak yeniden ele alınmasının bütün kesimler açısından fayda sağlayacağı değerlendirilmektedir.Auditing, which is an indispensable procedure for business partners and stakeholders besides serving as complementary to accounting, has established itself under two major branches as internal auditing and independent auditing, like in other sciences, depending on the development of economical and commercial affairs over time. While internal auditing maintains its function within the company, independent auditing undertakes the role of duty and responsibility on behalf of the business partners and all stakeholders.This paper is aimed to examine the effects of auditing on the enterprises. In order to achieve the desired result in this research, face-to-face interviews were held with independent auditors (auditors) and business officials responsible for the financial affairs of businesses subject to independent audit (audited) in Ankara, as material and method. In the study, qualitative questions regarding the relevant legislation and practices were asked to the auditors and the auditees about the effects of the auditing on the enterprises, and the opinions of the interested parties were sought. In this context, a number of interviews were conducted with 25 auditors and 16 auditees to determine the effect of internal and independent auditing on enterprises. Special attention was paid to ensure that the responses to the questions were based on interpretation. Considering the responses of the interviewees, there are important differences in yielding the desired results in the context of the effect of auditing on the enterprises. Auditors, with the exception of large-volume enterprises, have pointed out that there are inadequacies in accounting, managerial practices and preparation of the financial statements requested by the public oversight, accounting and auditing standards authority whereas the auditees have stated that they have significant doubts about the necessity of independent auditing. Although it is acknowledged that time is needed in order to implement the desired regulations, it has been concluded that it is important to put the elements into action that make up the infrastructure of management and auditing (such as Internal Control System, Internal Auditing, Corporate Governance Principles). It is beneficial to reconsider the current legislation by taking the opinions and suggestions of all stakeholders into account in order to compromise the auditors and the auditees on common issues
Sustainable Synthesis of Multifunctionalized Amoxicillin-Loaded Biopolymer Foams
No full textThe development of biocompatible biopolymer foams loaded with antibiotics is crucial to advancing drug delivery systems in biomedical engineering. These materials offer controlled drug release and specialized functionalities for improved therapeutic outcomes. This study presents the development and characterization of antimicrobial polymeric biofoam materials loaded with the drug amoxicillin (AMX). The sustainable synthesis of these biopolymer foams involves a cost-effective, eco-friendly method that incorporates natural starch within poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) through an aldehyde cross-linking/stabilizing process. The highly porous structure of the biofoams enabled effective impregnation of the AMX drug using an innovative process involving ultrasonication and vacuum pressure to maximize efficiency and minimize biomaterial loss. The findings demonstrate the potential of these PVA/starch-based biofoams as versatile drug delivery systems with desirable physicochemical and biological characteristics. Detailed investigations were conducted to evaluate morphological features, chemical properties, swelling behavior, in vitro biodegradability, drug release profiles, cell culture, and antimicrobial activity tests of the prepared biofoam samples. Investigating the effect of controlled loading of AMX under laboratory conditions on its release profile and studying its biodegradation in various environments over time represent a critical aspect of this research. The optimal release profile under physiological conditions and the potent inhibition of bacterial growth against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus microorganisms by AMX-loaded biofoam materials highlight their potential for biomedical applications. These materials show promise for the in vivo administration and local treatment of bacterial infections
